2815:. However, no separation of Church and State took place, and all Hungarians were mandated to belong to religious bodies that collected their own taxes and retained control over aspects of civilian lives, like birth registrations and marriage. The Pesth community board suggested forming a united representative organization for all Jews. The Orthodox viewed this proposal with great suspicion, believing it to be a Neolog conspiracy; the term itself entered Orthodox discourse at that time. Eventually, the traditionalists seceded from the founding Congress of the new organ and formed a separate one, which was formally recognized in 1871. Most liberal communities, which were prone to elect like-minded rabbis, joined the first. The majority of the religiously conservative ones affiliated with the Orthodox. Some of both chose to remain independent, under the label "Status Quo". Many congregations split, polarized between progressive and traditional elements, to form two or even three new ones, each selecting a different affiliation. The liberal body, formed at the 1868 Congress in Pesth, was named the National Jewish Bureau. Its members were henceforth known colloquially as "Neologs" or "Congressionals".
3194:
status of an "accepted faith", legally recognized and subsidized by government funds, for installing chief rabbis as members of the Upper House of
Parliament and against Antisemitism â in the 1890s, 1920s and 1930s, respectively â were led by the Congressionals. Pesth remained their stronghold: in 1880, its Neolog community numbered some 64,000 (as opposed to a few thousands of Orthodox in the city) out of 238,947 country-wide. In 1930, the congregation had 172,933 members, 59.2% of the Bureau's general membership. Tensions between the official, statewide leadership and the Budapest communal functionaries were sharp, as the latter virtually dominated Neolog politics. In 1932, after encountering strong resistance, the Pesth community president Samu Stern was elected Chairman of the Bureau, uniting both posts.
3150:
3243:. With the emigration of virtually all Orthodox, the Neologs remained the vast majority. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, communal independence was restored. In 1989, the Federation of Jewish Communities (MAZSIHISZ) was founded as a non-fractional body. It became de facto Neolog after the small Orthodox minority seceded in 1994. As of 2022, there were 42 synagogues affiliated with the movement operating in Hungary. Of 15,695 Jews who chose to donate part of their income to one of the fractions, 11,885 (75.7%) gave theirs to the Neolog. While
31:
3106:
3086:
3126:
3170:
5451:
2610:, the weight of intellectual rabbis in the Hungary was low; the communities' dignitaries were those who led the acceptance of the new ritual, and they were content with what German progressive Jews condemned as "cosmetic changes". The Neologs had theologians who applied critical analysis to the study of Judaism and sought to modify it on the basis of scientific research. Of those, the most prominent was Rabbi
2599:. In 1830, the Pesth quorum turned to a fully functional synagogue, and from there the new rite spread to other large cities. The Viennese Rite, wrote Michael Silber, was the key factor in what would be known as "Neology" in Hungary â the designation itself was late, and was first used by the local Orthodox by the end of the 1860s, during the Congress controversy. They borrowed it from Rabbi
2670:
5465:
2550:
2525:
unconditional and that the changes they instituted were made for their own sake. However, there was a clear correlation between the levels of education and acculturation and support for change. At that time, the assimilated Jews had long since ceased to uphold traditional religious rules such as
Sabbath observance and the requirement for
2797:, a belief in the Messiah, and for doubting the integrity of Scripture. The Neologs, on the other hand, rallied behind Graetz, stating the incident proved that Hildesheimer was rejecting modern Biblical research. By the 1860s, constant conflict between conservative and liberal elements was prevalent in many communities.
2977:). The Neolog leadership adopted a careful line in matters of faith and practice. Leopold LĂśw, who became increasingly independent in the 1860s, slid toward Geiger's positions and even boycotted the Congress, demonstrating sympathy for the Orthodox. He became estranged from the lay establishment of the Bureau.
3051:. Judah Schweizer, who surveyed the religious positions of the Neolog rabbis throughout the years, concluded they rarely voiced their opinion. While congregations introduced synagogue organs, played by a non-Jew on the Sabbath, and mixed choirs, traditional liturgy was upheld; only few communities abolished
3071:. Schweitzer concluded that while the Neolog rabbis were extremely moderate in their approach, they had little influence over the congregants of the Bureau communities, who were inclined toward full assimilation and religiously lax, at best. Prominent rabbinical authorities among the Neologs included also
2719:
The
Austrians closed the Association but refrained from enforcing the constitution, which was severely opposed by the Orthodox. A network of German-language schools was set in many communities, and it switched to Hungarian in 1860, greatly increasing the acculturation of the Jews. By the time of the
2792:
Hildesheimer, who was bothered that public opinion did not perceive a difference between both groups in regards to observance, used the Graetz controversy to prove the existence of a dogmatic chasm. He had hundreds of rabbis sign a petition against the historian, denouncing him for violating one of
2704:
Jacob Katz viewed the constitution as an important testimony to the "emerging Neolog tendency": while it opposed any changes in the laws of religion pertaining to
Sabbath and the holidays, marriage and divorce, dietary regulations etc., it also refused to apply any coercion to enforce them, whether
2641:
approach LĂśw
Schawbb â Rabbi of the largest Neolog center, Pesth, and Leopold's father-in-law â and request to add his signature to a petition against the conferences assembled by Geiger and his colleagues. Leopold LĂśw supported Frankel's failed attempt to convene a counter-conference in Dresden.
3193:
Hungary. The majority of these communities were located in the north and west of the kingdom, in the economically developed areas. The
Neologs, throughout history, were more affluent, urbanized and integrated than the Orthodox, and had more political clout. The campaigns for granting Judaism the
2696:
In 1851, the victorious
Austrians requested Jewish leaders to propose means to govern itself. The authorities did not favor Horn's extreme measures, but were not keen on the Orthodox either. Eventually, a committee chaired by LĂśw drafted a general constitution, which mandated the forming of a
2964:
The functionaries who headed the Bureau sought to minimize differences with the
Orthodox. They hoped, among others, to refute the opposing party's claim that they constituted a separate religion. The Hungarian government accepted their stance and recognized the communal associations only as
2524:
among them â insisted that
Emancipation would be granted only after Jews abandoned the customs that set them apart from society so that they could fully integrate. As in Germany, both moderate and extreme religious reformers in Hungary opposed this demand, claiming civil rights should be
2697:
seminary as the only certified institute for training rabbis, sought to apply the aesthetic modifications practiced in Pesth across the country and aimed at creating schools for public education at the communities. The committee defined the
Association as "a cult, similar to
3059:. The Neolog rabbis also opposed legitimizing intermarriage when they were enabled in Hungary in 1896, after civil unions were authorized. They conducted marriage and divorce according to traditional standards. During the Second World War, when the government banned
2770:, launched constant tirades against the "Pest of Neo-Orthodoxy", castigating the Eisenstadt rabbi for merely presenting a shallow facade of modernity. His school, which introduced secular studies, was condemned as a "Polish yeshiva under a different name".
2649:, hub of Frankel's Positive-Historical School, were sought after by the liberal congregations in Hungary for the rabbi's office. The Neologs' main efforts were directed at establishing an institution along similar lines in their country. One such graduate,
3215:
ones; the 12 Orthodox refused to join and formed a union of their own. In Romania, the 23 Neolog communities and 7 of the 11 local Status Quo communities united to form the "Western Rite Union of Transylvania and Banat". In 1922, the Neolog community of
2981:, in his 1907 history of the Reform movement, wrote on the different factions in Hungarian Jewry: "religiously they are practically on the same footing. Religious Reform as conceived in Germany and realized in the United States is unknown." The 1911
2614:, who was also instrumental in promoting the cause of Emancipation and in the adoption of Hungarian language and national identification among the Jews; he was the first to preach in that language, doing so from 1844. But even he shared the views of
3188:
In 1896, there were 539 communities affiliated with the Neolog Bureau, 179 of which were mother congregations and the rest smaller ones, subordinated to one of the former. In 1944, prior to the deportation to the death camps, there were 167 such in
3726:
3205:, the 29 Neolog and 31 Status Quo congregations united to form a single federation in 1926, named "Jeschurun" from 1928. In Yugoslavia, the 70 Neolog communities constituted the majority of the Federation of Jewish Religious Congregations (
2954:
2766:. While the Neologs did not perceive the "Old Orthodoxy" of Moses Sofer's disciples as a potent competitor for the loyalty of the educated Jews, Hildesheimer signaled a different approach. Neolog publications, especially LĂśw's
2514:
in 1825, especially after virtually all limitations on Jewish settlement were removed in 1840, the Kingdom's Jews underwent rapid urbanization and acculturation, and many began to assimilate. A gradual linguistic shift from
2519:
to German took place, and later to Hungarian. The pressures that motivated German Jews to seek aesthetic changes in their synagogues a generation earlier began to manifest themselves. In addition, the local Liberals â
2536:, Neolog Judaism "developed as a means of fulfilling Magyar social assimilationist expectations that were rooted in the reform era". She noted that there was no equivalent of Neolog Judaism in other countries.
2689:, headed the Pesth Reform Association, where he abolished circumcision and moved the Sabbath to Sunday. LĂśw and Schwabb condemned him sharply, and demanded the authorities close down the Association â now headed by
2781:. The affair occurred at a time in which the rift between the modern Orthodox in Germany and Zecharia Frankel's Positive-Historical School was widening. While many still regarded him as an ally, his 1859 treatise
2739:, the Orthodox leadership was quick in declaring its support of Magyar nationalism; by the turn of the century, most Hungarian Jews, regardless of affiliation, viewed themselves as "Magyars of Israelite faith".
2416:
in the 19th century. This was their main feature, and they were largely the representative body of urban, assimilated middle- and upper-class Jews. Religiously, the Neolog rabbinate was influenced primarily by
3019:) in the early 1930s. They held services inspired by Einhorn's 1848 group in private homes, which included prayers in Hungarian. The local congregation never allowed them to formally organize. In 1932, when
3038:
was founded along the lines of its Breslau archetype. The large majority of rabbis who served in Congressional communities were graduates of the seminary. The main figures in its early years were scholars
2425:
evolved as well, although the formal rabbinical leadership had little sway over the largely assimilationist communal establishment and congregants. Their rift with the traditionalist and conservative
1056:
1634:
1289:
984:
1176:
2384:
3235:, all communal organizations were merged into the unified National Deputation of Hungarian Jews (MIOK). The Budapest Seminary remained the only rabbinic institute in the
2716:. He also requested that the government insure that only conservative rabbis be appointed, and that they will be granted jurisdiction to deal with "heretical elements".
148:
2507:, and, as well, had but meager following in his country. The rural character and social seclusion of the Jews in the kingdom offered little incentive for his endeavor.
4955:
1171:
2603:
in Frankfurt, who applied it to denote all religious reformers. The term "Neologs" remained in common use only in Hungary, and became identified with that movement.
5345:
1419:
3149:
2997:, no bareheaded praying and not even confirmation of boys and girls. As to the contents of the prayers themselves, they are the same as the Orthodox have." When
4028:
1673:
3079:, Leopold's son, who was one of only two rabbis to be given permanent seat in the Hungarian Upper House of Parliament, alongside the Orthodox Koppel Reich.
5305:
658:
621:
3823:
3013:
from 1883 to 1918. Another attempt for more radical innovations was made by the Pesth layman ErnĹ NamĂŠnyi, who founded the Isaiah Religious Association (
1597:
3125:
2595:
was held inside rather than under the sky. An all-male choir accompanied prayers, and the rabbi delivered his sermon in the vernacular, dressed in a
3852:
2658:
1620:
5351:
970:
3009:. The only Hungarian rabbi in the decades to come who administered some of the ritual changes proposed by Geiger was Ede Neumann, who served in
4451:
3905:
3085:
2654:
2646:
2377:
1547:
1482:
1364:
3336:
Nethaniel Katzburg. "××× ××× ××ר×××ת ×Š× ×ק××××ת ×××× ×ר××, 1870â1939" [Central Authority in the Hungarian Jewish Community, 1870â1939].
4446:
3317:
3035:
2982:
2957:
668:
1106:
3105:
4466:
4461:
3885:
3024:
2812:
1374:
1191:
1181:
421:
5278:
4155:
2607:
1770:
1720:
1685:
1379:
1244:
1111:
3273:
Michael K. Silber. "The Historical Experience of German Jewry and its Impact on Haskalah and Reform in Hungary". In Jacob Katz, ed.,
4306:
4160:
3783:
3759:
3712:
3688:
3566:
3545:
3520:
3499:
3435:
3397:
3367:
3295:
3064:
2370:
1462:
1424:
1399:
1319:
1304:
1151:
1091:
1046:
2693:, who arrived to replace Horn after the latter fled the country â and similar groups that sprung up at the time of the revolution.
2479:
was an early proponent of religious modification; from the publication of his 1803 book "Emeq ha-Shave" and onwards, he dismissed
4215:
4123:
3595:
Kinga Froimovich. "Who Were They? Characteristics of the Religious Trends of Hungarian Jewry on the Eve of their Extermination".
3169:
1755:
1737:
1643:
1537:
1389:
1384:
1309:
1274:
1141:
5380:
3626:
O vlĂĄdnĂm nĂĄvrhu zĂĄkona (tisk 220), jĂmĹž se doplĹuje organisace nĂĄboĹženskĂŠ spoleÄnosti ĹžidovskĂŠ v zemĂch ÄeskĂŠ a MoravskoslezskĂŠ
4574:
2273:
2172:
1727:
1710:
1663:
1562:
1472:
1409:
1359:
1339:
1334:
1254:
1228:
1203:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1041:
1036:
3667:
Die Entwicklung der israelitischen Kultusgemeinden Gßssing, Rechnitz und Stadtschlaining in der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts
4256:
3816:
2456:
1746:
1732:
1700:
1680:
1648:
1592:
1567:
1542:
1522:
1512:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1429:
1344:
1329:
1249:
1208:
1161:
1156:
1076:
1021:
3232:
5357:
4678:
2712:, representing the Orthodox, opposed public education and wished that Jewish children continue to be privately tutored in
2167:
1705:
1690:
1653:
1615:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1557:
1552:
1532:
1517:
1502:
1477:
1443:
1414:
1314:
1299:
1223:
1213:
1131:
1101:
1026:
1012:
5420:
3796:
2412:. Socially, the liberal and modernist Neologs had been more inclined toward integration into Hungarian society since the
648:
5288:
5283:
4471:
4456:
4220:
4175:
3920:
2491:
principles and sought to remove what he regarded as superstitious or primitive elements, like spitting in the prayer of
1775:
1695:
1658:
1582:
1527:
1394:
1369:
1294:
1269:
1259:
1198:
1121:
1116:
1096:
1086:
1066:
1051:
944:
412:
407:
5496:
5385:
5370:
4251:
4111:
2736:
2619:
1765:
1760:
1715:
1668:
1354:
1324:
1284:
1279:
1136:
442:
2735:
in the northeast, even more conservative and barely acculturated, remained Yiddish-speaking. However, after the 1867
5339:
5233:
4884:
4778:
4486:
4419:
3980:
3870:
3612:
3006:
2990:
2794:
2239:
2084:
1792:
1186:
382:
372:
108:
35:
729:
5455:
5395:
5293:
5273:
5143:
5068:
4928:
4795:
4481:
4441:
3809:
2806:
2682:
2430:
2353:
2046:
1897:
1838:
5375:
5206:
4505:
4380:
3582:, 1997. pp. 167â171. Schweizer wrote he used "Conservative" deliberately, to stress the Neologs' affinity with
2773:
The Neologs and Hildesheimer often came to public dispute, with the most important taking place in 1863, after
2056:
2036:
1146:
626:
167:
3197:
In the territories ceded in 1920, the communal separation of Hungarian Jewry remained legally sanctioned. In
5491:
5328:
5317:
4911:
4832:
4537:
4436:
4375:
4355:
4261:
4234:
3112:
2743:
2197:
2187:
2152:
2031:
2021:
1804:
975:
917:
751:
430:
387:
102:
30:
2533:
2461:
In the early 19th century, when the first attempts to reform Judaism under the influence of Enlightenment (
2443:. The Neologs remained organizationally independent in those territories ceded under the terms of the 1920
5364:
5334:
4397:
3478:
2316:
2051:
1965:
1031:
583:
202:
172:
3625:
578:
5390:
5311:
5093:
4800:
4683:
4424:
4414:
4407:
4392:
4278:
2761:
2690:
2600:
2578:
2207:
2202:
2147:
1935:
850:
565:
460:
177:
5425:
5415:
4918:
3890:
3583:
3288:
ha-Ḳeraʿ she-lo nitʟaḼah : perishat ha-Ortodoḳsim mi-kelal ha-ḳehilot be-Hungaryah uve-Germanyah
3244:
2511:
2440:
2422:
2278:
2230:
1970:
1828:
641:
506:
495:
453:
5073:
5041:
4967:
4876:
4822:
4429:
4229:
3963:
3928:
3202:
2747:
2413:
2331:
704:
571:
474:
467:
397:
285:
160:
3727:"KĂśzlemĂŠny a 2022. ĂŠvben szja 1%-os felajĂĄnlĂĄsban rĂŠszesĂźlt technikai szĂĄmos kedvezmĂŠnyezettekrĹl"
5405:
5400:
5211:
4933:
4810:
4805:
4790:
4760:
4713:
4636:
4542:
4402:
3975:
3880:
3847:
3341:
3240:
3092:
2778:
2709:
2480:
2468:
2401:
2182:
2132:
2079:
2074:
1988:
1858:
1126:
955:
714:
634:
488:
54:
4688:
4564:
3040:
3360:
Schechter's Disciples: How Solomon Schechter's Students Created Conservative Judaism, 1902â1946
5189:
5120:
5002:
4987:
4770:
4641:
4606:
3895:
3779:
3755:
3708:
3684:
3562:
3541:
3516:
3495:
3431:
3393:
3363:
3313:
3291:
3190:
2819:
2615:
2444:
2418:
2326:
2268:
2248:
2065:
1625:
1264:
724:
595:
525:
402:
315:
182:
2786:
5255:
5223:
5184:
5155:
5138:
5088:
4889:
4698:
4631:
4584:
4532:
4500:
4491:
4476:
4350:
4325:
4301:
4185:
4116:
4033:
3900:
3700:
3176:
3132:
3031:, they "were all Conservative and hence opposed in principle to Liberal or Reform Judaism".
2986:
2732:
2674:
2653:, became a Neolog activist and rabbi; afterwards, he immigrated overseas and co-founded the
2426:
2296:
2177:
2137:
2101:
1799:
1349:
860:
616:
520:
435:
325:
117:
3448:
2967:
5165:
5160:
4972:
4899:
4732:
4703:
4626:
4616:
4579:
4554:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4315:
4106:
4023:
3990:
3948:
3938:
2978:
2774:
2728:
2686:
2650:
2638:
2258:
2217:
2212:
2192:
2114:
2108:
2041:
1993:
1833:
1814:
965:
694:
606:
589:
133:
3072:
2824:
4866:
80:
5469:
5444:
5265:
5172:
5130:
5110:
5098:
5078:
4992:
4982:
4943:
4923:
4894:
4861:
4827:
4737:
4661:
4651:
4589:
4387:
4335:
4246:
4241:
4003:
3998:
3933:
3862:
3048:
3044:
2818:
The table presents the communal affiliation of Hungarian Jews (from 1920, only in post-
2630:
2626:
2611:
2583:
2554:
2526:
2496:
2409:
2358:
2157:
2026:
2012:
1892:
1871:
1848:
1843:
1821:
1809:
1404:
885:
819:
784:
762:
699:
537:
515:
377:
356:
332:
98:
5485:
5238:
5083:
5010:
4817:
4751:
4724:
4673:
4621:
4594:
4569:
4559:
4320:
4266:
4200:
4180:
4170:
4165:
4138:
4084:
4013:
3958:
3578:
Judah Schweizer. "Conservative Rabbis in Assimilated Jewish Communities in Hungary".
3056:
3028:
2998:
2724:
2562:
2521:
2476:
2306:
2301:
1507:
1434:
960:
809:
804:
799:
789:
767:
719:
481:
320:
225:
187:
138:
5218:
5015:
4977:
4938:
4527:
4271:
4210:
4190:
4150:
4133:
4101:
4089:
4050:
3968:
3943:
3236:
3020:
3002:
2472:
2336:
2162:
2003:
1998:
1956:
1909:
1003:
870:
855:
814:
779:
392:
234:
3136:
2731:
in the northwest of the Kingdom were more inclined toward the German culture. The
2720:
official schism in 1868â1871, most of the young were already graduates of these.
5228:
4743:
4668:
4646:
4549:
4143:
4072:
4067:
4055:
4045:
3224:
not to join the newly created Association of Autonomous Orthodox Congregations.
3010:
2570:
2500:
2321:
2263:
1928:
834:
829:
824:
794:
3524:
2669:
5322:
5029:
4611:
4205:
3953:
3875:
3666:
3221:
3027:, she met several lay leaders but no Neolog rabbi attended for, as written by
2755:
2634:
1979:
993:
922:
880:
709:
689:
248:
155:
75:
5243:
4708:
4599:
4510:
4128:
4062:
3228:
3060:
3052:
2504:
2142:
2127:
1217:
1165:
927:
875:
865:
546:
542:
532:
447:
207:
43:
4079:
3239:. The most prominent Neolog leader under Communism was its director, Rabbi
895:
2408:, "Neolog faction") are one of the two large communal organizations among
4962:
4904:
4849:
4844:
4515:
3248:
3217:
3212:
3198:
3116:
3005:
took place in 1873, his family had to hold it at home rather than in the
2994:
2698:
2463:
2435:
2311:
1921:
1853:
684:
192:
143:
39:
3345:
5177:
5061:
5056:
5046:
5034:
4854:
4839:
4783:
4718:
4693:
4656:
4520:
4195:
4094:
4018:
3910:
3836:
3428:
In the Land of Hagar: the Jews of Hungary, History, Society and Culture
3180:
3160:
3156:
3140:
2751:
2596:
2592:
2549:
2516:
2287:
2253:
2122:
1916:
905:
900:
772:
663:
558:
554:
550:
299:
294:
271:
253:
128:
123:
113:
91:
66:
2971:), stressing that all three belonged "one and the same denomination" (
17:
5248:
5115:
5051:
3096:
3076:
3068:
2713:
2661:
in its early days arrived from Hungary and were linked with Neology.
2574:
2566:
2492:
2488:
1947:
1942:
1902:
1887:
998:
890:
310:
276:
262:
197:
3776:
The Face of Survival: Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present
3609:
The Jews of Czechoslovakia: Historical Studies and Surveys, Volume 2
2953:
2657:. Later on, a considerable number of the rabbis affiliated with the
3801:
2431:
institutionalized following the 1868â1869 Hungarian Jewish Congress
5199:
5194:
5148:
5103:
5024:
5019:
4283:
4038:
4008:
3513:
Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism
2484:
910:
339:
243:
212:
3277:(New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1987), pp. 107â157.
2742:
In 1851, a new challenge appeared before LĂśw and his circle. The
5298:
3832:
3752:
The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities
2588:
62:
3805:
3067:, declaring an animal slaughtered after such treatment was not
2723:
In the cultural sphere, the Neolog elements tended to embrace
3640:
People and Polity: the Organizational Dynamics of World Jewry
3559:
Apprentice in Budapest: Memories of a World That Is No More
3063:
on animal rights' grounds, the Neolog rabbinate refused to
2495:. In 1818, Chorin was one of the few rabbis who backed the
2487:, authored guidelines for modernizing Judaism according to
3653:
ContribuČia evreilor din România la culturÄ Či civilizaČie
2811:
In 1867, full emancipation was granted to the Jews in the
2591:
was set in the front of the hall, as in churches, and the
2499:. He drew the ire of Hungarian Orthodoxy headed by Rabbi
2447:, and are still the largest group among Hungary's Jews.
3231:, most Hungarian Jews perished. Subsequently, in the
2777:
was sued for dismissing the traditional concept of a
3312:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 8.
3206:
2789:") was severely condemned by Samson Raphael Hirsch.
2759:
2581:
to introduce aesthetic change without breaching the
1926:
1907:
330:
5264:
5129:
5001:
4875:
4769:
4300:
3989:
3919:
3861:
3580:
Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies
2685:, Ede Horn, a disciple of the radical German rabbi
3707:, Volume 2. Associated University Presses (1984).
3705:My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein
3290:. Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History (1995).
2633:found barely any support in Hungary. In 1845, the
3629:. Protocols of the Czechoslovak Parliament, 1936.
3390:The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology
3340:(in Hebrew). Historical Society of Israel: 1â12.
2565:Jewish community, Gabriel Ullmann, established a
3247:regards them as a fraternal, "non-Orthodox but
3014:
2985:' Year Book noted with disappointment: "in the
2972:
3817:
3642:. Wayne State University Press, 1989. p. 374.
3310:Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia
2378:
8:
3415:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
5306:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3683:. Verlag fĂźr Geschichte und Politik, 1987.
3540:. Central European University Press, 1999.
3492:Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism
3453:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
3275:Toward Modernity: The European Jewish Model
2618:, whom he considered his mentor along with
2467:) were made, they had little impact in the
622:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3986:
3824:
3810:
3802:
3538:Jewish Budapest: Monuments, Rites, History
2421:'s Positive-Historical School, from which
2385:
2371:
2235:
1876:
949:
756:
361:
230:
49:
3853:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3417:. Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 533.
2952:
2668:
2659:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
2548:
29:
5352:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3515:. Wayne State University Press (1995).
3468:. Macmillan, 1907. OCLC 173452. p. 396.
3392:. Wayne State University Press (1996).
3259:
3208:ХавоС ŃовŃĐľŃŃкиŃ
воŃОиŃпОводниŃ
ОпŃŃина
3081:
3065:allow electric shock during the process
2701:", and had the government disperse it.
2286:
2238:
2064:
2011:
1978:
1955:
1879:
1745:
1633:
1607:
1442:
1236:
1011:
983:
842:
676:
605:
505:
420:
364:
284:
261:
233:
61:
3251:" movement, the two are unaffiliated.
2758:, bringing with him the philosophy of
2655:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
2647:Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
2577:. This style was carefully crafted by
3750:Daniel J. Elazar, Rela Mintz Geffen.
3036:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
2983:Central Conference of American Rabbis
2958:Budapest University of Jewish Studies
7:
3778:, Valentine Mitchell, London, 1992,
3211:) founded in 1919, together with 38
3536:Kinga Frojimovics, GĂŠza KomorĂłczy.
3494:. Indiana University Press (1993).
3331:
3329:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3155:The 1869 Neolog Great Synagogue of
3025:World Union for Progressive Judaism
2561:In 1827, a young lay leader of the
5299:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5279:American Jewish Historical Society
3797:The Synagogue Triangle of Budapest
3023:visited Budapest on behalf of the
2795:Maimonides' 13 principles of faith
25:
3655:, Editura Hasefer (2004). p. 733.
2629:and the other German pioneers of
413:Historical population comparisons
5463:
5450:
5449:
3168:
3148:
3124:
3104:
3084:
2993:, there are no mixed choirs, no
1057:Democratic Republic of the Congo
971:Historical population by country
27:Jewish denomination from Hungary
3308:Klein-PejĹĄovĂĄ, Rebekah (2015).
2569:that practiced the rite of the
5371:Relations with other religions
3466:The Reform Movement in Judaism
2457:History of the Jews in Hungary
1:
5358:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2510:With the commencement of the
628:Christianity and Judaism
5289:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5284:American Sephardi Federation
3725:VĂĄmhivatal, Nemzeti AdĂł-ĂŠs.
4112:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3681:Geschichte des Burgenlandes
3430:. Beth Hatefutsoth (2002).
3233:Hungarian People's Republic
2760:
2737:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
2637:could still recommend that
2620:Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport
1927:
1908:
1635:Latin America and Caribbean
331:
5513:
5340:National Library of Israel
3981:Zionism, race and genetics
3731:Nemzeti AdĂł- ĂŠs VĂĄmhivatal
3613:Jewish Publication Society
3561:. Lexington Books (2000),
2831:Congressionals/Neologs (%)
2804:
2705:by legal or social means.
2454:
2240:Jewish political movements
1937:Conversion to Judaism
5438:
5294:Yeshiva University Museum
5274:Center for Jewish History
3843:
3599:(35), 2007. pp. 144, 147.
3207:
3016:ĂzsaiĂĄs VallĂĄsos TĂĄrsasĂĄg
3015:
2807:Schism in Hungarian Jewry
643:Hinduism and Judaism
3886:Ancient Israel and Judah
2813:newly autonomous Hungary
469:Temple in Jerusalem
162:Bar and bat mitzvah
4262:North African Sephardim
4235:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3007:DohĂĄny Street Synagogue
2991:Budapest reform temples
2840:Hungarian Jews (total)
2834:Autonomous Orthodox (%)
431:Twelve Tribes of Israel
36:DohĂĄny Street Synagogue
5365:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5335:Jewish Virtual Library
2973:
2966:
2961:
2678:
2558:
2405:
47:
5312:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5094:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4279:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4029:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3638:Daniel Judah Elazar.
2956:
2762:Torah im Derech Eretz
2754:to serve as rabbi of
2727:, while the Orthodox
2672:
2601:Samson Raphael Hirsch
2579:Isaac Noah Mannheimer
2552:
2534:Rebekah Klein-PejĹĄovĂĄ
1177:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1172:Republic of the Congo
566:Second Temple Judaism
437:Kingdom of Judah
408:Modern historiography
33:
3891:Second Temple period
3754:. SUNY Press, 2012.
3584:Conservative Judaism
3477:CCAR Yearbook 1911,
3447:Michael K. Silber. "
3413:. In: Adele Berlin.
3245:Conservative Judaism
3220:was the only one in
2512:Hungarian Reform Era
2433:, and they became a
2423:Conservative Judaism
2279:World Agudath Israel
1420:United Arab Emirates
507:Second Temple period
497:Babylonian captivity
5329:Jewish Encyclopedia
5074:Hekhalot literature
4885:Religious movements
4420:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3362:. ProQuest (2008).
3203:Carpathian Ruthenia
2748:Azriel Hildesheimer
2414:Era of Emancipation
572:Hellenistic Judaism
150:Land of Israel
109:Principles of faith
5497:Judaism in Hungary
5470:Judaism portal
5406:Jews and Halloween
5401:Jews and Christmas
4791:Rabbinic authority
4543:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3976:Xueta Christianity
3881:Origins of Judaism
3848:Outline of Judaism
3597:Yad Vashem Studies
3490:Jacques Kornberg.
3358:Michael R. Cohen.
3241:Alexander Scheiber
3093:Subotica Synagogue
2974:vallĂĄsfelekezethez
2962:
2710:Meir Eisenstaedter
2679:
2606:As opposed to the
2559:
2527:Jewish-cooked food
2481:Practical Kabbalah
2469:Kingdom of Hungary
2133:Jewish Koine Greek
1675:Dominican Republic
956:Judaism by country
635:Jews and Christmas
490:Assyrian captivity
48:
5479:
5478:
5445:extinct languages
5346:YIVO Encyclopedia
5121:Hebrew literature
5089:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4929:Reconstructionist
4607:Judaeo-Portuguese
4296:
4295:
4252:Eastern Sephardim
3896:Synagogal Judaism
3464:David Philipson.
3319:978-0-253-01562-4
3113:TrenÄĂn Synagogue
2946:
2945:
2783:Darche ha-Mischna
2645:Graduates of the
2616:Zecharias Frankel
2445:Treaty of Trianon
2419:Zecharias Frankel
2395:
2394:
2344:
2343:
2092:
2091:
1839:Reconstructionist
1783:
1782:
935:
934:
742:
741:
579:JewishâRoman wars
527:Hasmonean dynasty
443:Kingdom of Israel
347:
346:
16:(Redirected from
5504:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5453:
5452:
4585:Judeo-Golpaygani
4186:Palestinian Jews
4161:Alexandrian Jews
4117:Crimean Karaites
4034:Unterlander Jews
3987:
3901:Rabbinic Judaism
3826:
3819:
3812:
3803:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3722:
3716:
3701:Israel Goldstein
3698:
3692:
3677:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3576:
3570:
3557:Patai, Raphael,
3555:
3549:
3534:
3528:
3509:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3305:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3210:
3209:
3177:Szeged Synagogue
3172:
3152:
3133:Fabric Synagogue
3128:
3108:
3088:
3061:ritual slaughter
3018:
3017:
2976:
2825:
2779:personal Messiah
2765:
2733:Unterlander Jews
2675:Szeged Synagogue
2673:The hall of the
2665:Religious strife
2485:Book of Radiance
2387:
2380:
2373:
2236:
2117:
1938:
1932:
1913:
1877:
1824:
1771:New Zealand
1723:
1686:El Salvador
1676:
1608:Northern America
1600:
1194:
950:
861:Crimean Karaites
757:
735:
733:
654:
652:
644:
638:
629:
617:Rabbinic Judaism
598:
592:
586:
574:
562:
528:
521:Maccabean Revolt
498:
491:
485:
477:
470:
464:
456:
438:
362:
336:
231:
163:
151:
50:
21:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5464:
5462:
5434:
5260:
5125:
4997:
4871:
4765:
4580:Judeo-Borujerdi
4555:Judeo-Malayalam
4501:Judeo-Aragonese
4472:Lishanid Noshan
4304:
4292:
4024:Oberlander Jews
3985:
3915:
3857:
3839:
3830:
3793:
3771:
3769:Further reading
3766:
3762:. pp. 133, 174.
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3699:
3695:
3678:
3674:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3619:
3615:, 1971. p. 352.
3607:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3577:
3573:
3556:
3552:
3535:
3531:
3511:Michael Meyer.
3510:
3506:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3459:
3446:
3442:
3425:
3421:
3409:Gabriel Sivan.
3408:
3404:
3400:. pp. 337, 359.
3388:Raphael Patai.
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3261:
3257:
3184:
3173:
3164:
3153:
3144:
3129:
3120:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3041:Moses LĂśb Bloch
2979:David Philipson
2951:
2933:106,130 (79.3%)
2919:156,418 (36.1%)
2916:269,034 (62.1%)
2902:134,972 (30.4%)
2899:292,155 (65.7%)
2885:146,192 (30.9%)
2882:300,026 (63.4%)
2868:472,373 (51.9%)
2865:392,063 (43.1%)
2851:350,456 (56.1%)
2848:238,947 (38.2%)
2809:
2803:
2775:Heinrich Graetz
2744:Modern Orthodox
2729:Oberlander Jews
2687:Samuel Holdheim
2683:1848 Revolution
2667:
2651:Alexander Kohut
2639:Jacob Ettlinger
2547:
2542:
2459:
2453:
2410:Hungarian Jewry
2406:neolĂłg irĂĄnyzat
2391:
2346:
2345:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2213:Judeo-Malayalam
2193:Judaeo-Georgian
2113:
2104:
2094:
2093:
1994:Yiddish theatre
1936:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1822:
1795:
1785:
1784:
1721:
1674:
1598:
1192:
976:Genetic studies
947:
937:
936:
754:
744:
743:
731:
730:
650:
649:
642:
632:
627:
609:and Middle Ages
607:Rabbinic period
594:
588:
581:
569:
540:
526:
496:
489:
480:
472:
468:
459:
454:in Judaism
451:
436:
359:
349:
348:
228:
218:
217:
161:
149:
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5492:Neolog Judaism
5484:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5459:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:non-Christian
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
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5286:
5281:
5270:
5268:
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5216:
5215:
5214:
5204:
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5197:
5187:
5182:
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5180:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5135:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5111:Shulchan Aruch
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5099:Sefer Yetzirah
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5079:Pardes Rimonim
5076:
5069:Kabbalah texts
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
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4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4862:Land of Israel
4859:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4738:Judeo-Alsatian
4730:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Judeo-Hamedani
4587:
4582:
4577:
4567:
4565:Judaeo-Occitan
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4506:Jewish English
4503:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4437:Judaeo-Aramaic
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4425:Judeo-Tunisian
4422:
4417:
4415:Judeo-Moroccan
4412:
4411:
4410:
4408:Judeo-Baghdadi
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4312:
4310:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4259:
4257:Livornese Jews
4254:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
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4183:
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4120:
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4075:
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4058:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:Afrikaner-Jode
3995:
3993:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
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3858:
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3841:
3840:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3791:External links
3789:
3788:
3787:
3774:Michael Riff,
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3743:
3733:(in Hungarian)
3717:
3693:
3679:August Ernst.
3672:
3664:Gert Polster.
3657:
3644:
3631:
3617:
3601:
3588:
3571:
3550:
3529:
3525:hu:Neumann Ede
3504:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3440:
3438:. pp. 108â110.
3419:
3402:
3381:
3372:
3351:
3325:
3318:
3300:
3279:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3090:
3083:
3049:Wilhelm Bacher
3045:David Kaufmann
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:23,451 (17.5%)
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:Status Quo (%)
2835:
2832:
2829:
2805:Main article:
2802:
2799:
2785:("Ways of the
2666:
2663:
2631:Reform Judaism
2627:Abraham Geiger
2593:wedding canopy
2584:Shulchan Aruch
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2497:Hamburg Temple
2455:Main article:
2452:
2449:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:Territorialism
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Judaeo-Spanish
2155:
2153:Judaeo-Iranian
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:United Kingdom
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Bilad-el-Sudan
1029:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
988:
987:
985:Land of Israel
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
948:
943:
942:
939:
938:
933:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
915:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
845:
844:
843:Related groups
840:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
776:
775:
770:
755:
750:
749:
746:
745:
740:
739:
738:
737:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Jewish atheism
697:
692:
687:
679:
678:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:IslamicâJewish
646:
639:
624:
619:
611:
610:
603:
602:
601:
600:
576:
563:
535:
530:
523:
518:
516:Yehud Medinata
510:
509:
503:
502:
501:
500:
493:
486:
478:
465:
457:
445:
440:
433:
425:
424:
422:Ancient Israel
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
378:Land of Israel
375:
367:
366:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
333:Shulchan Aruch
328:
323:
318:
313:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:
279:
274:
266:
265:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
238:
237:
229:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
158:
153:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
111:
106:
99:God in Judaism
95:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
70:
69:
59:
58:
42:, the largest
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5509:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5472:
5471:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Protestantism
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:Sefer HaBahir
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Sifrei Kodesh
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4868:
4867:Who is a Jew?
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:Chosen people
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4753:
4752:Scots-Yiddish
4750:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4725:Klezmer-loshn
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Judeo-Shirazi
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:Judeo-Persian
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Judeo-Marathi
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:Judeo-Italian
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Judeo-Amazigh
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Hadhrami Jews
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Mountain Jews
4179:
4177:
4176:Egyptian Jews
4174:
4172:
4171:Bukharan Jews
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Lists of Jews
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3784:0-85303-220-3
3781:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3760:9780791492024
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3713:9780845347805
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3689:9783702802608
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:Hary Kuller.
3648:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3567:0-7391-0210-9
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:9789639116375
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:9780814325551
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:9780253112590
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3436:9789650511579
3433:
3429:
3426:Anna Szalai.
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3398:9780814325612
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:9780549517795
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3296:9789652270948
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:Av HaRachamim
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3034:In 1877, the
3032:
3030:
3029:Raphael Patai
3026:
3022:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:Theodor Herzl
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2965:"fractions" (
2959:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:17,440 (3.9%)
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:27,092 (5.7%)
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:45,155 (5.0%)
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:35,334 (5.7%)
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2750:arrived from
2749:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:Magyarization
2721:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2691:David Einhorn
2688:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:The ideas of
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:German states
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:prayer quorum
2564:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:According to
2530:
2528:
2523:
2522:Lajos Kossuth
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:Orthodox Jews
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Judeo-Aramaic
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Judeo-Italian
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:Denominations
1789:
1788:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:United States
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Guinea-Bissau
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
986:
982:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
961:Lists of Jews
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
940:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
748:
747:
736:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:The Holocaust
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
675:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
647:
645:
640:
636:
630:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
612:
608:
604:
597:
591:
585:
580:
577:
573:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
508:
504:
499:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
455:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
434:
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
352:
341:
338:
335:
334:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Mishneh Torah
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
287:
283:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
260:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
236:
232:
227:
222:
221:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
159:
157:
154:
152:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
82:
81:Who is a Jew?
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
5461:
5454:
5440:
5363:
5356:
5344:
5327:
5310:
5144:perspectives
4978:Samaritanism
4950:
4939:Neo-Hasidism
4919:Conservative
4833:Names of God
4742:
4723:
4533:Judaeo-Greek
4528:Judeo-Gascon
4467:LishĂĄn DidĂĄn
4462:Lishana Deni
4430:Judeo-Yemeni
4398:Judeo-Arabic
4272:Meshuchrarim
4191:Persian Jews
4124:Kurdish Jews
4102:Kaifeng Jews
4051:Beta Abraham
4014:Galitzianers
3969:Antisemitism
3944:Israeli Jews
3929:Assimilation
3775:
3751:
3746:
3735:. Retrieved
3730:
3720:
3704:
3696:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3579:
3574:
3558:
3553:
3537:
3532:
3512:
3507:
3491:
3486:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3449:LĂśw, Leopold
3443:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3389:
3384:
3379:Katz, 51â57.
3375:
3359:
3354:
3337:
3309:
3303:
3298:. pp. 42â47.
3287:
3286:Jacob Katz.
3282:
3274:
3237:Eastern Bloc
3226:
3196:
3187:
3073:Immanuel LĂśw
3033:
3021:Lily Montagu
3003:confirmation
2963:
2939:4,281 (3.2%)
2922:7,653 (1.8%)
2822:territory).
2817:
2810:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2768:Ben Chananja
2767:
2741:
2722:
2718:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2680:
2644:
2624:
2605:
2582:
2560:
2531:
2509:
2473:Aaron Chorin
2462:
2460:
2441:denomination
2434:
2397:
2396:
2337:Post-Zionism
2208:Judeo-Berber
2203:Judeo-Arabic
2163:Judeo-Gascon
1910:Pidyon haben
1829:Conservative
1375:Saudi Arabia
1193:South Africa
1182:Sierra Leone
1004:Israeli Jews
918:Mosaic Arabs
871:Kaifeng Jews
732:ArabâIsraeli
705:Emancipation
584:Great Revolt
393:Anti-Judaism
388:Antisemitism
383:Name "Judea"
178:Baal teshuva
5386:Catholicism
4968:Hellenistic
4806:Eschatology
4744:Lachoudisch
4669:Lotegorisch
4647:Lachoudisch
4637:KoinĂŠ Greek
4550:Judeo-Latin
4487:Palestinian
4381:Palestinian
4230:MustaĘżravim
4156:Afghan Jews
4144:Berber Jews
4068:Bene Israel
4056:Falash Mura
4046:Beta Israel
3964:Persecution
3906:Middle Ages
3523:. See also
3227:During the
3175:The Neolog
3131:The Neolog
3111:The Neolog
3091:The Neolog
3011:Nagykanizsa
2995:family pews
2681:During the
2612:Leopold LĂśw
2571:Stadttempel
2555:Leopold LĂśw
2540:Coalescence
2501:Moses Sofer
2332:Revisionist
2322:Neo-Zionism
1929:Zeved habat
1722:Puerto Rico
1548:Netherlands
1380:South Korea
1365:Philippines
1245:Afghanistan
1112:Ivory Coast
886:Crypto-Jews
851:Bnei Anusim
830:Bene Israel
795:Beta Israel
752:Communities
659:Middle Ages
398:Persecution
173:Bereavement
34:The Neolog
5486:Categories
5381:Anabaptism
5323:Jew (word)
5190:Leadership
5003:Literature
4988:Secularism
4934:Humanistic
4801:Conversion
4771:Philosophy
4612:Judeo-Urdu
4376:Babylonian
4221:Saada Jews
4206:Adeni Jews
3999:Ashkenazim
3954:Samaritans
3921:Population
3876:Israelites
3737:2023-06-29
3338:Zion/ ׌×××
3255:References
3222:Burgenland
2949:After 1871
2756:Eisenstadt
2635:Ksav Sofer
2545:Influences
2451:Background
2317:Maximalism
2269:Secularism
2249:Autonomism
2066:Literature
1859:Humanistic
1463:Azerbaijan
1425:Uzbekistan
1400:Tajikistan
1320:Kyrgyzstan
1305:Kazakhstan
1152:Mozambique
1127:Madagascar
1047:Cape Verde
999:New Yishuv
994:Old Yishuv
945:Population
923:Subbotniks
881:Samaritans
820:Romanyotim
763:Ashkenazim
710:Old Yishuv
690:Sabbateans
677:Modern era
669:Golden Age
596:Bar Kokhba
316:Beit Yosef
183:Philosophy
46:in Europe.
5443:indicate
5391:Mormonism
5376:Christian
5256:Symbolism
5244:Synagogue
5224:Mythology
5185:Education
5156:Astronomy
5139:Astrology
4956:relations
4761:Zarphatic
4709:Galitzish
4511:Yeshivish
4388:Catalanic
4351:Samaritan
4326:Ashkenazi
4307:Diasporic
4302:Languages
4247:Sephardim
4242:Romaniote
4129:Krymchaks
4063:Desi Jews
3939:Buddhists
3715:. p. 128.
3691:. p. 244.
3569:. p. 393.
3548:. p. 268.
3229:Holocaust
3137:TimiČoara
3053:Kol Nidre
2505:Pressburg
2439:separate
2402:Hungarian
2327:Religious
2183:Zarphatic
2173:Bukharian
2143:Judeo-Tat
2128:Yeshivish
2102:Languages
2057:Sephardic
2047:Israelite
2037:Ethiopian
2027:Ashkenazi
1966:Religious
1756:Australia
1738:Venezuela
1644:Argentina
1626:Greenland
1538:Lithuania
1390:Sri Lanka
1385:Singapore
1310:Kurdistan
1275:Indonesia
1265:Hong Kong
1218:Abayudaya
1142:Mauritius
876:Igbo Jews
866:Krymchaks
785:Sephardim
653:relations
547:Sadducees
543:Pharisees
533:Sanhedrin
448:Jerusalem
208:Synagogue
76:Etymology
44:synagogue
5456:Category
5426:Hinduism
5416:Buddhism
5318:Genetics
5234:Politics
5207:Marriage
5166:Holidays
5161:Calendar
5042:Rabbinic
5018:/Hebrew
4963:Haymanot
4890:Orthodox
4877:Branches
4850:Kabbalah
4845:Haskalah
4823:Holiness
4699:dialects
4679:Shassagh
4642:Krymchak
4622:Kayliùùa
4516:Yinglish
4492:Galilean
4482:Talmudic
4477:Biblical
4452:Betanure
4371:Biblical
4366:Mishnaic
4361:Medieval
4346:Tiberian
4341:Yemenite
4331:Sephardi
4267:Paradesi
4211:Ḥabbanim
4201:Teimanim
4166:Baghdadi
4139:Maghrebi
4107:Karaites
4085:GruzĂnim
4073:Kochinim
3991:Diaspora
3949:Karaites
3934:Atheists
3871:Timeline
3502:. p. 14.
3370:. p. 78.
3346:23559943
3249:halakhic
3218:Rechnitz
3213:Sephardi
3199:Slovakia
3117:Slovakia
2987:Szegedin
2968:irĂĄnyzat
2942:133,862
2925:433,105
2908:444,567
2891:473,310
2874:909,591
2857:624,737
2746:founder
2699:Hasidism
2489:Talmudic
2483:and the
2471:. Rabbi
2464:Haskalah
2436:de facto
2354:Category
2312:Kahanism
2259:Feminism
2231:Politics
2115:Biblical
2085:American
2032:Bukharan
2022:American
1922:Shidduch
1898:Clothing
1854:Haymanot
1800:Orthodox
1728:Suriname
1711:Paraguay
1664:Colombia
1563:Portugal
1473:Bulgaria
1410:Thailand
1360:Pakistan
1340:Mongolia
1335:Malaysia
1255:Cambodia
1229:Zimbabwe
1204:Tanzania
1082:Eswatini
1072:Ethiopia
1062:Djibouti
1042:Cameroon
1037:Botswana
966:Diaspora
928:Noahides
901:Marranos
825:Cochinim
810:Bukharim
800:Gruzinim
790:Teimanim
780:Mizrahim
768:Galician
734:conflict
695:Hasidism
685:Haskalah
590:Diaspora
461:timeline
373:Timeline
286:Rabbinic
193:Kabbalah
168:Marriage
144:Tzedakah
134:Holidays
92:Religion
55:a series
53:Part of
40:Budapest
5441:Italics
5266:Studies
5212:Divorce
5178:Kashrut
5173:Cuisine
5131:Culture
5062:Midrash
5057:Tosefta
5047:Mishnah
5035:Ketuvim
5030:Nevi'im
4993:Schisms
4983:Science
4973:Karaite
4944:Renewal
4905:Litvaks
4900:Hasidic
4855:Sefirot
4840:Halakha
4811:Messiah
4784:Mitzvah
4779:Beliefs
4733:Western
4719:Poylish
4714:Litvish
4704:Eastern
4694:Yiddish
4689:Shuadit
4674:QwareĂąa
4662:Tetuani
4657:Haketia
4632:Knaanic
4627:Kivruli
4575:Bukhori
4521:Heblish
4457:HulaulĂĄ
4447:Barzani
4403:Yahudic
4336:Mizrahi
4196:Urfalim
4151:Mizrahi
4095:Neofiti
4090:Italkim
4019:Lita'im
3911:Zionism
3863:History
3837:Judaism
3411:Neology
3191:Trianon
3181:Hungary
3161:Hungary
3141:Romania
2960:, 1902.
2820:Trianon
2787:Mishnha
2752:Prussia
2714:cheders
2597:cassock
2517:Yiddish
2398:Neologs
2297:General
2288:Zionism
2264:Leftism
2254:Bundism
2178:Knaanic
2138:Yevanic
2123:Yiddish
2080:Yiddish
2075:Israeli
2052:Mizrahi
2042:Israeli
2013:Cuisine
1989:Ancient
1971:Secular
1917:Kashrut
1893:Wedding
1880:Customs
1872:Culture
1849:Science
1844:Renewal
1834:Karaite
1815:Hasidic
1747:Oceania
1733:Uruguay
1701:Jamaica
1681:Ecuador
1649:Bolivia
1593:Ukraine
1568:Romania
1543:Moldova
1523:Hungary
1513:Germany
1508:Georgia
1498:Finland
1493:Estonia
1488:Denmark
1483:Czechia
1468:Belarus
1458:Austria
1453:Armenia
1430:Vietnam
1345:Myanmar
1330:Lebanon
1250:Bahrain
1209:Tunisia
1187:Somalia
1162:Nigeria
1157:Namibia
1147:Morocco
1077:Eritrea
1022:Algeria
906:Neofiti
815:Italkim
805:Juhurim
715:Zionism
664:Khazars
559:Sicarii
555:Zealots
551:Essenes
538:Schisms
403:Leaders
365:General
357:History
300:Tosefta
295:Midrash
272:Mishnah
254:Ketuvim
249:Nevi'im
198:Customs
129:Shabbat
124:Halakha
116: (
114:Mitzvot
101: (
67:Judaism
5249:Hazzan
5239:Prayer
5116:Siddur
5052:Talmud
5016:Tanakh
4951:Neolog
4924:Reform
4912:Modern
4895:Haredi
4818:Ethics
4684:Shassi
4652:Ladino
4617:Karaim
4600:Juhuri
4442:Targum
4356:Signed
4321:Modern
4316:Hebrew
4284:Xuetes
4080:DĂśnmeh
4039:Yekkes
3782:
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3498:
3479:p. 225
3434:
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3294:
3097:Serbia
3077:Szeged
3069:kosher
2801:Schism
2708:Rabbi
2587:; the
2575:Vienna
2553:Rabbi
2493:Aleinu
2359:Portal
2218:Domari
2148:Shassi
2109:Hebrew
2004:Humour
1948:Hiloni
1943:Aliyah
1903:Niddah
1888:Minyan
1823:Reform
1810:Haredi
1805:Modern
1706:Mexico
1691:Guyana
1654:Brazil
1616:Canada
1588:Sweden
1578:Serbia
1573:Russia
1558:Poland
1553:Norway
1533:Latvia
1518:Greece
1503:France
1478:Cyprus
1444:Europe
1415:Turkey
1405:Taiwan
1315:Kuwait
1300:Jordan
1290:Israel
1224:Zambia
1214:Uganda
1132:Malawi
1102:Guinea
1092:Gambia
1027:Angola
1013:Africa
896:DĂśnmeh
891:Anusim
835:Berber
773:Litvak
725:Israel
631:
568:
482:Second
450:
311:Targum
277:Gemara
263:Talmud
235:Tanakh
188:Ethics
139:Prayer
18:Neolog
5421:Islam
5229:Names
5219:Music
5200:Rebbe
5195:Rabbi
5149:Monen
5104:Zohar
5025:Torah
5020:Bible
4134:Lemba
4009:Chuts
3342:JSTOR
2589:bimah
2563:Pesth
2307:Labor
2302:Green
1999:Dance
1957:Music
1776:Palau
1696:Haiti
1659:Chile
1583:Spain
1528:Italy
1435:Yemen
1395:Syria
1370:Qatar
1350:Nepal
1295:Japan
1270:India
1260:China
1199:Sudan
1122:Libya
1117:Kenya
1097:Ghana
1087:Gabon
1067:Egypt
1052:Benin
911:Xueta
856:Lemba
475:First
340:Zohar
244:Torah
226:Texts
213:Rabbi
203:Rites
103:names
3835:and
3833:Jews
3780:ISBN
3756:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3542:ISBN
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3496:ISBN
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3157:PĂŠcs
3047:and
2989:and
2930:1948
2913:1944
2896:1930
2879:1920
2862:1910
2845:1880
2828:Year
2477:Arad
2429:was
1766:Guam
1761:Fiji
1716:Peru
1669:Cuba
1355:Oman
1325:Laos
1285:Iraq
1280:Iran
1237:Asia
1166:Igbo
1137:Mali
156:Brit
65:and
63:Jews
4828:God
3451:".
3075:of
3055:or
3001:'s
2573:in
2503:of
2475:of
1980:Art
326:Tur
118:613
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