233:, have been found to reduce the ability of T cells to multiply within the body. In order to optimize the efficacy of CAR-T gene therapy, these checkpoint inhibitors can be blocked to stimulate a robust anti-tumor immune response, spearheaded by the CAR-T cells. There are various known inhibitory receptors on the CAR-T cell; through manipulation of these receptors and the molecules that bind them, expression of the CAR-T cell can be amplified.
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There is room for improvement with this gene therapy approach. Firstly, the antigens of interest expressed on the cancer cells may sometimes be expressed on regular body cells, too. This means the body's T cells will attack its own healthy cells instead of the cancer cells when the antigen is lacking
140:
and other pathways involved in cellular and genomic integrity. By halting the cell cycle, these genes ensure that genetically damaged cells are not passing on that damage to daughter cells. The cell cycle may be paused and if the damage is severe enough, the p53 and PTEN gene pathways may signal for
290:
of these cancerous cells that are functioning with severely damaged genomes. Cancer cells do not behave like normal cells, so the methods for ridding the body of these cells are more complicated. Manipulation of the pathways controlled by certain genes and their regulators are a large branch of
217:. Usually, the T cell antigen receptor is inactive but when the receptor recognizes a certain cancerous antigen, the physical structure of the T cell changes to destroy the cancer cell. This is a method of cancer treatment that works on the cellular and molecular level.
119:
drugs and other cancer treatments, or imaging scans. Scientists use a range of techniques to validate the role of the novel candidate genes in the development of cancer. The ultimate aim is to translate these findings into improved treatment options for cancer patients.
240:
to improve the efficacy of the immunotherapy method. Cytokines are messenger molecules that can act on themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. The signal pathways of these cytokines can be used to enhance CAR-T anti-tumor characteristics. For example,
258:
specificity with just the cancer cell. A possible solution to this problem is to include two different antigen receptors on the CAR-T cells to make them even more specific. The second issue with the CAR-T immunotherapy approach is that it can cause
390:
Räty, J. K.; Pikkarainen, J. T.; Wirth, T.; Ylä-Herttuala, S. (January 2008). "Gene therapy: the first approved gene-based medicines, molecular mechanisms and clinical indications".
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because their pathways oversee the repair of cells that may replicate out of control with damaged genetic material, eventually leading to cancer growth if not kept in check.
249:
for various immune system cells, including T cells. In regards to gene therapy, IL2 can be used to increase replication and dispersing of CAR-T cells throughout the body.
590:
Gershovich, PM; Karabelskii, AV (2019). "The Role of
Checkpoint Inhibitors and Cytokines in Adoptive Cell Based Cancer Immunotherapy with Genetically Modified T Cells".
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is a targeted approach to cancer therapy where actual immune cells of the patient and their genes are manipulated to produce an anti-tumor response. The body's own
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is used to attack the tumor cells, therefore the immune system can naturally attack the specific cancer cells again to in the future if necessary. Many types of
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to express a chimeric antigen receptor. This receptor, now on millions of the patient's T cells, recognizes cancerous cells that express specific
76:
Molecular oncology has identified genes that are involved in the development of cancer. The research combined diverse techniques ranging from
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Tazawa, Hiroshi; Kagawa, Shunsuke; Fujiwara, Toshiyoshi (November 2013). "Advances in adenovirus-mediated p53 cancer gene therapy".
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Luongo, Francesca; Colonna, Francesca; CalapĂ , Federica; Vitale, Sara; Fiori, Micol E.; De Maria, Ruggero (2019-07-30).
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In the past few decades, gene therapy has emerged as a targeted way to treat cancer. Gene therapy introduces foreign
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There are many different genes being researched for possible cancer therapies. Among the most studied are the
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Helmy, KY; Patel, SA (October 2013). "Cancer immunotherapy: accomplishments to date and future promise".
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209:, are a regularly used form of immune gene therapy. CAR-T involves manipulation of a patient's natural
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factors are released by the immune system and can cause unpleasant side effects for the patient like
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therapies, and various manipulations of host immune cells to target and kill cancer cells.
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the death of the damaged cells. Both the p53 and PTEN genes are classified as
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molecules are some such cellular manipulations to target cancer cells.
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511:"Advances in the Techniques and Methodologies of Cancer Gene Therapy"
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in these genes are seen in more than half of human cancers.
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435:"PTEN Tumor-Suppressor: The Dam of Stemness in Cancer"
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Combining CAR-T with checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines
52:
that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of
1320:
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1019:
947:
902:
811:
682:
667:
99:functional models to study biological and clinical
325:Molecular oncology, University of British Columbia
64:scale. Also the development and application of
201:immunotherapy (CAR-T), possibly combined with
645:
8:
934:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
679:
652:
638:
630:
136:. These genes are major regulators of the
1275:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
468:
450:
286:to diseased cells in order to change the
1484:Interdisciplinary subfields of medicine
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509:Sun, Weiming; Shi (January 26, 2019).
236:CAR-T cells can also be combined with
44:medical specialty at the interface of
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1174:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
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341:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
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245:(IL2) is a cytokine that acts as a
27:Interdisciplinary medical specialty
1310:Medical Scientist Training Program
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1432:
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1412:
1403:
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199:Chimeric antigen receptor T cell
194:Chimeric antigen receptor T Cell
1443:
1300:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
734:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
392:Current Molecular Pharmacology
66:molecularly targeted therapies
1:
153:Molecular oncolytic therapies
30:For the medical journal, see
1280:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1047:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
353:10.1517/14712598.2013.845662
262:. This is when an excess of
32:Molecular Oncology (journal)
529:– via Web of Science.
404:10.2174/1874467210801010013
1500:
29:
1398:
604:10.1134/S0006297919070022
260:cytokine release syndrome
253:Issues with CAR-T therapy
1234:Transplantation medicine
1125:Clinical neurophysiology
1042:Obstetric anesthesiology
962:Interventional radiology
722:Digestive system surgery
1105:Intensive care medicine
1079:Mass gathering medicine
924:Maternal–fetal medicine
452:10.3390/cancers11081076
697:Cardiothoracic surgery
229:, specifically immune
1348:Personalized medicine
1207:Reproductive medicine
1132:Occupational medicine
1086:Evolutionary medicine
592:Biochemistry (Moscow)
231:checkpoint inhibitors
207:checkpoint inhibitors
82:computational biology
1368:Traditional medicine
1328:Alternative medicine
1195:Addiction psychiatry
1009:Transfusion medicine
1004:Medical microbiology
919:Gynecologic oncology
771:Reproductive surgery
542:Therapeutic Delivery
1474:Medicinal chemistry
1390:History of medicine
1373:Veterinary medicine
1180:Preventive medicine
1032:Adolescent medicine
874:Infectious diseases
227:regulatory proteins
46:medicinal chemistry
1469:Molecular oncology
1338:Molecular oncology
1295:Doctor of Medicine
1285:Master of Medicine
1202:Radiation oncology
1074:Emergency medicine
1027:Addiction medicine
994:Clinical chemistry
989:Clinical pathology
781:Transplant surgery
739:Orthopedic surgery
717:Colorectal surgery
515:Discovery Medicine
306:Molecular medicine
184:Cellular receptors
107:produced by these
38:Molecular oncology
18:Molecular Oncology
1456:
1455:
1290:Master of Surgery
1254:
1253:
1239:Tropical medicine
1185:Prison healthcare
1100:Hospital medicine
1064:Disaster medicine
1054:Aviation medicine
869:Hospital medicine
776:Surgical oncology
761:Pediatric surgery
755:
702:Endocrine surgery
554:10.4155/tde.13.88
548:(10): 1307–1320.
347:(11): 1569–1583.
291:cancer research.
284:genetic sequences
143:tumor suppressors
42:interdisciplinary
16:(Redirected from
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1110:Medical genetics
1095:General practice
972:Nuclear medicine
847:Gastroenterology
803:Vascular surgery
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264:pro-inflammatory
186:, antigens, and
174:exist including
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1383:Chief physician
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1244:Travel medicine
1229:Sports medicine
1212:Sexual medicine
1152:Palliative care
1147:Pain management
1091:Family medicine
1069:Diving medicine
1015:
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766:Plastic surgery
712:General surgery
692:Cardiac surgery
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172:immunotherapies
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158:Immunotherapy
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72:Main branches
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1358:Rural health
1343:Nanomedicine
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894:Rheumatology
825: /
744:Hand surgery
729:Neurosurgery
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398:(1): 13–23.
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164:gene therapy
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124:Gene targets
117:chemotherapy
75:
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36:
1428:Wikiproject
1217:Venereology
1162:Neonatology
1059:Dermatology
914:Gynaecology
906:gynaecology
889:Pulmonology
707:Eye surgery
669:Specialties
445:(8): 1076.
270:and a high
176:bone marrow
1463:Categories
1190:Psychiatry
1176:(PM&R)
1169:Phlebology
1157:Pediatrics
984:Anatomical
949:Diagnostic
929:Obstetrics
879:Nephrology
864:Hematology
859:Geriatrics
852:Hepatology
837:Cardiology
827:Immunology
312:References
288:expression
138:cell cycle
115:for novel
101:phenotypes
1378:Physician
1262:education
1120:Neurology
1115:Narcology
979:Pathology
957:Radiology
832:Angiology
796:Andrology
620:198190709
461:2072-6694
412:1874-4702
361:1744-7682
238:cytokines
203:cytokines
147:Mutations
134:PTEN gene
62:molecular
1479:Oncology
1408:Category
884:Oncology
815:medicine
813:Internal
661:Medicine
612:31509722
562:24116914
527:30721651
479:31366089
420:20021420
369:24107178
301:Oncology
295:See also
215:antigens
188:cofactor
180:antibody
132:and the
130:p53 gene
105:proteins
93:in vitro
78:genomics
50:oncology
1448:Outline
1418:Commons
1363:Therapy
1260:Medical
823:Allergy
791:Urology
684:Surgery
470:6721423
439:Cancers
377:2238083
211:T cells
162:Immune
113:targets
97:in vivo
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58:tumors
54:cancer
40:is an
1020:Other
616:S2CID
373:S2CID
272:fever
225:Some
109:genes
608:PMID
558:PMID
523:PMID
475:PMID
457:ISSN
416:PMID
408:ISSN
365:PMID
357:ISSN
205:and
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