52:
499:. The nominative, whether or not it is marked morphologically, is also used as the citation form of the noun. In a marked nominative system, on the other hand, it is the nominative case alone that is usually marked morphologically, and it is the unmarked accusative case that is used as the citation form of the noun. The unmarked accusative (sometimes called
590:
As in many
Nilotic languages, Datooga case is marked by tone. The absolutive case has the unpredictable tone of the citation form of the noun, but the nominative is marked by a characteristic tone that obliterates the lexical tone. The tone is high for words of three syllables or less; for words with
570:
In Yuman and many of the
Cushitic languages, however, the nominative is not always marked for reasons that are not known. There may, therefore, be not a strict case system but a reflection of discourse patterns or other
594:
In most
African languages with a marked nominative, the nominative is used for subjects following the verb, the absolutive with the copula, with subjects in focus position before the verb, and in all other situations.
454:
515:
Marked nominative languages are relatively rare. They are well-documented in only two regions of the world: in northern Africa, where they occur in many languages of the
503:) is typically also used with a wide range of other functions that are associated with the nominative in nominative-accusative languages; they often include the
617:. Unmarked nouns are by default in the accusative case. However, some verbs of existence and emergence may also have optionally unmarked nominative subjects.
69:
447:
375:
370:
365:
353:
348:
343:
28:
261:
116:
40:
440:
88:
27:
This article is about the alignment type with a marked nominative and unmarked accusative case. For the alignment type attested in some
480:
224:
32:
736:
698:
135:
236:
95:
36:
102:
73:
392:
266:
801:
84:
251:
360:
338:
402:
564:
295:
229:
62:
626:
543:
family; and in the southwestern United States and adjacent parts of Mexico, where they are characteristic of the
540:
476:
219:
210:
706:
382:
300:
199:
194:
189:
158:
605:, is generally a marked nominative language where nominative subjects are marked with the case particles
583:
marking all subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs but not of the copula; in the
Nilotic language
109:
591:
four or more syllables, the ends of the word have high tone, with a low tone in the middle of the word.
560:
528:
428:
310:
305:
290:
281:
276:
256:
559:. It is also proposed that marked-nominative alignment can be reconstructed for the ancestor of the
468:
151:
507:
and a subject moved to a more prominent place in the sentence in order to express topic or focus.
756:
576:
547:
family. Other languages interpreted by some authors as having a marked nominative system include
516:
504:
179:
172:
732:
694:
598:
536:
271:
246:
184:
167:
686:
724:
602:
584:
532:
524:
520:
484:
241:
552:
544:
500:
496:
492:
397:
315:
556:
795:
548:
387:
723:. Cambridge Handbooks of Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–107.
687:"Did Proto-Afroasiatic have Marked Nominative or Nominative-Accusative Alignment?"
761:
17:
51:
423:
329:
320:
572:
728:
614:
414:
483:
alignment. In a prototypical nominative–accusative language with a
579:
is reported to have a purely syntactic case system, with a suffix
488:
719:
Shimoji, Michinori (2018). "Okinawan". In
Hasegawa, Yoko (ed.).
777:
KieĂźling, Roland (2007). "The 'marked nominative' in
Datooga",
787:
45:
495:, and the subject of the verb may or may not be marked for
587:, the system is also reported to be purely syntactic.
31:
in which the intransitive subject patterns both as a
76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
760:
479:similar to, and often considered a subtype of, a
773:Havasupai songs : a linguistic perspective
721:The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics
785:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
779:Journal of African languages and linguistics,
693:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 11–22.
448:
8:
455:
441:
147:
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
767:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
575:parameters. However, the Yuman language
638:
413:
328:
209:
157:
150:
491:, the object of a verb is marked for
7:
74:adding citations to reliable sources
29:South American indigenous languages
691:Afroasiatic: Data and perspectives
674:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25:
50:
61:needs additional citations for
41:nominative–absolutive alignment
781:vol. 28, no2, pp. 149–191
1:
85:"Marked nominative alignment"
613:depending on their level of
473:marked nominative alignment
272:Ditransitive/Monotransitive
818:
685:Satzinger, Helmut (2018).
531:family, as well as in the
26:
689:. In Tosco, Mauro (ed.).
627:Morphosyntactic alignment
477:morphosyntactic alignment
771:Hinton, Leanne (1984).
670:König, Christa (2008).
655:König, Christa (2008).
475:is an unusual type of
729:10.1017/9781316884461
645:Dixon 1994, pp. 63–67
561:Afroasiatic languages
481:nominative–accusative
262:Nominative–absolutive
225:Nominative–accusative
70:improve this article
802:Linguistic typology
757:Dixon, Robert M. W.
469:linguistic typology
376:Object–verb–subject
371:Object–subject–verb
366:Subject–object–verb
354:Verb–object–subject
349:Verb–subject–object
344:Subject–verb–object
237:Ergative–absolutive
152:Linguistic typology
505:subject complement
565:Proto-Afroasiatic
537:Nilotic languages
465:
464:
407:Place–manner–time
403:Time–manner–place
296:Dependent-marking
247:Symmetrical voice
230:Marked nominative
146:
145:
138:
120:
18:Marked nominative
16:(Redirected from
809:
768:
766:
743:
742:
716:
710:
707:preprint version
704:
682:
676:
675:
667:
661:
660:
652:
646:
643:
603:Japonic language
527:branches of the
485:grammatical case
457:
450:
443:
148:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
54:
46:
21:
817:
816:
812:
811:
810:
808:
807:
806:
792:
791:
755:
752:
747:
746:
739:
718:
717:
713:
701:
684:
683:
679:
669:
668:
664:
654:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
623:
541:Eastern Sudanic
513:
497:nominative case
493:accusative case
461:
398:Free word order
316:Syntactic pivot
211:Morphosyntactic
142:
131:
125:
122:
79:
77:
67:
55:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
815:
813:
805:
804:
794:
793:
790:
789:
782:
775:
769:
751:
748:
745:
744:
737:
711:
699:
677:
672:Case in Africa
662:
657:Case in Africa
647:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
622:
619:
512:
509:
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
426:
418:
417:
411:
410:
409:
408:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
379:
378:
373:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
333:
332:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
301:Double-marking
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
269:
267:Direct-inverse
264:
259:
254:
252:Active–stative
249:
244:
242:Split ergative
239:
234:
233:
232:
214:
213:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
200:Oligosynthetic
197:
192:
187:
177:
176:
175:
162:
161:
155:
154:
144:
143:
58:
56:
49:
39:argument, see
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
814:
803:
800:
799:
797:
788:
786:
783:
780:
776:
774:
770:
765:
764:
758:
754:
753:
749:
740:
738:9781316884461
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
708:
702:
700:9789027264572
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
666:
663:
658:
651:
648:
642:
639:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
510:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
458:
453:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:
436:
435:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:OS word order
391:
389:
388:V2 word order
386:
384:
383:V1 word order
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
331:
327:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Zero-marking
289:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
208:
201:
198:
196:
195:Polysynthetic
193:
191:
190:Agglutinative
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:Morphological
156:
153:
149:
140:
137:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
75:
71:
65:
64:
59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
784:
778:
772:
762:
720:
714:
705:Open-access
690:
680:
671:
665:
656:
650:
641:
610:
606:
597:
593:
589:
580:
569:
514:
511:Distribution
487:system like
472:
466:
361:OV languages
339:VO languages
311:Null-subject
306:Head-marking
132:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
529:Afroasiatic
424:Color terms
282:Indirective
277:Secundative
763:Ergativity
750:References
709:available.
501:absolutive
330:Word order
321:Theta role
257:Tripartite
126:March 2017
96:newspapers
37:absolutive
35:and as an
33:nominative
577:Havasupai
220:Alignment
180:Synthetic
173:Isolating
796:Category
759:(1994).
621:See also
599:Okinawan
573:semantic
517:Cushitic
429:Numerals
185:Fusional
168:Analytic
615:animacy
585:Datooga
563:, viz.
539:of the
415:Lexicon
110:scholar
735:
697:
553:Aymara
533:Surmic
525:Berber
521:Omotic
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
633:Notes
557:Wappo
545:Yuman
489:Latin
117:JSTOR
103:books
733:ISBN
695:ISBN
601:, a
571:non-
555:and
549:Igbo
535:and
523:and
89:news
725:doi
609:or
467:In
72:by
798::
731:.
611:nu
607:ga
581:-ÄŤ
567:.
551:,
519:,
471:,
741:.
727::
703:.
456:e
449:t
442:v
139:)
133:(
128:)
124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
93:·
66:.
43:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
