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political power that incumbent utilities possess. Still it is much more cost effective to purchase existing infrastructure in fact all processes of municipalization since the 1980s have purchased the incumbent utility assets. And the cost to the acquisitions has not been cheap, "most public power takeovers are in the vicinity of 140% of book value." Once the utilities have been acquired, local governments face the steep costs of financing the transition and developing the expertise to run a comprehensive system of electricity distribution as well as, in some cases, generation and transmission. The transaction costs are high, because cities must borrow to pay the IOUs for the power lines, they must develop the expertise and ability to manage a LTS, and they often face years of battles in courts and in elections due to challenges from the IOU. A study done by the Bay Area
Economic Forum found that the key cost components that determine whether a new MU's rates will be higher or lower than the incumbent IOU's rates are: 1) "the combination of the income tax exemption and debt-only capital structure, both of which lower MU rates relative to IOU rates;" 2) "the premium over book paid for the distribution assets, which will increase MU rates relative to IOU rates;" and 3) "the MU's cost of generating or purchasing power, which is a wild card that could increase or decrease relative MU/IOU rates."
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Additionally, "municipal utilities are exempt from federal taxes." There is also potential for
Economic development benefits to occur when municipalized utilities "promote economic development in their community by offering special rates or discounted connection fees for large customers or new businesses." There are also flexibility options in complementary policies such as offer" rebates, feed-in tariffs, and other programs to support increased" distributed solar energy programs. Since "Electricity rates not only recover costs, but also provide customers with price signals that influence how customers use electricity and whether to make investments in distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, or other technologies," there are potential sustainability benefits to having increased control over electricity pricing. One example of such pricing is the introduction of time varying rates which are designed to reduce peak demand they are a type of demand response policy. Time‐varying rates can have considerable impact by "encouraging many customers to make small adjustments to the timing of their energy consumption, resulting in a flatter load curve for the entire system."
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free from the need to provide for private profits and can focus on the pursuit of other policy goals, especially sustainability measures and experimentation with alternative energy policy. Efforts to municipalize often begin with the sentiment that the IOU is not managed primarily for the benefit of the citizens and that by undertaking municipalization of electricity services, a city government can exercise greater control over electricity generation and distribution (also often tying this process to sustainability measures). There is also a
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Operationally, IOUs often have economies of scale that can lead to lower legal, management, and purchasing costs per unit of energy. Municipal utilities are not typically monitored closely by a public service commission, and inadequate auditing can allow poor utility practices to continue unchecked. Finally, the incumbent IOUs had a single, focused objective: safe, reliable power at least cost. Municipal utilities, on the other hand, also focused on the pursuit of other policy goals, which can result in higher electricity costs.
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510:: A process by which the for-profit private sector supplants the public sector's provision of goods and/or services. There are a number of methods of privatization including the transfer of ownership from public to private entities, the displacement of public spending by private financing, or private entities assuming management and operational responsibilities of public services.
61:. The term municipalization largely refers to the transfer of ownership of utilities from Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) to public ownership, and operation, by local government whether that be at the city, county or state level. While this is most often applied to electricity it can also refer to solar energy, water, sewer, trash, natural gas or other services.
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2005: "The feasibility study found that munipalization would increase renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gases, maintain reliability, and reduce rates for customers. The study also found that this would make the utilities more aligned with the needs of the community and would allow any excess energy
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at the local and state levels, and courts have ruled both in favor of and against municipalization. As of 2/26/18 Boulder has "two agreements done" — the interim cost agreement and the easement agreement — and are "working on a final agreement on costs" in the process of the city's negotiations with
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Collective
Private Ownership: This refers to communities coming together to take collective ownership of a utility. One example is the community shares program used in Ellensburg, Washington. In this case electricity customers may buy shares in a solar field which was initially financed through the
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The key motivation for municipalization stems from a difference in priorities and goals of the community members and the incumbent utility. While incumbent IOUs have the objective of reliable and safe electricity that can provide a competitive profit for the investors, municipalized utilities are
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The costs of municipalization tend to both front loaded and high. The largest costs come from the process of passing a ballot measure and acquiring the utility company. Although these many seem simple at face value these steps are often extremely costly and difficult because of the financial and
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There are, however, benefits to this process as discussed in the motivation section above. Municipal bonds "typically have lower interest rates than investor‐owned utility bonds, resulting in lower costs." Municipal utilities also do not pay dividends to investors which can help reduce costs.
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and corruption. It is also important to acknowledge that the monopoly power of many incumbent utility providers means that they have strong financial and political resources to resist municipalization. Additionally there is always a legal factor with municipalization and state laws governing
516:: Nationalization is a similar process to municipalization but shifts ownership and operational control towards the government at a national or federal level. There is often an assumed tradeoff between the promised equality under nationalization and the promised efficiency of privatization.
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Between 2006 and 2016, there have been 13 different communities in the United States that have successfully switched from an IOU to a municipal utility. Most of these communities consisted of 10,000 people or less. Although proponents of municipalization have attempted to municipalize via
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On the other hand, municipal utilities face challenges that can result in higher costs. The acquisition cost for the municipalized infrastructure was in some cases significantly higher than what was being recovered by the IOU, putting immediate and long‐lasting upward pressure on rates.
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and the associated consolidation of different types of electrical service in urban areas: street lighting, building lighting, industrial machinery, and streetcars. The recent efforts to municipalize electricity represent a return to municipalization as a mechanism to curb
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Results: The effort has been largely successful given that customer approval has improved to over 90 percent satisfaction level and LIPA's rates are no longer the highest in the New York Metro Area. This reflects that the key motivating factors were addressed.
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While municipalization is quite rare in the United States over the past few decades ("of these 900 municipal-owned utility firms, only 2 percent have completed municipalization since 1990") there are a few key, and recent, examples that are often cited.
94:(AC) systems in the early twentieth century allowed for greater access to electricity for Americans and enabled the electricity industry to shift to a larger scale. The economies of scale associated with providing a utility created
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2001: Two ballot propositions which would have enabled the city to municipalize its electricity faced strong opposition from the incumbent utilities. Both ballot propositions were defeated, one by a narrow margin of 500 votes.
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2005: In response to having difficulty meeting the goals of
Resolution 906 and wanting more energy decision-making control the city created a task force to explore municipalization as an option for faster innovation capacity.
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led the effort to take over LILCO's entire system due to customers still facing high utility prices. The takeover was financed through public bond offerings and over the next few years customers experienced reduced rate.
53:, including (but not limited to) a city, county, or public utility district ownership. The transfer may be from private ownership (usually by purchase) or from other levels of government. It is the opposite of
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public utility and in turn receive a proportional rebate applied through their electricity billing. Customers also have the option of selling or giving away their shares to non profits or other customers.
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were motivated by having greater autonomy and customer choice so that the city could more directly meet its Clean Energy goals. This effort was primarily motivated by sustainability concerns.
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Results: The municipalization effort's most significant expenses have been from delays and regulatory roadblocks. In the last four years, Boulder has been involved in legal proceedings with
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Results: This is a key example of a place where several attempts to municipalize have failed giving evidence to the importance of the transaction costs associated with municipalization.
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the county's own home rule, which in most states allows it to act as the municipal service provider in those unincorporated areas. The county is left offering only those services
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There have been two main waves of municipalization in developed countries. The first took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when municipalities in many
212:. As with utilities, the county's assets usually end up being distributed among the cities, though this is less likely if the process is gradual rather than all at once.
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in eastern Europe state-owned companies in many public service sectors were broken up and transferred to municipal control. This was typical in sectors such as
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2002: The
Boulder City Council passed Resolution 906, committing the community to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to the target established by the
120:. The driving reason in most cases was the failure of private providers to sufficiently expand service provision outside wealthy parts of urban areas.
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Hess, David J. (2013-10-01). "Industrial fields and countervailing power: The transformation of distributed solar energy in the United States".
422:, which gave the commission the opportunity to evaluate a Colorado Energy Plan Portfolio during the pending Electric Resource Plan proceeding."
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1985: The Long Island Power
Authority Act passes which established Long Island Power Authority (LIPA). LIPA was charged with taking over the
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hits Long Island significantly damaging the power system and causing extensive outages. LIPA faces intense criticism for its response.
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235:, is currently undergoing full municipalization. For a more complete discussion of this process in the Fulton County context, see
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revenue to be reinvested in
Boulder." The study was, however, all predictive and acknowledged many uncertainties.
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Chang, Roberto; Hevia, Constantino; Loayza, Norman (July 2009). "Privatization and
Nationalization Cycles".
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Mercille, Julien; Murphy, Enda (May 2017). "What is privatization? A political economy framework".
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Hess, DJ (2011). "Electricity
Transformed: Neoliberalism and Local Energy in the United States".
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2017: "The City of Boulder, along with 14 other parties, signed a stipulation filed with the
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Collective Private Ownership of American Housing: A Social Revolution in Local Governance
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municipalization vary widely across the country sometimes making the process impossible.
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electricity was primarily motivated by rising (and high) prices and bad reliability.
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One example of municipalization is the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District, or
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faces near bankruptcy catalyzing the effort to municipalize led by then Governor
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According to a report on municipalization prepared for the District of Columbia:
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Public Utility Ownership in 19th-Century America: The "Aberrant" Case of Water
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spiked public support for publicly owned and controlled municipal utilities.
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Such regional companies either remained under municipal control, or were
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The second wave took place in the early 1990s, when after the end of the
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Public Services Work! - Information, Insights and Ideas for our Future
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An Analysis of Municipalization and Related Utility Practices
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Process of transferring private assets to municipal ownership
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argument stemming from the historical formation of utility
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and its debts, as well as controlling electricity costs.
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In the United States, municipalization often refers to
827:"The Economics of Electric System Municipalization"
330:Key motivating factors: The effort to municipalize
162:contract. Examples include the water sector in the
651:Vitolo, Thomas; et al. (30 September 2017).
200:, which are generally only extensions of state
116:acquired local private providers of a range of
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799:"City of Boulder - Climate Action Plan Fund"
932:, Business School, University of Michigan
166:, over half of which has been privatized.
574:Learn how and when to remove this message
537:This article includes a list of general
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381:was approved by the state legislature.
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373:2013: In an effort led by Governor
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941:, PSIRU, University of Greenwich
311:territory consists of New York's
761:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00842.x
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499:Alternatives to municipalization
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400:Timeline of Significant Events:
337:Timeline of Significant Events:
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719:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.01.002
266:format but may read better as
239:of the Fulton County article.
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438:Key Motivating Factors: The
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467:Political/transaction costs
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309:Long Island Power Authority
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847:Nelson, Robert H. (2000).
340:1980s: The investor-owned
325:JFK International Airport
49:to public ownership by a
881:10.1177/0308518X16689085
440:California energy crisis
307:Basic Information: "The
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963:Encyclopædia Britannica
957:"Nationalization"
834:Bay Area Economic Forum
558:more precise citations.
275:converting this section
186:. This generally ends
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237:the "Politics" section
229:Fulton County, Georgia
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462:Cost-benefit analysis
321:Queens, New York City
319:counties and part of
303:Long Island, New York
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991:Monopoly (economics)
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184:unincorporated areas
69:, many have failed.
485:Potential downfalls
210:sheriff departments
196:of it by the state
114:developed countries
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779:Empower Our Future
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