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488:. The nominative, whether or not it is marked morphologically, is also used as the citation form of the noun. In a marked nominative system, on the other hand, it is the nominative case alone that is usually marked morphologically, and it is the unmarked accusative case that is used as the citation form of the noun. The unmarked accusative (sometimes called
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As in many
Nilotic languages, Datooga case is marked by tone. The absolutive case has the unpredictable tone of the citation form of the noun, but the nominative is marked by a characteristic tone that obliterates the lexical tone. The tone is high for words of three syllables or less; for words with
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In Yuman and many of the
Cushitic languages, however, the nominative is not always marked for reasons that are not known. There may, therefore, be not a strict case system but a reflection of discourse patterns or other
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In most
African languages with a marked nominative, the nominative is used for subjects following the verb, the absolutive with the copula, with subjects in focus position before the verb, and in all other situations.
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Marked nominative languages are relatively rare. They are well-documented in only two regions of the world: in northern Africa, where they occur in many languages of the
492:) is typically also used with a wide range of other functions that are associated with the nominative in nominative-accusative languages; they often include the
606:. Unmarked nouns are by default in the accusative case. However, some verbs of existence and emergence may also have optionally unmarked nominative subjects.
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This article is about the alignment type with a marked nominative and unmarked accusative case. For the alignment type attested in some
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family; and in the southwestern United States and adjacent parts of Mexico, where they are characteristic of the
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marking all subjects of transitive and intransitive verbs but not of the copula; in the
Nilotic language
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four or more syllables, the ends of the word have high tone, with a low tone in the middle of the word.
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548:. It is also proposed that marked-nominative alignment can be reconstructed for the ancestor of the
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and a subject moved to a more prominent place in the sentence in order to express topic or focus.
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family. Other languages interpreted by some authors as having a marked nominative system include
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712:. Cambridge Handbooks of Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–107.
676:"Did Proto-Afroasiatic have Marked Nominative or Nominative-Accusative Alignment?"
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alignment. In a prototypical nominative–accusative language with a
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is reported to have a purely syntactic case system, with a suffix
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708:
Shimoji, Michinori (2018). "Okinawan". In
Hasegawa, Yoko (ed.).
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KieĂźling, Roland (2007). "The 'marked nominative' in
Datooga",
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in which the intransitive subject patterns both as a
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468:similar to, and often considered a subtype of, a
762:Havasupai songs : a linguistic perspective
710:The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics
774:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
768:Journal of African languages and linguistics,
682:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 11–22.
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125:Learn how and when to remove this message
756:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
564:parameters. However, the Yuman language
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480:, the object of a verb is marked for
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63:adding citations to reliable sources
18:South American indigenous languages
680:Afroasiatic: Data and perspectives
663:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
648:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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50:needs additional citations for
30:nominative–absolutive alignment
770:vol. 28, no2, pp. 149–191
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74:"Marked nominative alignment"
602:depending on their level of
462:marked nominative alignment
261:Ditransitive/Monotransitive
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674:Satzinger, Helmut (2018).
520:family, as well as in the
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678:. In Tosco, Mauro (ed.).
616:Morphosyntactic alignment
466:morphosyntactic alignment
760:Hinton, Leanne (1984).
659:König, Christa (2008).
644:König, Christa (2008).
464:is an unusual type of
718:10.1017/9781316884461
634:Dixon 1994, pp. 63–67
550:Afroasiatic languages
470:nominative–accusative
251:Nominative–absolutive
214:Nominative–accusative
59:improve this article
791:Linguistic typology
746:Dixon, Robert M. W.
458:linguistic typology
365:Object–verb–subject
360:Object–subject–verb
355:Subject–object–verb
343:Verb–object–subject
338:Verb–subject–object
333:Subject–verb–object
226:Ergative–absolutive
141:Linguistic typology
494:subject complement
554:Proto-Afroasiatic
526:Nilotic languages
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396:Place–manner–time
392:Time–manner–place
285:Dependent-marking
236:Symmetrical voice
219:Marked nominative
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500:Distribution
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350:OV languages
328:VO languages
300:Null-subject
295:Head-marking
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57:Please help
52:verification
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518:Afroasiatic
413:Color terms
271:Indirective
266:Secundative
752:Ergativity
739:References
698:available.
490:absolutive
319:Word order
310:Theta role
246:Tripartite
115:March 2017
85:newspapers
26:absolutive
24:and as an
22:nominative
566:Havasupai
209:Alignment
169:Synthetic
162:Isolating
785:Category
748:(1994).
610:See also
588:Okinawan
562:semantic
506:Cushitic
418:Numerals
174:Fusional
157:Analytic
604:animacy
574:Datooga
552:, viz.
528:of the
404:Lexicon
99:scholar
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686:
542:Aymara
522:Surmic
514:Berber
510:Omotic
101:
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622:Notes
546:Wappo
534:Yuman
478:Latin
106:JSTOR
92:books
722:ISBN
684:ISBN
590:, a
560:non-
544:and
538:Igbo
524:and
512:and
78:news
714:doi
598:or
456:In
61:by
787::
720:.
600:nu
596:ga
570:-ÄŤ
556:.
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