222:, have been found to reduce the ability of T cells to multiply within the body. In order to optimize the efficacy of CAR-T gene therapy, these checkpoint inhibitors can be blocked to stimulate a robust anti-tumor immune response, spearheaded by the CAR-T cells. There are various known inhibitory receptors on the CAR-T cell; through manipulation of these receptors and the molecules that bind them, expression of the CAR-T cell can be amplified.
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There is room for improvement with this gene therapy approach. Firstly, the antigens of interest expressed on the cancer cells may sometimes be expressed on regular body cells, too. This means the body's T cells will attack its own healthy cells instead of the cancer cells when the antigen is lacking
129:
and other pathways involved in cellular and genomic integrity. By halting the cell cycle, these genes ensure that genetically damaged cells are not passing on that damage to daughter cells. The cell cycle may be paused and if the damage is severe enough, the p53 and PTEN gene pathways may signal for
279:
of these cancerous cells that are functioning with severely damaged genomes. Cancer cells do not behave like normal cells, so the methods for ridding the body of these cells are more complicated. Manipulation of the pathways controlled by certain genes and their regulators are a large branch of
206:. Usually, the T cell antigen receptor is inactive but when the receptor recognizes a certain cancerous antigen, the physical structure of the T cell changes to destroy the cancer cell. This is a method of cancer treatment that works on the cellular and molecular level.
108:
drugs and other cancer treatments, or imaging scans. Scientists use a range of techniques to validate the role of the novel candidate genes in the development of cancer. The ultimate aim is to translate these findings into improved treatment options for cancer patients.
229:
to improve the efficacy of the immunotherapy method. Cytokines are messenger molecules that can act on themselves, nearby cells, or distant cells. The signal pathways of these cytokines can be used to enhance CAR-T anti-tumor characteristics. For example,
247:
specificity with just the cancer cell. A possible solution to this problem is to include two different antigen receptors on the CAR-T cells to make them even more specific. The second issue with the CAR-T immunotherapy approach is that it can cause
379:
Räty, J. K.; Pikkarainen, J. T.; Wirth, T.; Ylä-Herttuala, S. (January 2008). "Gene therapy: the first approved gene-based medicines, molecular mechanisms and clinical indications".
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because their pathways oversee the repair of cells that may replicate out of control with damaged genetic material, eventually leading to cancer growth if not kept in check.
238:
for various immune system cells, including T cells. In regards to gene therapy, IL2 can be used to increase replication and dispersing of CAR-T cells throughout the body.
579:
Gershovich, PM; Karabelskii, AV (2019). "The Role of
Checkpoint Inhibitors and Cytokines in Adoptive Cell Based Cancer Immunotherapy with Genetically Modified T Cells".
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is a targeted approach to cancer therapy where actual immune cells of the patient and their genes are manipulated to produce an anti-tumor response. The body's own
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is used to attack the tumor cells, therefore the immune system can naturally attack the specific cancer cells again to in the future if necessary. Many types of
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to express a chimeric antigen receptor. This receptor, now on millions of the patient's T cells, recognizes cancerous cells that express specific
65:
Molecular oncology has identified genes that are involved in the development of cancer. The research combined diverse techniques ranging from
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Tazawa, Hiroshi; Kagawa, Shunsuke; Fujiwara, Toshiyoshi (November 2013). "Advances in adenovirus-mediated p53 cancer gene therapy".
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Luongo, Francesca; Colonna, Francesca; CalapĂ , Federica; Vitale, Sara; Fiori, Micol E.; De Maria, Ruggero (2019-07-30).
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In the past few decades, gene therapy has emerged as a targeted way to treat cancer. Gene therapy introduces foreign
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There are many different genes being researched for possible cancer therapies. Among the most studied are the
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Helmy, KY; Patel, SA (October 2013). "Cancer immunotherapy: accomplishments to date and future promise".
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factors are released by the immune system and can cause unpleasant side effects for the patient like
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therapies, and various manipulations of host immune cells to target and kill cancer cells.
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the death of the damaged cells. Both the p53 and PTEN genes are classified as
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molecules are some such cellular manipulations to target cancer cells.
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500:"Advances in the Techniques and Methodologies of Cancer Gene Therapy"
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in these genes are seen in more than half of human cancers.
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424:"PTEN Tumor-Suppressor: The Dam of Stemness in Cancer"
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Combining CAR-T with checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines
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that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of
1309:
1247:
1008:
936:
891:
800:
671:
656:
88:functional models to study biological and clinical
314:Molecular oncology, University of British Columbia
53:scale. Also the development and application of
190:immunotherapy (CAR-T), possibly combined with
634:
8:
923:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
668:
641:
627:
619:
125:. These genes are major regulators of the
1264:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
457:
439:
275:to diseased cells in order to change the
1473:Interdisciplinary subfields of medicine
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498:Sun, Weiming; Shi (January 26, 2019).
225:CAR-T cells can also be combined with
33:medical specialty at the interface of
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1163:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
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330:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
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234:(IL2) is a cytokine that acts as a
16:Interdisciplinary medical specialty
1299:Medical Scientist Training Program
14:
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1421:
1411:
1401:
1392:
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188:Chimeric antigen receptor T cell
183:Chimeric antigen receptor T Cell
1432:
1289:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
723:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
381:Current Molecular Pharmacology
55:molecularly targeted therapies
1:
142:Molecular oncolytic therapies
19:For the medical journal, see
1269:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1036:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
342:10.1517/14712598.2013.845662
251:. This is when an excess of
21:Molecular Oncology (journal)
518:– via Web of Science.
393:10.2174/1874467210801010013
1489:
18:
1387:
593:10.1134/S0006297919070022
249:cytokine release syndrome
242:Issues with CAR-T therapy
1223:Transplantation medicine
1114:Clinical neurophysiology
1031:Obstetric anesthesiology
951:Interventional radiology
711:Digestive system surgery
1094:Intensive care medicine
1068:Mass gathering medicine
913:Maternal–fetal medicine
441:10.3390/cancers11081076
686:Cardiothoracic surgery
218:, specifically immune
1337:Personalized medicine
1196:Reproductive medicine
1121:Occupational medicine
1075:Evolutionary medicine
581:Biochemistry (Moscow)
220:checkpoint inhibitors
196:checkpoint inhibitors
71:computational biology
1357:Traditional medicine
1317:Alternative medicine
1184:Addiction psychiatry
998:Transfusion medicine
993:Medical microbiology
908:Gynecologic oncology
760:Reproductive surgery
531:Therapeutic Delivery
1463:Medicinal chemistry
1379:History of medicine
1362:Veterinary medicine
1169:Preventive medicine
1021:Adolescent medicine
863:Infectious diseases
216:regulatory proteins
35:medicinal chemistry
1458:Molecular oncology
1327:Molecular oncology
1284:Doctor of Medicine
1274:Master of Medicine
1191:Radiation oncology
1063:Emergency medicine
1016:Addiction medicine
983:Clinical chemistry
978:Clinical pathology
770:Transplant surgery
728:Orthopedic surgery
706:Colorectal surgery
504:Discovery Medicine
295:Molecular medicine
173:Cellular receptors
96:produced by these
27:Molecular oncology
1445:
1444:
1279:Master of Surgery
1243:
1242:
1228:Tropical medicine
1174:Prison healthcare
1089:Hospital medicine
1053:Disaster medicine
1043:Aviation medicine
858:Hospital medicine
765:Surgical oncology
750:Pediatric surgery
744:
691:Endocrine surgery
543:10.4155/tde.13.88
537:(10): 1307–1320.
336:(11): 1569–1583.
280:cancer research.
273:genetic sequences
132:tumor suppressors
31:interdisciplinary
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1425:
1415:
1414:
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1099:Medical genetics
1084:General practice
961:Nuclear medicine
836:Gastroenterology
792:Vascular surgery
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253:pro-inflammatory
175:, antigens, and
163:exist including
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1372:Chief physician
1305:
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1233:Travel medicine
1218:Sports medicine
1201:Sexual medicine
1141:Palliative care
1136:Pain management
1080:Family medicine
1058:Diving medicine
1004:
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755:Plastic surgery
701:General surgery
681:Cardiac surgery
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161:immunotherapies
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587:(7): 695–710.
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147:Immunotherapy
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100:may serve as
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61:Main branches
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52:
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40:
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32:
28:
22:
1347:Rural health
1332:Nanomedicine
1326:
883:Rheumatology
814: /
733:Hand surgery
718:Neurosurgery
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387:(1): 13–23.
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267:Gene therapy
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153:gene therapy
150:
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113:Gene targets
106:chemotherapy
64:
26:
25:
1417:Wikiproject
1206:Venereology
1151:Neonatology
1048:Dermatology
903:Gynaecology
895:gynaecology
878:Pulmonology
696:Eye surgery
658:Specialties
434:(8): 1076.
259:and a high
165:bone marrow
1452:Categories
1179:Psychiatry
1165:(PM&R)
1158:Phlebology
1146:Pediatrics
973:Anatomical
938:Diagnostic
918:Obstetrics
868:Nephrology
853:Hematology
848:Geriatrics
841:Hepatology
826:Cardiology
816:Immunology
301:References
277:expression
127:cell cycle
104:for novel
90:phenotypes
1367:Physician
1251:education
1109:Neurology
1104:Narcology
968:Pathology
946:Radiology
821:Angiology
785:Andrology
609:198190709
450:2072-6694
401:1874-4702
350:1744-7682
227:cytokines
192:cytokines
136:Mutations
123:PTEN gene
51:molecular
1468:Oncology
1397:Category
873:Oncology
804:medicine
802:Internal
650:Medicine
601:31509722
551:24116914
516:30721651
468:31366089
409:20021420
358:24107178
290:Oncology
284:See also
204:antigens
177:cofactor
169:antibody
121:and the
119:p53 gene
94:proteins
82:in vitro
67:genomics
39:oncology
1437:Outline
1407:Commons
1352:Therapy
1249:Medical
812:Allergy
780:Urology
673:Surgery
459:6721423
428:Cancers
366:2238083
200:T cells
151:Immune
102:targets
86:in vivo
78:imaging
49:at the
1427:Portal
1294:MD–PhD
607:
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448:
407:
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