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In many organs like liver, lung, and kidneys, they are primarily involved in fibrosis. In the wound tissue they are implicated in wound strengthening by extracellular collagen fiber deposition and then wound contraction by intracellular contraction and concomitant alignment of the collagen fibers by
294:
Myofibroblasts were first identified in granulation tissue during skin wound healing. Typically, these cells are found in granulation tissue, scar tissue (fibrosis) and the stroma of tumours. They also line the gastrointestinal tract, wherein they regulate the shapes of crypts and villi.
329:
in some tissues, but may be negative for desmin in other tissues. Similar heterogeneous positivity may exist for almost every smooth muscle marker except probably a few which are positive only in contractile smooth muscles like
281:
In the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, myofibroblasts are found subepithelially in mucosal surfaces. Here they not only act as a regulator of the shape of the crypts and villi, but also act as stem-niche cells in the
748:"Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-stimulated fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation is mediated by hyaluronan (HA)-facilitated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CD44 co-localization in lipid rafts"
577:
411:
Homing and recruitment of a circulating mesenchymal precursor which can directly differentiate as above or indirectly differentiate through the other cell types as intermediates.
460:
gene and subsequent alpha smooth muscle actin protein production. Several regulators of the myofibroblast differentiation pathway have been described, including
553:, kidney fibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis) that this mechanism fails to work, leading to persistence of the myofibroblasts, and consequently expansion of the
1654:
711:
Evans RA, Tian YC, Steadman R, Phillips AO (January 2003). "TGF-beta1-mediated fibroblast-myofibroblast terminal differentiation-the role of Smad proteins".
475:
Primary culture of cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with TGF-beta to differentiate them to myofibroblasts. Images taken at different post-stimulus times.
471:
274:
Myofibroblasts are contractile web-like fusiform cells that are identifiable by their expression of α-smooth muscle actin within their cytoplasmic
1002:
415:
1071:
1388:
1419:
527:(or in an organ bath) in a similar fashion to smooth muscle, when exposed to substances that cause smooth muscle to contract, such as
1951:
353:
during and after their differentiation from fibroblasts. Among these, the EDA isoform of fibronectin (EDA-FN), and collagen type I (
119:
1647:
233:
1968:
516:
called alpha-smooth muscle actin. These cells are then capable of speeding wound repair by contracting the edges of the wound.
365:
57:
53:
597:
Tai, Yifan; Woods, Emma L.; Dally, Jordanna; Kong, Deling; Steadman, Robert; Moseley, Ryan; Midgley, Adam C. (August 2021).
100:
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and as parts of atypical antigen-presenting cells. They have both support as well as paracrine function in most places.
1916:
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79:
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46:
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Quinn TA, Camelliti P, Rog-Zielinska EA, Siedlecka U, Poggioli T, O'Toole ET, Knöpfel T, Kohl P (December 2016).
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2007:
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Myofibroblasts may interfere with the propagation of electrical signals controlling heart rhythm, leading to
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799:"Electrotonic coupling of excitable and nonexcitable cells in the heart revealed by optogenetics"
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361:) are typical markers of myofibroblast-dependent synthesis of pro-fibrotic extracellular matrix.
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Myofibroblasts can contract by using smooth muscle type actin-myosin complex, rich in a form of
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Loss of contractile phenotype (or acquisition of "synthetic phenotype") of a smooth muscle cell.
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Midgley AC, Rogers M, Hallett MB, Clayton A, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R (May 2013).
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461:
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599:"Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis"
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More recently it has been shown that fibroblasts can transform into myofibroblasts with
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Some myofibroblasts (especially if they have a stellate form) may also be positive for
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Majno, G.; Gabbiani, G.; Hirschel, B. J.; Ryan, G. B.; Statkov, P. R. (1971-08-06).
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858:"Novel therapeutic strategies targeting fibroblasts and fibrosis in heart disease"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2012:
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and it has been suggested that in several fibrotic diseases (for example
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918:"The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling"
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Cell type with functions of both muscular and fibrous connective tissue
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in both patients who have suffered a heart attack and in foetuses.
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650:"Contraction of Granulation Tissue in vitro: Similarity to Smooth"
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Perhaps the most studied pathway of myofibroblast formation is
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pathway. Together with the co-activation of the non-canonical
29:
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There are many possible ways of myofibroblast development:
303:
Myofibroblasts usually stain for the intermediate filament
545:
After healing is complete, these cells are lost through
493:
are some examples of modified myofibroblast-like cells.
146:
Histological section through testicular parenchyma of a
258:
that was first described as being in a state between a
485:
integrin-mediated pulling on to the collagen bundles.
578:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
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Similarly, in wounds that fail to resolve and become
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
454:pathway, these events lead to upregulation of the
856:Gourdie RG, Dimmeler S, Kohl P (September 2016).
414:Epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation (
1648:
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8:
404:Direct myofibroblastic differentiation of a
341:Myofibroblasts upregulate the expression of
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307:, which is a general mesenchymal marker,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
519:Early work on wound healing showed that
504:is a promising drug for this condition.
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237:
131:
7:
1389:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
442:leads to induction of the canonical
390:Activation of a stellate cell (e.g.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
752:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
523:taken from a wound could contract
25:
1952:Dense irregular connective tissue
968:
468:co-receptor activation of EGFR.
321:, which is a cytoskeletal actin
234:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
34:
1969:Dense regular connective tissue
1420:Excitation–contraction coupling
430:dependent differentiation from
45:needs additional citations for
862:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1:
725:10.1016/S0014-4827(02)00015-0
557:(fibrosis) with contraction.
408:resident in a stromal tissue.
152:tubulus seminiferus contortus
674:10.1126/science.173.3996.548
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1425:Sliding filament mechanism
713:Experimental Cell Research
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916:Frangogiannis NG (2017).
434:cells. Activation of the
396:pancreatic stellate cells
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139:
1618:Fukutin-related protein
824:10.1073/pnas.1611184114
765:10.1074/jbc.M113.451336
660:(3996): 548–Muscle550.
1576:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
1405:Neuromuscular junction
1313:elastic filament/titin
1035:Vascular smooth muscle
476:
387:of a fibroblastic cell
1308:thick filament/myosin
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309:α-smooth muscle actin
977:at Wikimedia Commons
616:10.3390/biom11081095
555:extracellular matrix
54:improve this article
1303:thin filament/actin
1289:(a, i, and h bands;
874:10.1038/nrd.2016.89
815:2016PNAS..11314852Q
809:(51): 14852–14857.
666:1971Sci...173..548M
440:TGF-beta receptor 2
436:TGF-beta receptor 1
566:hypertrophic scars
540:photobiomodulation
521:granulation tissue
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227:H2.00.03.0.01013
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1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:extracellular
1078:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1012:Muscle tissue
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:
983:
976:
975:Myofibroblast
971:
967:
966:
962:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:J Clin Invest
919:
912:
909:
906:
901:
898:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
868:(9): 620–38.
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
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793:
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776:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:(2): 90–100.
718:
714:
707:
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683:
679:
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659:
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508:Wound healing
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328:
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285:
279:
277:
276:stress fibers
269:
267:
265:
264:smooth muscle
261:
257:
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252:myofibroblast
241:
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185:
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177:
173:
169:
165:
164:spermatogonia
161:
160:spermatocytes
157:
153:
150:. 1 Lumen of
149:
143:
138:
135:Myofibroblast
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2010
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2066:Animal cells
1801:Tissue fluid
1482:Muscle fiber
1252:
1183:Dystrobrevin
1136:Dystroglycan
925:
921:
911:
900:
865:
861:
851:
806:
802:
792:
755:
751:
741:
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712:
706:
657:
653:
643:
606:
603:Biomolecules
602:
592:
559:
544:
537:
524:
518:
511:
495:
483:
455:
425:
375:
363:
340:
332:metavinculin
312:
302:
293:
280:
273:
251:
249:
202:
176:Leydig cells
168:Sertoli cell
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2023:Specialized
2013:Mesenchymal
1984:Aponeurosis
1735:Tendon cell
1697:Composition
1678:Soft tissue
1533:Muscle cell
1508:Myofilament
1327:Tropomyosin
1298:Myofilament
1099:Sarcoglycan
609:(8): 1095.
533:angiotensin
372:Development
343:fibronectin
317:), and for
192:Identifiers
180:capillaries
2060:Categories
1768:Macrophage
1745:Melanocyte
1720:Fibroblast
1671:Physiology
1603:Telethonin
1564:Sarcolemma
1559:Sarcoplasm
1492:extrafusal
1487:intrafusal
1449:Myocardium
1410:Motor unit
1384:Endomysium
1379:Perimysium
1267:Caveolin 3
1200:Syntrophin
1178:Dystrophin
1030:Calmodulin
584:References
529:adrenaline
498:arrhythmia
489:and renal
462:hyaluronan
432:fibroblast
336:smoothelin
260:fibroblast
254:is a cell
156:spermatids
80:newspapers
2031:Cartilage
2000:Embryonic
1957:Submucosa
1917:Reticular
1846:Fibrillin
1763:Mast cell
1740:Adipocyte
1725:Fibrocyte
1608:Dysferlin
1591:ungrouped
1513:Sarcomere
1499:Myofibril
1459:Nebulette
1369:Epimysium
1285:Sarcomere
1237:Dysbindin
1232:Syncoilin
1149:Sarcospan
1080:Membrane/
1067:Costamere
682:0036-8075
547:apoptosis
487:Pericytes
428:TGF-beta1
347:collagens
270:Structure
256:phenotype
1974:Ligament
1713:Resident
1688:Scarring
1683:Fibrosis
1598:Myotilin
1569:T-tubule
1529:Myoblast
1374:Fascicle
1334:Troponin
1253:related:
1056:Skeletal
1045:Striated
952:28459429
905:BBC News
892:27339799
843:27930302
784:23589287
733:12531695
698:36685378
635:34439762
572:See also
525:in vitro
502:Ursodiol
480:Function
418:) of an
319:palladin
305:vimentin
290:Location
1922:Adipose
1873:Elaunin
1868:EMILIN1
1841:Elastin
1613:Fukutin
1439:Cardiac
1398:General
1318:nebulin
943:5409799
883:5152911
834:5187735
811:Bibcode
775:3663506
690:4327529
662:Bibcode
654:Science
626:8391320
562:keloids
299:Markers
215:D058628
187:Details
94:scholar
2008:Mucoid
1979:Tendon
1962:Dermis
1900:Proper
1829:COL3A1
1811:Fibers
1784:matrix
1589:Other/
1554:Desmin
1441:muscle
1058:muscle
1047:muscle
1022:muscle
1020:Smooth
950:
940:
890:
880:
841:
831:
782:
772:
731:
696:
688:
680:
633:
623:
382:muscle
359:COL1A2
355:COL1A1
349:, and
327:desmin
266:cell.
262:and a
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2041:Blood
1944:Dense
1932:White
1927:Brown
1909:Loose
1892:Types
1705:Cells
1547:Other
1522:Cells
1475:Fiber
694:S2CID
514:actin
457:ACTA2
448:SMAD3
444:SMAD2
314:ACTA2
238:[
198:Latin
101:JSTOR
87:books
2036:Bone
1861:FBN3
1856:FBN2
1851:FBN1
1468:Both
1262:NOS1
1129:SGCZ
1124:SGCG
1119:SGCE
1114:SGCD
1109:SGCB
1104:SGCA
1072:DAPC
948:PMID
888:PMID
839:PMID
780:PMID
729:PMID
686:PMID
678:ISSN
631:PMID
466:CD44
464:and
452:EGFR
438:and
366:GFAP
334:and
210:MeSH
178:, 8
174:, 7
170:, 6
166:, 5
162:, 4
158:, 3
154:, 2
148:boar
73:news
1090:DAP
938:PMC
930:doi
926:127
878:PMC
870:doi
829:PMC
819:doi
807:113
770:PMC
760:doi
756:288
721:doi
717:282
670:doi
658:173
621:PMC
611:doi
564:or
531:or
416:EMT
394:or
56:by
2062::
1225:G2
1220:G1
1215:B2
1210:B1
946:.
936:.
924:.
920:.
886:.
876:.
866:15
864:.
860:.
837:.
827:.
817:.
805:.
801:.
778:.
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715:.
692:.
684:.
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652:.
629:.
619:.
607:11
605:.
601:.
542:.
535:.
398:).
368:.
345:,
338:.
278:.
250:A
222:TH
1656:e
1649:t
1642:v
1531:/
1506:/
1349:I
1344:C
1339:T
1287:/
1205:A
1193:B
1188:A
1092::
1069:/
1004:e
997:t
990:v
954:.
932::
894:.
872::
845:.
821::
813::
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762::
735:.
723::
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672::
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613::
446:/
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357:/
242:]
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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