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children, and the aged into a single, defensible camp. The Muoko, perhaps initially outnumbered, reacted by barring the intruders from both water and salt, systematically burying salt licks and springs to prevent their discovery and use. The Muoko also had stabbing spears, a weapon
Tiganians could not forge. They responded with bow and arrow, ambushing Muoko herders in the long grass ("they crept like rats" sang the Muoko of their foes) and stampeding their herds.
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Meru folklore indicates that the Galla were linked to groups of forest hunters. This community is variously referred to as Mukoko, Mukuru, Mukuguru, Aruguru and in one region Mu-Uthiu. In Mwimbi, the forest hunters were called Mukoko or Mukuru and were linked to livestock-owning Ukara while
Tiganians
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In the narratives of various Meru informants, contact with a
Cushitic community occurred even before they got to Mount Kenya. This community is referred to in various regions as Ukara, Ukara and Muoko, Ikara or Agira and Mwoko. In Mwimbi, they are referred to as Ukara while in Tigania they are known
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Traditions in each region describe the 'Ukara' et al. as having "buried their dead in a sitting position, covering each grave with stones". This was confirmed by an early colonial administrator who uncovered several alleged 'Muoko' graves, pointed out to him by Meru elders, which substantiated the
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During the
Igaironi period, another community known as the Muku-Ngaa had also formed. Both these sections are said to have moved in their traditional direction of march. At a point that tradition places near today's Ntugi Hill, however, they fragmented once more. The Murutu appear to have divided
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Tiganian narrations of the
Mukuruma age-set, describe how men sent ahead of the migrants to examine the Tigania plain, returned to describe an entire "sea of grass filled with few people and many cows". The narratives portray a memorable instance of conflict on contact with the community on the
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Meru tradition states that this period was followed by "decades" of war though
Fadmian suggests that there was a time of dry-season raiding on both sides. During this period, the Tiganians mastered the art of forging spears. Thereafter, the Muoko found themselves forced steadily into the arid
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To fulfill the prophecy that had sent them westward since the migration's beginning, their prophets ordered them to seize the herds. As the narration is retold today, Tiganian warriors took the Muoko by surprise, seizing "four great herds" in an initial skirmish, then moved livestock, women,
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Meru tradition states that they met
Cushitic speaking communities while on their migratory journey. The descriptions of these communities have been matched with present identity realities and contemporary understanding of regional history to show that they bear elements of historicity.
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describe
Mukuguru (or Aruguru) as allied to the Muoko herders of their region. Tradition states that this community subsisted through hunting and trade with their neighbors. Existing evidence suggests that these names are variants of
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Tradition states that both Ukara and
Mokogodo fled the slopes of Mount Kenya soon after the migrants arrived. Unable to defend themselves, they are said to have "turned into birds and flown away."
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practice of burial in a sitting position. A Methodist missionary would later note the similarity between the 'Muoko' burials and those still practiced by the Tana River Galla.
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According to Meru oral literature, the Murutu identity formed following a period known as
Igaironi. Fadiman states that this was "perhaps in the late 1730s".
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as Muoko. The totality of traditions indicate that these communities belonged to one or more sections of the Oromo-speaking peoples i.e.
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A second group moved westward toward Mount Kenya, eventually reaching the mountain base at the modern region of Mwimbi.
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or Mbwa. They were later driven out of the island, forcing them to move into the Kenyan hinterland.
70:(previously identified as Galla), Oromo etc. Traditions of the Mukogodo identify this community as
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One, retaining the name, remained on the plain to become part of the contemporary Tharaka.
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The third segment pressed north into a then heavily wooded plain, known today as Tigania.
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According to Meru traditions, the Meru people originally lived on an island recalled as
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were a community that, according to the oral literature of the
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121:into three smaller sections.
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241:Fadiman, Jeffrey (1994).
298:Ethnic groups in Kenya
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