Neuroendocrine tumor - Knowledge (XXG)

2453: 2317: 2402:(including endoscopic ultrasound) are commonly used. Multiphase CT and MRI are typically used both for diagnostics and for evaluation of therapy. The multiphase CT should be performed before and after an intravenous injection of an iodine-based contrast agent, both in the late arterial phase and in the portal venous phase (triple-phase study). While MRI is generally superior to CT, both for detection of the primary tumor and for evaluation of metastases, CECT is more widely available, even at academic institutions. Therefore, multiphase CT is often the modality of choice. 657: 43: 2473: 74: 567: 2729:

treatment for GEP-NETS. In this study, lanreotide showed a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival, meeting its primary endpoint. The disease in sixty-five percent of patients treated with lanreotide in the study had not progressed or caused death at 96 weeks, the same was true of 33% of patients on placebo. This represented a 53% reduction in risk of disease progression or death with lanreotide based on a hazard ratio of .47.

2930:(HACE), sometimes called transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), combines hepatic artery embolization with hepatic artery chemoinfusion: embospheres bound with chemotherapy agents, injected into the hepatic artery, lodge in downstream capillaries. The spheres not only block blood flow to the lesions, but by halting the chemotherapy agents in the neighborhood of the lesions, they provide much better targeting leverage than chemoinfusion provides. 2942:, the lesions need not overexpress peptide receptors. The mechanical targeting delivers the radiation from the yttrium-labeled microspheres selectively to the tumors without unduly affecting the normal liver. This type of treatment is FDA approved for liver metastases secondary to colorectal carcinoma and is under investigation for treatment of other liver malignancies, including neuroendocrine malignancies. 2255: 2924:(HAE) occludes the blood flow to the tumors, achieving significant tumor shrinkage in over 80%. In hepatic artery chemotherapy, the chemotherapy agents are given into the hepatic artery, often by steady infusion over hours or even days. Compared with systemic chemotherapy, a higher proportion of the chemotherapy agents are (in theory) delivered to the lesions in the liver. 2555:. Histologically, NETs are an example of "small blue cell tumors," showing uniform cells which have a round to oval stippled nucleus and scant, pink granular cytoplasm. The cells may align variously in islands, glands or sheets. High power examination shows bland cytopathology. Electron microscopy can identify secretory granules. There is usually minimal 270:, although recognized as a factor associated with a potentially worse prognosis, is not included in the grading of NETs of the gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary tract. However, the absence or presence of tumor necrosis is a component of the grading of NETs of many other origins, such as the upper aerodigestive tract, the lung and the thymus. 1964:. Many carcinoids are asymptomatic and are discovered only upon surgery for unrelated causes. These coincidental carcinoids are common; one study found that one person in ten has them. Many tumors do not cause symptoms even when they have metastasized. Other tumors even if very small can produce adverse effects by secreting hormones. 2762:

Most gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors tend not to respond to chemotherapy agents, showing 10 to 20% response rates that are typically less than 6 months. Combining chemotherapy medications has not usually been of significant improvement showing 25 to 35% response rates that are typically less than 9

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These medications may also anatomically stabilize or shrink tumors, as suggested by the PROMID study (Placebo-controlled prospective randomized study on the antiproliferative efficacy of Octreotide LAR in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine MIDgut tumors): at least in this subset of NETs, average

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The combination of somatostatin receptor and FDG PET imaging is able to quantify somatostatin receptor cell surface (SSTR) expression and glycolytic metabolism, respectively. The ability to perform this as a whole body study is highlighting the limitations of relying on histopathology obtained from a

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and other isotopes including alpha emitters. This is a highly targeted and effective therapy with minimal side effects in tumors with high levels of somatostatin cell surface expression, because the radiation is absorbed at the sites of the tumor, or excreted in the urine. The radioactively labelled

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Advances in nuclear medicine imaging, also known as molecular imaging, have improved diagnostic and treatment paradigms in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. This is because of its ability to not only identify sites of disease but also characterize them. Neuroendocrine tumours express somatostatin

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Symptoms from secreted hormones may prompt measurement of the corresponding hormones in the blood or their associated urinary products, for initial diagnosis or to assess the interval change in the tumor. Secretory activity of the tumor cells is sometimes dissimilar to the tissue immunoreactivity to

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Rinke A, Müller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, Klose KJ, Barth P, Wied M, et al. (October 2009). "Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the

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Metastases to the liver can be treated by several types of hepatic artery treatments based on the observation that tumor cells get nearly all their nutrients from the hepatic artery, while the normal cells of the liver get about 70–80 percent of their nutrients and 50% their oxygen supply from the

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Currently there is no one staging system for all neuroendocrine neoplasms. Well-differentiated lesions generally have their own staging system based on anatomical location, whereas poorly differentiated and mixed lesions are staged as carcinomas of that location. For example, gastric NEC and mixed

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study of the pancreas in people who died from unrelated causes discovered a remarkably high incidence of tiny asymptomatic NETs. Routine microscopic study of three random sections of the pancreas found NETs in 1.6%, and multiple sections identified NETs in 10%. As diagnostic imaging increases in

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Imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET may be valuable to image some neuroendocrine tumors. This scan is performed by injected radioactive sugar intravenously. Tumors that grow more quickly use more sugar. Using this scan, the aggressiveness of the tumor can be assessed. However,

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However, in 1938 it was recognized that some of these small bowel tumors could be malignant. Despite the differences between these two original categories, and further complexities due to subsequent inclusion of other NETs of pancreas and pulmonary origin, all NETs are sometimes (incorrectly)

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The CLARINET study (a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the antiproliferative effects of lanreotide in patients with enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors) further demonstrated the antiproliferative potential of lanreotide, a somatostatin analog and recently approved FDA

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A carcinoid crisis with profound flushing, bronchospasm, tachycardia, and widely and rapidly fluctuating blood pressure can occur if large amounts of hormone are acutely secreted, which is occasionally triggered by factors such as diet, alcohol, surgery chemotherapy, embolization therapy or

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appendix, including well differentiated NETs (benign); well differentiated NETs (uncertain malignant potential); well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (with low malignant potential); mixed exocrine-neuroendocrine carcinoma (goblet cell carcinoma, also called adenocarcinoid and mucous

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Midgut NETs are argentaffin positive, can produce high levels of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), kinins, prostaglandins, substance P (SP), and other vasoactive peptides, and sometimes produce corticotropic hormone (previously adrenocorticotropic hormone ). Bone metastasis is

2621:(5-HTP), histamine, and several polypeptide hormones. There may be associated atypical carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly, Cushing disease, other endocrine disorders, telangiectasia, or hypertrophy of the skin in the face and upper neck. These tumors can metastasize to bone. 2516:(pan-neuroendocrine tissue markers) and may secrete various peptides and hormones. There is a lengthy list of potential markers in neuroendocrine tumors; several reviews provide assistance in understanding these markers. Widely used neuroendocrine tissue markers are various 2642:). Observation may be feasible for non-functioning low-grade neuroendocrine tumors. If the tumor is locally advanced or has metastasized, but is nonetheless slowly growing, treatment that relieves symptoms may often be preferred over immediate challenging surgeries. 277:

high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms and a designation of tumor grade is therefore redundant. Lung and thymic neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified in a similar manner, including typical and atypical carcinoids, small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carincomas.

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Neuroendocrine lesions are graded histologically according to markers of cellular proliferation, rather than cellular polymorphism. The following grading scheme is currently recommended for all gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms by the

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guidelines. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still often called "islet cell tumors" or "pancreatic endocrine tumors". originate within the pancreas. PanNETs are quite distinct from the usual form of

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Usmani S, Orevi M, Stefanelli A, Zaniboni A, Gofrit ON, Bnà C, et al. (June 2019). "Neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals and imaging techniques: A narrative review".

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Given the diverse secretory activity of NETs there are many other potential markers, but a limited panel is usually sufficient for clinical purposes. Aside from the hormones of secretory tumors, the most important markers are:

2938:(SIRT) for neuroendocrine metastases to the liver delivers radioactive microsphere therapy (RMT) by injection into the hepatic artery, lodging (as with HAE and HACE) in downstream capillaries. In contrast to hormone-delivered 6645:

Kashyap R, Hofman MS, Michael M, Kong G, Akhurst T, Eu P, et al. (February 2015). "Favourable outcomes of (177)Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours".

5923:"Insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) is a sensitive and highly specific marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in primary lung neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 345 cases, including 292 whole-tissue sections" 2117:

tumors; neuroendocrine cancer (NEC) (synonymous with islet cell carcinoma) is more aggressive. Up to 60% of PanNETs are nonsecretory or nonfunctional, which either don't secrete, or the quantity or type of products such as

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Several issues help define appropriate treatment of a neuroendocrine tumor, including its location, invasiveness, hormone secretion, and metastasis. Treatments may be aimed at curing the disease or at relieving symptoms

2158:, or may be associated with weakness, nausea, weight loss, night sweats, neuralgia, and Cushing's syndrome. Some are asymptomatic.Animal neuroendocrine tumors include neuroendocrine cancer of the liver in dogs, and 3026:

Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors were first distinguished from other tumors in 1907. They were named carcinoid tumors because their slow growth was considered to be "cancer-like" rather than truly cancerous.

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In secretory tumors, somatostatin analogs given subcutaneously or intramuscularly alleviate symptoms by blocking hormone release. A consensus review has reported on the use of somatostatin analogs for GEP-NETs.

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Rinke A, Auernhammer CJ, Bodei L, Kidd M, Krug S, Lawlor R, et al. (September 2021). "Treatment of advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia, are we on the way to personalised medicine?".

1935:. In usage, the term "carcinoid" has often been applied to both, although sometimes it is restrictively applied to NETs of GI origin (as herein), or alternatively to those tumors which secrete functional 3632:

Soga J, Yakuwa Y, Osaka M (October 1999). "Evaluation of 342 cases of mediastinal/thymic carcinoids collected from literature: a comparative study between typical carcinoids and atypical varieties".

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Although there are many kinds of NETs, they are treated as a group of tissue because the cells of these neoplasms share common features, including a similar histological appearance, having special

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are yet to be discovered. Similarly, recent advances in understanding neuroendocrine tumor's molecular and genomic alterations still have to find their ways into a definitive management strategy.

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Ferolla P, Faggiano A, Mansueto G, Avenia N, Cantelmi MG, Giovenali P, et al. (March 2008). "The biological characterization of neuroendocrine tumors: the role of neuroendocrine markers".

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count, Ki-67 index and the absence or presence of tumor necrosis. Here, it may be noted that different cut-offs than with tumors of gastrointestinal, aerodigestive and lung origin are applied.

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PRRT was initially used for low grade NETs. It is also very useful in more aggressive NETs such as Grade 2 and 3 NETs provided they demonstrate high uptake on SSTR imaging to suggest benefit.

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Lanreotide is the first and only FDA approved antitumor therapy demonstrating a statistically significant progression-free survival benefit in a combined population of patients with GEP-NETS.

7261: 4746:"The high-grade (WHO G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor category is morphologically and biologically heterogenous and includes both well differentiated and poorly differentiated neoplasms" 3105:

There have been multiple nomenclature systems for these tumors, and the differences between these schema have often been confusing. Nonetheless, these systems all distinguish between well-

5792:"Direct comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-TOC and (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the follow-up of patients with neuroendocrine tumour treated with the first full peptide receptor radionuclide therapy cycle" 2110:, adenocarcinoma, which arises in the exocrine pancreas. About 95 percent of pancreatic tumors are adenocarcinoma; only 1 or 2% of clinically significant pancreas neoplasms are GEP-NETs. 2899:

hormones enter the tumor cells which, together with nearby cells, are damaged by the attached radiation. Not all cells are immediately killed; cell death can go on for up to two years.

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van Eeden S, Offerhaus GJ, Hart AA, Boerrigter L, Nederlof PM, Porter E, van Velthuysen ML (December 2007). "Goblet cell carcinoid of the appendix: a specific type of carcinoma".

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Wick MR, Berg LC, Hertz MI (June 1992). "Large cell carcinoma of the lung with neuroendocrine differentiation. A comparison with large cell "undifferentiated" pulmonary tumors".

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was established in 1953 when the "flushing" effect of serotonin had become clinically recognized. Carcinoid heart disease was identified in 1952, and carcinoid fibrosis in 1961.

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Traditionally, neuroendocrine tumors have been classified by their anatomic site of origin. NETs can arise in many different areas of the body, and are most often located in the

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Within the broad category of neuroendocrine tumors there are many different tumor types, representing only a small proportion of the tumors or cancers in most of these tissues:

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It has been proposed that the current G3 category be further separated into histologically well-differentiated and poorly-differentiated neoplasms to better reflect prognosis.

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receptors providing a unique target for imaging. Octreotide is a synthetic modification of somatostatin with a longer half-life. OctreoScan, also called somatostatin receptor

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Intermediate and high grade tumors (noncarcinoids) are usually best treated by various early interventions (active therapy) rather than observation (wait-and-see approach).

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G1 and G2 neuroendocrine neoplasms are called neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) – formerly called carcinoid tumours. G3 neoplasms are called neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs).

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Van De Wiele C, Defreyne L, Peeters M, Lambert B (June 2009). "Yttrium-90 labelled resin microspheres for treatment of primary and secondary malignant liver tumors".

5073: 2536:. The nuclear neuroendocrine marker insulinoma-associated protein-1 (INSM1) has proven to be sensitive as well as highly specific for neuroendocrine differentiation. 4882: 4355:

Soga J, Osaka M, Yakuwa Y (September 2001). "Gut-endocrinomas (carcinoids and related endocrine variants) of the uterine cervix: an analysis of 205 reported cases".

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Somatostatin receptor imaging can now be performed with positron emission tomography (PET) which offers higher resolution, three-dimensional and more rapid imaging.

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GEP-NET (foregut tumors can conceptually encompasses not only NETs of the stomach and proximal duodenum, but also the pancreas, and even thymus, lung and bronchus)

397: 7401: 6742: 6598:"²¹³Bi-DOTATOC receptor-targeted alpha-radionuclide therapy induces remission in neuroendocrine tumours refractory to beta radiation: a first-in-human experience" 5704: 3102:, neuroendocrine cells sometimes produce various types of hormones and amines, and they can also have strong receptors for other hormones to which they respond. 5364: 3472:

Rindi G, Mete O, Uccella S, Basturk O, La Rosa S, Brosens LA, et al. (March 2022). "Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms".

2882:, the peptide or neuroamine hormone previously having shown good uptake of a tracer dose, using Somatostatin receptor imaging as detailed above. This type of 5167: 3018:, very small, clinically insignificant NETs may be coincidentally discovered; being unrelated to symptoms, such neoplasms may not require surgical excision. 2440:

Functional imaging with gallium-labelled somatostatin analog and 18F-FDG PET tracers ensures better staging and prognostication of neuroendocrine neoplasms.

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do not cause a clinical syndrome, although blood levels may be elevated. Functional tumors are often classified by the hormone most strongly secreted by the

6480:Öberg K. Neuroendocrine Gastroenteropancreatic Tumours: Current Views on Diagnosis and Treatment. Business Briefing. European Oncology Review 2005; pp. 1–6. 5040:

Arnold R, Göke R, Wied M, Behr T (2003). "Chapter 15 Neuroendocrine Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic (GEP) Tumors". In Scheppach W, Bresalier RS, Tytgat GN (eds.).

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Given these associations, recommendations in NET include family history evaluation, evaluation for second tumors, and in selected circumstances testing for

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gene product essential for intestinal development and differentiation, are seen in intestinal NETs. Neuroendocrine secretory protein-55, a member of the

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Large mesenteric masses (> 2 cm) and / or extensive nodal deposits (12 or greater), especially those that encase the superior mesenteric vessels

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In addition to the two main categories of GEP-NET, there are rarer forms of neuroendocrine tumors that arise anywhere in the body, including within the

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Conceptually, there are two main types of NET within the gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) category: those which arise from the

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Receptor Scintigraphy (SSRS) negative tumors which had a response rate in excess of 70% compared to 10% in strongly positive SRSS carcinoid tumors.

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Perforates the peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures (excluding direct mural extension to adjacent subserosa of adjacent bowel)

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Salem R, Thurston KG, Carr BI, Goin JE, Geschwind JF (September 2002). "Yttrium-90 microspheres: radiation therapy for unresectable liver cancer".

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Soga J, Osaka M, Yakuwa Y (2001). "Gut-endocrinomas (carcinoids and related endocrine variants) of the breast: an analysis of 310 reported cases".

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Soga J (March 2003). "Primary endocrinomas (carcinoids and variant neoplasms) of the gallbladder. A statistical evaluation of 138 reported cases".

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of clinically significant neuroendocrine tumors is approximately 2.5–5 per 100,000; two thirds are carcinoid tumors and one third are other NETs.

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Treatments have improved over the past several decades, and outcomes are improving. In malignant carcinoid tumors with carcinoid syndrome, the

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Oberg K (July 2005). "Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: recent advances in molecular genetics, diagnosis, and treatment".

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van Essen M, Sundin A, Krenning EP, Kwekkeboom DJ (February 2014). "Neuroendocrine tumours: the role of imaging for diagnosis and therapy".

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Even if the tumor has advanced and metastasized, making curative surgery infeasible, surgery often has a role in neuroendocrine cancers for

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Soga J (December 2002). "Primary hepatic endocrinomas (carcinoids and variant neoplasms). A statistical evaluation of 126 reported cases".

2934: 5139: 2053:, which is associated with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Many other hormones can be secreted by some of these tumors, most commonly 2628:

Hindgut NETs are argentaffin negative and rarely secrete 5-HT, 5-HTP, or any other vasoactive peptides. Bone metastases are not uncommon.

7876: 4216: 4199: 2184: 2178: 522: 516: 7266: 6265: 5023:" 800 autopsy cases, ... incidence of tumor was 10% (6/60) in individuals having histiological studies of all sections of the pancreas" 2316: 7445: 7394: 6362:"Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system" 5491: 8025: 2294: 6003: 5349: 4965: 4936: 4907: 4856: 4827: 4798: 2174:

Most pancreatic NETs are sporadic. However, neuroendocrine tumors can be seen in several inherited familial syndromes, including:

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Kimura W, Kuroda A, Morioka Y (July 1991). "Clinical pathology of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Analysis of autopsy cases".

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Kimura W, Kuroda A, Morioka Y (July 1991). "Clinical pathology of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Analysis of autopsy cases".

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poorly differentiated (high grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas, which are the large cell neuroendocrine and small cell carcinomas.

7930: 7763: 5604:"High management impact of Ga-68 DOTATATE (GaTate) PET/CT for imaging neuroendocrine and other somatostatin expressing tumours" 2799: 2131: 2093: 4484:"Inherited pancreatic endocrine tumor syndromes: advances in molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and controversies" 3520:"Microtubule-associated protein-2: a new sensitive and specific marker for pulmonary carcinoid tumor and small cell carcinoma" 2429:-CT is much more accurate than an Octreotide scan. Thus, octreotide scanning for NET tumors is being increasingly replaced by 7551: 2276: 2143: 379: 302: 5101: 5079: 3210:"Hindered submicron mobility and long-term storage of presynaptic dense-core granules revealed by single-particle tracking" 7868: 7387: 2098:

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are often referred to as "islet cell tumors", or "pancreatic endocrine tumors"

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Furthermore, the 2022 WHO classification introduces a two-tiered grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas based on

6119:"Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up" 8030: 7657: 6691:"Modifying the Poor Prognosis Associated with 18F-FDG-Avid NET with Peptide Receptor Chemo-Radionuclide Therapy (PRCRT)" 2816: 2426: 656: 488: 6750: 266:

and stratifies NETs into grade 1 (G1, low-grade), grade 2 (G2, intermediate-grade) and grade 3 (G3, high-grade). Tumor

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well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors, further subdivided into tumors with benign and those with uncertain behavior

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Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M (December 2004). "Siegfried Oberndorfer: origins and perspectives of carcinoid tumors".

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count; Interferon is often used in combination with other agents, especially somatostatin analogs such as octreotide.

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Beasley MB, Brambilla E, Travis WD (April 2005). "The 2004 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors".

5368: 8035: 7972: 7954: 7864: 7815: 3113:) and poorly differentiated (high-grade) NETs. Cellular proliferative rate is of considerable significance in this 2867: 2339: 2159: 1967:

Ten per cent (10%) or less of carcinoids, primarily some midgut carcinoids, secrete excessive levels of a range of

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Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 2 cm in size with invasion of the lamina propria or submucosa

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has been estimated as 35 per 100,000, and may be considerably higher if clinically silent tumors are included. An

2265: 7949: 7872: 7709: 7535: 7498: 3664:"Neuroendocrine bronchial and thymic tumors: ESMO clinical recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up" 2664: 2457: 560: 453: 248: 177: 3319:"The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems" 7977: 7910: 7845: 7719: 7699: 7666: 7644: 7606: 7362: 4293:

Murali R, Kneale K, Lalak N, Delprado W (November 2006). "Carcinoid tumors of the urinary tract and prostate".

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has guidelines for several categories of NET: islet cell tumors of the pancreas, gastrointestinal carcinoids,

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Oberg K, Castellano D (March 2011). "Current knowledge on diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors".

2041:. However, valve replacement is rarely needed. The excessive outflow of serotonin can cause a depletion of 7838: 7662: 7602: 6916: 5255:

Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update".

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Soga J (December 2003). "Carcinoids and their variant endocrinomas. An analysis of 11842 reported cases".

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is a systemic therapy and will impact somatostatin positive disease. The peptide receptor may be bound to

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single site. This is enabling better selection of the most appropriate therapy for an individual patient.

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Invades through sphincter into duodenal submucosa or muscularis propria, or is > 1 cm (ampullary)

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GEP-NET (from distal half of 2nd part of the duodenum to the proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon)

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pulmonary carcinoid tumors: typical carcinoid (TC; low-grade); atypical carcinoid (AC; intermediate-grade)

255: 211: 6777:"Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) for liver metastases secondary to colorectal adenocarcinoma" 6331: 180:(WHO) classification scheme places neuroendocrine tumors into three main categories, which emphasize the 8000: 7724: 7058:"Three-Dimensional Primary Cell Culture: A Novel Preclinical Model for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors" 1987: 1960:

most commonly affect the small bowel, particularly the ileum, and are the most common malignancy of the

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Kratochwil C, Giesel FL, Bruchertseifer F, Mier W, Apostolidis C, Boll R, et al. (November 2014).

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April-Monn SL, Wiedmer T, Skowronska M, Maire R, Schiavo Lena M, Trippel M, et al. (2020-04-03).

3161:"Guidelines for the management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours" 1557:

Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

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Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

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Confined within the sphincter of Oddi, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size (ampullary tumors)

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Invades through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa

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effects of NET secretory products with an intense desmoplastic reaction at the tumor site, or of the

5230:"Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ®): Health Professional Version" 4883:"Pathology, classification, and grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms arising in the digestive system" 73: 7964: 7616: 7450: 7324: 3071: 2843:(5-FU or f5U), is often more effective. Although marginally effective in well-differentiated PETs, 2746:

is sometimes used to treat GEP-NETs. Its effectiveness is somewhat uncertain, but low doses can be

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Invades the mucosa or submucosa only, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size (duodenal tumors)

635: 545: 7009:"Patient derived tumoroids of high grade neuroendocrine neoplasms for more personalized therapies" 5970: 2437:

neuroendocrine tumors are often slow growing and indolent, and these do not show well on FDG-PET.

7797: 7629: 7592: 7470: 7186: 7143: 7097: 6968:"Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions" 6720: 6671: 6313: 5952: 5633: 5584: 5541: 5464: 5418: 5323: 5280: 5014: 4455: 4408: 3902: 3769: 3549: 3497: 3447: 3348: 3038: 2967: 2230: 2202: 2046: 1980: 1961: 540: 67: 7488: 7007:

April-Monn SL, Kirchner P, Detjen K, Bräutigam K, Trippel MA, Grob T, et al. (March 2024).

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TNM staging of gastroenteropancreatic Grade 1 and Grade 2 neuroendocrine tumors are as follows:

143:" refers to the synthesis and secretion of these monoamines. The neuroendocrine system includes 5880:

Berretta M, Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Berretta S, Nasti G, Bearz A, et al. (January 2010).

7941: 7228: 7178: 7135: 7089: 7038: 6989: 6942:"Can crowdfunding really cure cancer? Alexander Masters investigates a pioneering new project" 6937: 6860: 6825: 6798: 6712: 6663: 6627: 6578: 6521: 6460: 6419: 6383: 6305: 6181: 6140: 6099: 6053: 5944: 5903: 5862: 5821: 5772: 5716: 5682: 5625: 5576: 5533: 5456: 5410: 5315: 5272: 5237: 5175: 5045: 5006: 4969: 4940: 4911: 4860: 4831: 4802: 4775: 4724: 4655: 4611: 4557: 4513: 4447: 4400: 4364: 4337: 4310: 4275: 4248: 4221: 4180: 4131: 4104: 4053: 4002: 3951: 3894: 3855: 3804: 3761: 3720: 3685: 3641: 3614: 3587: 3541: 3489: 3439: 3404: 3340: 3288: 3239: 3190: 3094:. Although this behavior was also part of the disproven hypothesis that these cells might all 2705: 2680: 2214: 2196: 2190: 2107: 2073: 534: 528: 148: 114: 62: 6273: 5790:

Nilica B, Waitz D, Stevanovic V, Uprimny C, Kendler D, Buxbaum S, et al. (August 2016).

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Liu Y, Sturgis CD, Grzybicki DM, Jasnosz KM, Olson PR, Tong M, et al. (September 2001).

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Scalettar BA, Jacobs C, Fulwiler A, Prahl L, Simon A, Hilken L, Lochner JE (September 2012).

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NETs from a particular anatomical origin often show similar behavior as a group, such as the

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Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, et al. (2020-07-02).

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Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, Hendifar A, Yao J, Chasen B, et al. (January 2017).

6511: 6503: 6450: 6411: 6373: 6297: 6171: 6158:

Clark OH, Benson AB, Berlin JD, Choti MA, Doherty GM, Engstrom PF, et al. (July 2009).

6130: 6089: 6043: 5934: 5893: 5852: 5811: 5803: 5762: 5754: 5672: 5664: 5615: 5568: 5525: 5448: 5402: 5307: 5264: 4998: 4765: 4757: 4645: 4601: 4593: 4547: 4503: 4495: 4439: 4392: 4302: 4211: 4170: 4162: 4094: 4084: 4043: 4033: 3992: 3982: 3941: 3933: 3886: 3845: 3835: 3796: 3751: 3712: 3675: 3579: 3531: 3481: 3431: 3394: 3384: 3330: 3278: 3270: 3229: 3221: 3180: 3172: 3110: 3034: 2804: 2771: 2672: 2509: 2012: 581: 448: 251: 181: 140: 2589:

can assist in diagnosis and may make some tumors vulnerable to hormone targeted therapies.

195:

well-differentiated (low grade) neuroendocrine carcinomas with low-grade malignant behavior

7920: 7583: 7256: 6437:

Caplin ME, Pavel M, Ćwikła JB, Phan AT, Raderer M, Sedláčková E, et al. (July 2014).

6032:"Enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid: a review of clinically significant advances" 5743:"Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Neoplasms" 5483: 3015: 2735:

Other medications that block particular secretory effects can sometimes relieve symptoms.

2476: 2163: 2034: 639: 493: 355: 306: 254:

from 2022 endorses a three-tiered grading system for most NETs, in particular NETs of the

233: 144: 7671: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 6743:"Arterial Chemotherapy Infusion of the Liver (and) Chemoembolization of the Liver (TACE)" 6360:

Oberg K, Kvols L, Caplin M, Delle Fave G, de Herder W, Rindi G, et al. (June 2004).

4582:"Endocrine tumours in neurofibromatosis type 1, tuberous sclerosis and related syndromes" 3822:

Massironi S, Sciola V, Peracchi M, Ciafardini C, Spampatti MP, Conte D (September 2008).

2831:

tumors. Several agents have shown activity and combining several medicines, particularly

1338:

Tumor more than 4 cm or with subserosal invasion or involvement of the mesoappendix

7033: 7008: 5995: 5398: 5345: 5229: 7597: 7526: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 6622: 6597: 6573: 6540: 6516: 6491: 5839:

Van Buren G, Rashid A, Yang AD, Abdalla EK, Gray MJ, Liu W, et al. (August 2007).

5816: 5791: 5767: 5742: 5677: 5652: 5529: 5406: 5200: 4770: 4745: 4606: 4581: 4508: 4483: 4430:(May 2018). "Cellular plasticity and the neuroendocrine phenotype in prostate cancer". 4427: 4175: 4150: 4099: 4072: 4048: 4021: 3997: 3970: 3946: 3921: 3874: 3850: 3823: 3399: 3372: 3283: 3258: 3234: 3209: 3185: 3160: 2701:

Cholecystectomy is recommended if there is a consideration of long-term treatment with

2054: 329: 259: 160: 103: 6879: 6856: 6207: 4198:

Moriura S, Ikeda S, Hirai M, Naiki K, Fujioka T, Yokochi K, Gotou S (September 1993).

4071:

Konishi T, Watanabe T, Nagawa H, Oya M, Ueno M, Kuroyanagi H, et al. (May 2010).

3890: 3159:

Ramage JK, Davies AH, Ardill J, Bax N, Caplin M, Grossman A, et al. (June 2005).

2543:

or more deeply intramurally, and they can be very firm due to an accompanying intense

258:

or pancreaticobiliary tract, as well as NETs of the upper aerodigestive tract and the

131:

The term "neuro" refers to the dense core granules (DCGs), similar to the DCGs in the

8019: 7251: 7101: 6724: 6317: 5620: 5603: 5545: 5132:"Carcinoid Tumors and the Carcinoid Syndrome: What's New in the Therapeutic Pipeline" 4851:

Amin MB (2017). "30 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Duodenum & Ampulla of Vater".

4412: 4396: 3583: 3501: 3435: 3087: 2879: 2676: 2521: 2351: 2320: 1111:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size

709:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 1 cm in size

469: 464: 364: 152: 17: 7329: 7190: 7147: 6675: 5956: 5637: 5588: 5468: 5422: 5327: 5018: 3906: 3773: 3553: 3451: 155:, as well as endocrine islet tissue embedded within glandular tissue such as in the 7855: 7807: 7751: 7652: 5284: 4744:

Basturk O, Yang Z, Tang LH, Hruban RH, Adsay V, McCall CM, et al. (May 2015).

4459: 3352: 3099: 2980: 2960: 2952: 2939: 2883: 2871: 2840: 2836: 2824: 2787: 2702: 2582: 2517: 2430: 2414:

administered octreotide that is chemically bound to a radioactive substance, often

2407: 2375: 2332: 2123: 2026: 7379: 7224: 6094: 6077: 5857: 5840: 5311: 2488: 2461: 202:

Additionally, the WHO scheme recognizes mixed tumors with both neuroendocrine and

54: 7367: 6793: 6776: 6048: 6031: 4761: 4634:"Are neuroendocrine tumours a feature of tuberous sclerosis? A systematic review" 4306: 3937: 3335: 3318: 317:, that are relatively more common in the gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems. 110:

tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung, and the rest of the body.

7793: 7568: 7480: 3570:

Rufini V, Calcagni ML, Baum RP (July 2006). "Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors".

2875: 2832: 2668: 2614: 2544: 2411: 2254: 2127: 2069: 1976: 1940: 504: 391: 341: 320:

NETs include certain tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and of the pancreatic

263: 122: 7024: 6301: 5482:

McMorran J, Crowther DC, McMorran S, Prince C, YoungMin S, Pleat J, Wacogne I.

4597: 4217:

10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1547::AID-CNCR2820720510>3.0.CO;2-C

3877:, et al. (January 2008). "Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours". 3485: 2917:

portal vein, and thus can survive with the hepatic artery effectively blocked.

2609:; individual tumors within these sites can differ from these group benchmarks: 2601:(which conceptually includes pancreas, and even thymus, airway and lung NETs), 1768:

Limited to the pancreas, > 4 cm; or invading the duodenum or bile duct

7704: 7573: 7563: 7419: 7131: 6707: 6690: 6659: 6613: 6507: 5939: 5922: 5807: 5268: 4166: 3971:"Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: Recent insights and clinical implications" 3536: 3519: 3274: 3095: 3003: 2895: 2891: 2820: 2808: 2775: 2743: 2695: 2639: 2505: 2501: 2484: 2480: 2418:-111, to detect larger lesions with tumor cells that are avid for octreotide. 2395: 2359: 2155: 2114: 2058: 2042: 459: 321: 237: 203: 50: 6415: 4038: 3716: 1565:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

1525:

Invades the lamina propria or submucosa, and less than or equal to 2 cm

1135:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

733:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs or adjacent structures

7756: 7692: 7432: 7428: 7297: 6378: 6361: 6176: 6159: 6135: 6118: 5994:

Tebbi CK, Windle ML, Cripe TP, Sakamoto KM (1 April 2014). Coppes MJ (ed.).

5841:"The development and characterization of a human midgut carcinoid cell line" 5758: 5572: 3800: 3680: 3663: 3176: 3114: 3091: 3042: 3012: 2971: 2848: 2844: 2828: 2812: 2783: 2779: 2751: 2747: 2560: 2552: 2540: 2465: 2399: 2234: 2147: 2146:, thymus and parathyroid. Bronchial carcinoid can cause airway obstruction, 2081: 2030: 1972: 1957: 1952: 1928: 665:

adenoneuroendocrine cancers are staged as primary carcinoma of the stomach.

359: 337: 294: 262:. The grading system is based on proliferation assessed by mitotic rate and 221: 132: 107: 95: 7232: 7139: 7093: 7042: 6993: 6864: 6829: 6802: 6716: 6667: 6631: 6582: 6525: 6464: 6423: 6387: 6309: 6185: 6144: 6103: 6057: 5948: 5907: 5866: 5825: 5776: 5720: 5686: 5629: 5580: 5537: 5460: 5319: 5276: 5241: 4779: 4659: 4615: 4561: 4552: 4535: 4517: 4451: 4443: 4404: 4368: 4314: 4279: 4252: 4184: 4135: 4108: 4089: 4057: 4006: 3987: 3955: 3898: 3859: 3765: 3724: 3689: 3645: 3618: 3591: 3545: 3493: 3443: 3408: 3344: 3292: 3243: 3194: 417:

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (if considered separately from foregut GEP-NET)

220:

Placing a given tumor into one of these categories depends on well-defined

7182: 6556: 6455: 6438: 5414: 5010: 4341: 4225: 3808: 3389: 2655:

Detailed guidelines for managing neuroendocrine tumors are available from

2366:

is present in NETs but absent in normal pancreatic islets. High levels of

7084: 5668: 4887: 2984: 2568: 2387: 2371: 2151: 2077: 2050: 1992: 1932: 298: 267: 156: 106:. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called 99: 91: 7285: 5075:

The role of surgery and chemoembolization in the management of carcinoid

4650: 4633: 4536:"Neurofibromatosis: clinical presentations and anaesthetic implications" 3840: 3738:

Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Chan A, Malfertheiner MV, Modlin IM (July 2008).

2378:

family, is seen in pancreatic endocrine tumors but not intestinal NETs.

7714: 7521: 7493: 7174: 6564: 5452: 5002: 4499: 3756: 3739: 3225: 3049: 3037:

cells, which give rise to carcinoid tumors, were identified in 1897 by

3007: 2976: 2722: 2606: 2598: 2586: 2575: 2564: 2422: 2279: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2238: 1968: 1936: 434: 411: 345: 333: 305:. The various kinds of cells that can give rise to NETs are present in 282: 241: 229: 185: 125: 7074: 7057: 6984: 6967: 6160:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: neuroendocrine tumors" 5298:

Bostanci A (February 2005). "Wildlife biology. A devil of a disease".

4931:

Amin MB (2017). "33 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Colon and Rectum".

2025:

Chronic exposure to high levels of serotonin causes thickening of the

309:

and are also diffusely distributed throughout the body, most commonly

7991: 7784: 7578: 7411: 7270: 5602:

Hofman MS, Kong G, Neels OC, Eu P, Hong E, Hicks RJ (February 2012).

4586:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

3922:"Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors" 3317:

Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S (August 2010).

3067: 2649: 2602: 2525: 2415: 1997: 422: 118: 5705:"Changing paradigms with molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors" 2851:

is active in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine cancers (PDNECs).

5921:

Mukhopadhyay S, Dermawan JK, Lanigan CP, Farver CF (January 2019).

4697: 4676: 3259:"Nothing But NET: A Review of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinomas" 2479:

neuroendocrine tumor at bottom third of image, showing the typical

2113:

Well or intermediately differentiated PanNETs are sometimes called

7512: 4822:

Amin MB, ed. (2017). "29 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Stomach".

3053: 2963:

campaign iCancer was used in a Phase 1 trial against NET in 2016.

2471: 2363: 2315: 1119:

Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 1 cm in size

717:

Invades the muscularis propria, or greater than 1 cm in size

655: 642:

are discordant, the figure which gives the highest grade is used.

565: 214: 6439:"Lanreotide in metastatic enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors" 2539:

NETs are often small, yellow or tan masses, often located in the

2323:

immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine tumor, staining positively

1752:

Limited to the pancreas, less than or equal to 2 cm in size

163:

parenchyma. The latter is known as the diffuse endocrine system.

5898: 5881: 5385:

Langley K (September 1994). "The neuroendocrine concept today".

4022:"Pathologic research update of colorectal neuroendocrine tumors" 2391: 2367: 7383: 6908: 6818:

The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

6541:"Phase 3 Trial of Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors" 6341:. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. November 11, 2014 6078:"Carcinoid Tumors: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment" 2652:

survival has improved from two years to more than eight years.

914:

Invades the muscularis propria, or is > 1 cm (duodenal)

5332:

The tumors have been characterized as a neuroendocrine cancer

4960:

Amin MB (2017). "30 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas".

4902:

Amin MB (2017). "32 – Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Appendix".

3824:"Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastro-entero-pancreatic system" 2750:

within each person, often considering the effect on the blood

2248: 2102: 1330:

Tumor more than 2 cm but less than or equal to 4 cm

6781:

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

3657: 3655: 3257:

Oronsky B, Ma PC, Morgensztern D, Carter CA (December 2017).

2721:

tumor stabilization was 14.3 months compared to 6 months for

2617:

negative. Despite low serotonin content, they often secrete

4482:

Jensen RT, Berna MJ, Bingham DB, Norton JA (October 2008).

6648:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

6602:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

5796:

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

5078:. California Carcinoid Fighters Conference. Archived from 4715:

Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND, eds. (2010).

2574:

Some neuroendocrine tumor cells possess especially strong

2072:

or the effects of tumor bulk are the presenting symptoms.

482:

urinary tract carcinoid tumor and neuroendocrine carcinoma

236:

labelling index, invasion of adjacent organs, presence of

3373:"Imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors" 2970:

in neuroendocrine tumors are undertaken i.a. combining

2233:

interface. Neuroendocrine cells are present not only in

6689:

Hofman MS, Michael M, Kashyap R, Hicks RJ (June 2015).

6332:"Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015" 4330:

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie

3873:

Modlin IM, Oberg K, Chung DC, Jensen RT, de Herder WW,

2547:

reaction. The overlying mucosa may be either intact or

408:

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET)

4357:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

4241:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

4124:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

3607:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

2335:

A (CgA), present in 99% of metastatic carcinoid tumors

1776:

Invading adjacent organs or the wall of large vessels

932:

Invades visceral peritoneum (serosal) or other organs

924:

Invades the pancreas or peripancreatic adipose tissue

336:. Tumors with similar cellular characteristics in the 5168:"Pancreatic, neuroendocrine GI, and adrenal cancers." 4717:

WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System

7275: 6492:"Progress in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors" 6164:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

5346:"Tasmanian devil facial cancer origins 'identified'" 4073:"Treatment of colorectal carcinoids: A new paradigm" 2456:

Nuclei of neuroendocrine tumors often show granular

405:

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (ESCC or EPSCC)

7990: 7963: 7940: 7901: 7890: 7854: 7806: 7783: 7772: 7737: 7680: 7643: 7615: 7534: 7520: 7511: 7479: 7427: 7418: 7279: 6117:Oberg K, Akerström G, Rindi G, Jelic S (May 2010). 5228:PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board (August 2022). 445:

Adrenal tumors, particularly adrenomedullary tumors

61: 35: 4627: 4625: 4149:Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Christophi C (2004). 3086:ecarboxylation to produce biogenic amines such as 1172:Regional lymph node metastasis less than 12 nodes 5741:Hofland J, Kaltsas G, de Herder WW (April 2020). 5653:"Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors" 5608:Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology 5138:. The Carcinoid Cancer Foundation. Archived from 2483:(within the wall) location, and overlying intact 1943:associated with clinical symptoms, as discussed. 6845:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 4534:Hirsch NP, Murphy A, Radcliffe JJ (April 2001). 2800:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor § Treatment 2101:The PanNET denomination is in line with current 5190:, cancernetwork.com; accessed November 8, 2015. 5172:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 5166:Benson AB, Myerson RJ, Sasson AR (March 2011). 4295:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 2512:immunoreactivity for markers of neuroendocrine 660:Lymph node metastasis of a neuroendocrine tumor 398:large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung 5434: 5432: 5380: 5378: 5365:"Decoding the Tasmanian Devil's Deadly Cancer" 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 1858:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1647:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1428:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1225:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 1014:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 815:Metastasis in at least one extra-hepatic site 367:: Neuroendocrine thyroid tumors, particularly 7395: 7113: 7111: 6476: 6474: 6222:"Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Treatment" 5511: 5509: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 4692: 4690: 4671: 4669: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4529: 4527: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 3634:Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3154: 3152: 3150: 2823:PanNETs. Some PanNETs are more responsive to 2698:of symptoms and possibly increased lifespan. 2585:receptors and uptake hormones strongly. This 2551:. Some GEP-NETs invade deeply to involve the 1979:, causing a constellation of symptoms called 1760:Limited to the pancreas, 2–4 cm in size 8: 6770: 6768: 6071: 6069: 6067: 5484:"investigations – General Practice Notebook" 5236:. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute. 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3048:Neuroendocrine tumors were sometimes called 2983:that mimic relevant aspects of the original 4721:International Agency for Research on Cancer 2037:valves, and over a long period can lead to 348:glands are sometimes included or excluded. 27:Tumors of the endocrine and nervous systems 7898: 7780: 7531: 7517: 7424: 7402: 7388: 7380: 7276: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 6775:Welsh JS, Kennedy AS, Thomadsen B (2006). 5387:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 4750:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 4702:OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 4681:OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 3975:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 1931:(GI) system and those that arise from the 1866:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1721: 1655:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1533:Less than 1 cm in greatest dimension 1486: 1436:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1283: 1233:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 1072: 1022:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 873: 823:Both hepatic and extra-hepatic metastases 670: 72: 32: 7083: 7073: 7032: 6983: 6792: 6706: 6621: 6572: 6515: 6454: 6377: 6175: 6134: 6093: 6047: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5938: 5897: 5856: 5815: 5766: 5698: 5696: 5676: 5619: 5441:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4769: 4649: 4632:Dworakowska D, Grossman AB (March 2009). 4605: 4551: 4507: 4215: 4174: 4098: 4088: 4077:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 4047: 4037: 3996: 3986: 3945: 3849: 3839: 3755: 3679: 3535: 3513: 3511: 3398: 3388: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3334: 3282: 3233: 3184: 2500:Neuroendocrine tumors, despite differing 2295:Learn how and when to remove this message 2229:whose normal function is to serve at the 7260:) is being considered for deletion. See 6200:"Islet Cell Tumors (Endocrine Pancreas)" 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 3740:"Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors" 3565: 3563: 2451: 2237:glands throughout the body that produce 2225:NETs are believed to arise from various 2154:, difficulty with breathing, cough, and 1797:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1586:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1367:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 1322:2 cm or less in greatest dimension 1156:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 953:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 754:Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed 573: 6736: 6734: 4881:Klimstra DS, Yang Z (29 October 2019). 4385:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 3126: 376:Thymus and mediastinal carcinoid tumors 358:: Neuroendocrine tumor of the anterior 5223: 5221: 5044:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 195–233. 3969:Griniatsos J, Michail O (April 2010). 3789:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2758:Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors 1722: 1487: 1284: 1073: 874: 671: 324:, certain thymus and lung tumors, and 6006:from the original on 15 December 2014 5882:"Biomarkers in neuroendocrine tumors" 5494:from the original on 24 February 2017 5352:from the original on January 2, 2010. 5257:Current Treatment Options in Oncology 4580:Lodish MB, Stratakis CA (June 2010). 2860:Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy 2819:in unresectable, locally advanced or 2241:, but are found in all body tissues. 2134:, as discussed in that main article. 1870: 1817: 1780: 1727: 1659: 1606: 1569: 1492: 1440: 1387: 1350: 1289: 1237: 1184: 1139: 1078: 1026: 973: 936: 879: 827: 774: 737: 676: 273:Neuroendocrine carcinomas are poorly 7: 6266:"Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma" 5205:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 4020:Ni SJ, Sheng WQ, Du X (April 2010). 3920:Metz DC, Jensen RT (November 2008). 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3031:subsumed into the term "carcinoid". 2995:Although estimates vary, the annual 2935:Selective internal radiation therapy 2866:(RIT) in which a peptide or hormone 2277:adding citations to reliable sources 7877:Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma 6545:The New England Journal of Medicine 6443:The New England Journal of Medicine 4151:"Primary hepatic carcinoid tumours" 2185:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 2179:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 1805:No regional lymph node involvement 523:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 517:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 496:with neuroendocrine differentiation 7446:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma 6250:. 21 February 2006. Archived from 5530:10.1097/01.cco.0000167739.56948.a9 5407:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17251.x 3377:World Journal of Clinical Oncology 1744:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1594:No regional lymph node metastasis 1541:1–2 cm in greatest dimension 1509:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1375:No regional lymph node metastasis 1306:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 1164:No regional lymph node metastasis 1095:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 961:No regional lymph node metastasis 896:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 762:No regional lymph node metastasis 693:Primary tumour cannot be assessed 570:Mitosis in a neuroendocrine tumor. 489:neuroendocrine tumor of the cervix 25: 7264:to help reach a consensus. › 5703:Hofman MS, Hicks RJ (July 2012). 5651:Scott AT, Howe JR (August 2018). 5234:PDQ Cancer Information Summaries 5042:Gastrointestinal and Liver Tumors 4026:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3828:World Journal of Gastroenterology 2593:Argentaffin and hormone secretion 1270:Any T, N1 or N2, M0; T4, N0, M0; 5621:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2011.02327.x 4397:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.03.005 3584:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2006.03.007 3436:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02883.x 2928:Hepatic artery chemoembolization 2253: 2088:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors 1813:Regional lymph node involvement 41: 7764:Syringocystadenoma papilliferum 7163:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 6944:. The Telegraph. Archived from 6919:from the original on 2016-07-14 6890:from the original on 2016-05-29 4991:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 3371:Tan EH, Tan CH (January 2011). 3052:because these cells often show 2559:but less commonly there can be 2264:needs additional citations for 2132:pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 2094:Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 1602:Regional lymph node metastasis 1383:Regional lymph node metastasis 969:Regional lymph node metastasis 770:Regional lymph node metastasis 380:Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors 117:, and often producing biogenic 7552:Familial adenomatous polyposis 6490:Chan JA, Kulke MH (May 2009). 4698:"Carney Complex, type 2; CNC2" 4677:"Carney Complex, type 1; CNC1" 4540:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2974:platforms and patient-derived 2061:, or cortisol, that can cause 1517:No evidence of primary tumour 1314:No evidence of primary tumour 1103:No evidence of primary tumour 701:No evidence of primary tumour 1: 7927:Paget's disease of the breast 7869:Pancreatic serous cystadenoma 7225:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.018 7120:Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 6857:10.1016/S1051-0443(07)61790-4 6095:10.1634/theoncologist.3-5-339 5858:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2723 5561:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 5312:10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 5174:(13th ed.). UBM Medica. 3891:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70410-2 3662:Oberg K, Jelic S (May 2008). 2966:Further efforts towards more 2955:using a genetically modified 1871:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1850:Metastasis confined to liver 1660:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1639:Metastasis confined to liver 1441:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1420:Metastasis confined to liver 1238:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1217:Metastasis confined to liver 1027:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 1006:Metastasis confined to liver 828:AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups 807:Metastasis confined to liver 159:, and scattered cells in the 94:that arise from cells of the 7931:Extramammary Paget's disease 7658:Multiple endocrine neoplasia 6794:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.09.011 6404:Journal of Clinical Oncology 6049:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.078 5657:Journal of Oncology Practice 5344:Kinver M (January 1, 2010). 4762:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000408 4307:10.5858/2006-130-1693-CTOTUT 3938:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.047 3572:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine 3336:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e 2815:(Sutent) is approved by the 2778:) metastatic disease, where 2076:can occur, sometimes due to 875:Duodenum / Ampulla of Vater 206:carcinoma features, such as 8041:Infectious causes of cancer 7916:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 7833:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma 7466:Transitional cell carcinoma 6695:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 5518:Current Opinion in Oncology 5363:Walsh B (January 1, 2010). 2922:Hepatic artery embolization 2912:Hepatic artery embolization 2508:characteristics. NETs show 2458:"salt-and-pepper" chromatin 2386:For morphological imaging, 510:of skin (trabecular cancer) 315:enterochromaffin-like cells 147:such as the pituitary, the 53:of a neuroendocrine tumor. 8062: 7973:Medullary breast carcinoma 7955:Invasive lobular carcinoma 7865:Ovarian serous cystadenoma 7816:Signet ring cell carcinoma 7025:10.1038/s41698-024-00549-2 6302:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321300 5094:"Carcinoid Tumor Overview" 5072:Pommier R (October 2003). 4962:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4933:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4904:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4853:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4824:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4795:AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 4598:10.1016/j.beem.2010.02.002 3486:10.1007/s12022-022-09708-2 3214:Developmental Neurobiology 2909: 2797: 2766:The exceptions are poorly 2340:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 2160:devil facial tumor disease 2091: 1950: 1903:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N0, M0 1473:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N1, M0 1059:T4, N0, M0; Any T, N1, M0 860:Any T, N1, M0; T4, N0, M0 7950:Lobular carcinoma in situ 7873:Serous cystadenocarcinoma 7710:Clear-cell adenocarcinoma 7499:Bartholin gland carcinoma 7410:Glandular and epithelial 7132:10.1007/s10555-011-9292-1 6708:10.2967/jnumed.115.154500 6660:10.1007/s00259-014-2906-4 6614:10.1007/s00259-014-2857-9 6508:10.1007/s11912-009-0028-0 6270:National Cancer Institute 6248:National Cancer Institute 6226:National Cancer Institute 6204:National Cancer Institute 5971:"Definition of Mesentery" 5940:10.1038/s41379-018-0122-7 5808:10.1007/s00259-016-3328-2 5269:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2 4167:10.1080/13651820310017228 3705:Seminars in Roentgenology 3537:10.1038/modpathol.3880406 3275:10.1016/j.neo.2017.09.002 2022:radiofrequency ablation. 1878: 1875: 1825: 1822: 1788: 1785: 1735: 1732: 1667: 1664: 1614: 1611: 1577: 1574: 1500: 1497: 1448: 1445: 1395: 1392: 1358: 1355: 1297: 1294: 1245: 1242: 1192: 1189: 1147: 1144: 1086: 1083: 1034: 1031: 981: 978: 944: 941: 887: 884: 835: 832: 782: 779: 745: 742: 684: 681: 595:Grade cannot be assessed 594: 561:World Health Organization 454:Peripheral nervous system 240:and whether they produce 178:World Health Organization 49: 40: 8026:Nervous system neoplasia 7978:Medullary thyroid cancer 7911:Mammary ductal carcinoma 7846:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 7700:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 7667:Adrenocortical carcinoma 7607:Hepatocellular carcinoma 7262:templates for discussion 6880:"A plutocratic proposal" 6878:Masters A (2014-10-14). 6741:Fong T, Schoenfield LJ. 6496:Current Oncology Reports 6416:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.8510 5845:Clinical Cancer Research 5136:Carcinoid Symposium 2002 4638:Endocrine-Related Cancer 4039:10.3748/wjg.v16.i14.1713 3717:10.1053/j.ro.2005.01.001 3674:(Suppl 2): ii102–ii103. 2410:(SRS or SSRS), utilizes 2348:(NSE, gamma-gamma dimer) 2039:congestive heart failure 2004:congestive heart failure 1781:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1570:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1351:Regional Lymph Node (N) 1140:Regional Lymph Node (N) 937:Regional Lymph Node (N) 738:Regional Lymph Node (N) 7456:Squamous-cell carcinoma 6177:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0050 5886:Frontiers in Bioscience 5573:10.1038/nrendo.2013.246 4432:Nature Reviews. Urology 3177:10.1136/gut.2004.053314 3041:and their secretion of 2530:Neuron-specific enolase 2346:neuron-specific enolase 1818:Distant Metastasis (M) 1607:Distant Metastasis (M) 1388:Distant Metastasis (M) 1185:Distant Metastasis (M) 974:Distant Metastasis (M) 775:Distant Metastasis (M) 226:lymphovascular invasion 151:and the neuroendocrine 7839:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 7663:Adrenocortical adenoma 7603:Hepatocellular adenoma 7013:npj Precision Oncology 6886:. The Wellcome Trust. 6129:(Suppl 5): v223–v227. 6030:Warner RR (May 2005). 5367:. Time. Archived from 4494:(7 Suppl): 1807–1843. 4444:10.1038/nrurol.2018.22 4426:Davies AH, Beltran H, 4090:10.4240/wjgs.v2.i5.153 3988:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i4.192 3109:(low and intermediate- 2968:personalized therapies 2492: 2469: 2358:Newer markers include 2324: 2120:pancreatic polypeptide 1923:Gastroenteropancreatic 1834:No distant metastasis 1623:No distant metastasis 1404:No distant metastasis 1201:No distant metastasis 990:No distant metastasis 791:No distant metastasis 661: 580:Mitotic count (per 10 571: 513:Inherited conditions: 212:gastrointestinal tract 8001:Acinic cell carcinoma 7725:Papillary hidradenoma 6851:(9 Pt 2): S223–S229. 6557:10.1056/nejmoa1607427 6456:10.1056/NEJMoa1316158 6402:PROMID Study Group". 6379:10.1093/annonc/mdh216 6136:10.1093/annonc/mdq192 5759:10.1210/endrev/bnz004 4793:Amin MB, ed. (2017). 4268:International Surgery 3801:10.1093/ajcp/97.6.796 3681:10.1093/annonc/mdn116 3390:10.5306/wjco.v2.i1.28 3115:prognostic assessment 3011:sensitivity, such as 2959:and supported by the 2679:. However, effective 2475: 2455: 2362:truncated variant of 2319: 2313:particular hormones. 2049:deficiency, and thus 1863: M1c 1855: M1b 1847: M1a 1652: M1c 1644: M1b 1636: M1a 1538: T1b 1530: T1a 1433: M1c 1425: M1b 1417: M1a 1230: M1c 1222: M1b 1214: M1a 1019: M1c 1011: M1b 1003: M1a 820: M1c 812: M1b 804: M1a 659: 569: 442:Liver and gallbladder 289:Anatomic distribution 84:Neuroendocrine tumors 18:Neuroendocrine tumour 7829:Mucinous cystadenoma 7688:Neuroendocrine tumor 7625:Renal cell carcinoma 7461:Basal-cell carcinoma 7441:Small-cell carcinoma 7267:Neuroendocrine tumor 6787:(2 Suppl): S62–S73. 6244:"Merkel cell tumors" 5669:10.1200/JOP.18.00135 5488:www.gpnotebook.co.uk 5201:"Cushing's Syndrome" 4719:(4 ed.). Lyon: 4553:10.1093/bja/86.4.555 4328:Mikuz G (1993). "". 4200:"Hepatic gastrinoma" 3879:The Lancet. Oncology 3171:(Suppl 4): iv1–i16. 2957:oncolytic adenovirus 2864:radioisotope therapy 2862:(PRRT) is a type of 2855:Radionuclide therapy 2663:and a UK panel. The 2504:origin, have common 2273:improve this article 2227:neuroendocrine cells 479:Genitourinary tract 36:Neuroendocrine tumor 8031:Endocrine neoplasia 7965:Medullary carcinoma 7451:Verrucous carcinoma 5399:1994NYASA.733....1L 5371:on January 8, 2010. 4968:. pp. 415–16. 4879:AJCC, 8th edition: 4651:10.1677/ERC-08-0142 3841:10.3748/wjg.14.5377 3474:Endocrine Pathology 3072:5-hydroxytryptophan 2951:AdVince, a type of 2827:than gastroenteric 2619:5-hydroxytryptophan 2029:, particularly the 1842:Distant metastasis 1724: 1631:Distant metastasis 1489: 1412:Distant metastasis 1286: 1209:Distant metastasis 1075: 998:Distant metastasis 876: 799:Distant metastasis 673: 369:medullary carcinoma 326:medullary carcinoma 8046:Neuroendocrinology 7798:Cystadenocarcinoma 7630:Endometrioid tumor 7593:Cholangiocarcinoma 7481:Complex epithelial 7471:Inverted papilloma 7175:10.1007/BF01297144 7062:Neuroendocrinology 6972:Neuroendocrinology 6909:"iCancer web site" 6366:Annals of Oncology 6123:Annals of Oncology 5709:Discovery Medicine 5453:10.1007/bf03345602 5098:Health Communities 5003:10.1007/BF01297144 4723:. pp. 13–14. 4500:10.1002/cncr.23648 3757:10.1002/cncr.23542 3668:Annals of Oncology 3226:10.1002/dneu.20984 3039:Nikolai Kulchitsky 2712:Symptomatic relief 2496:Features in common 2493: 2470: 2460:, as seen here on 2431:gallium-68 DOTATOC 2398:(ultrasound), and 2325: 2217:such as for MEN1. 2215:germline mutations 2203:tuberous sclerosis 2170:Familial syndromes 2063:Cushing's syndrome 2017:heart palpitations 2009:abdominal cramping 1981:carcinoid syndrome 1918:Signs and symptoms 1728:Primary Tumor (T) 1493:Primary Tumor (T) 1290:Primary Tumor (T) 1079:Primary Tumor (T) 1074:Jejunum and Ileum 880:Primary Tumor (T) 677:Primary Tumor (T) 662: 572: 541:tuberous sclerosis 373:Parathyroid tumors 208:goblet cell cancer 115:secretory granules 68:Endocrine oncology 8036:Pancreatic cancer 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7986: 7985: 7942:Lobular carcinoma 7886: 7885: 7733: 7732: 7507: 7506: 7377: 7376: 7219:(12): 1440–1451. 7075:10.1159/000507669 6985:10.1159/000509864 6608:(11): 2106–2119. 6410:(28): 4656–4663. 5996:"Carcinoid Tumor" 5851:(16): 4704–4712. 5747:Endocrine Reviews 5181:978-0-615-41824-7 5130:Kvols LK (2002). 5051:978-3-540-43462-7 4975:978-3-319-40617-6 4946:978-3-319-40617-6 4917:978-3-319-40617-6 4866:978-3-319-40617-6 4837:978-3-319-40617-6 4808:978-3-319-40617-6 4730:978-92-832-2432-7 4301:(11): 1693–1706. 4032:(14): 1713–1719. 3834:(35): 5377–5384. 2613:Foregut NETs are 2305: 2304: 2297: 2197:neurofibromatosis 2191:von Hippel-Lindau 2108:pancreatic cancer 2074:Bowel obstruction 1915: 1914: 1911:Any T, any N, M1 1895:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1720: 1719: 1716:Any T, any N, M1 1488:Colon and Rectum 1485: 1484: 1481:Any T, any N, M1 1465:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1282: 1281: 1278:Any T, any N, M1 1262:T2 or T3, N0, M0 1071: 1070: 1067:Any T, any N, M1 1051:T2 or T3, N0, M0 872: 871: 868:Any T, any N, M1 852:T2 or T3, N0, M0 632: 631: 535:neurofibromatosis 529:von Hippel-Lindau 456:tumors, such as: 186:anatomical origin 81: 80: 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8053: 7933: 7903:Ductal carcinoma 7899: 7879: 7835: 7821:Krukenberg tumor 7781: 7635:Renal oncocytoma 7547:Linitis plastica 7536:Gastrointestinal 7532: 7518: 7425: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7381: 7277: 7237: 7236: 7208: 7195: 7194: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7126:(Suppl 1): 3–7. 7115: 7106: 7105: 7087: 7077: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6796: 6772: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6749:. Archived from 6738: 6729: 6728: 6710: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6336: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6296:(9): 1768–1781. 6284: 6278: 6277: 6272:. Archived from 6262: 6256: 6255: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6228:. Archived from 6218: 6212: 6211: 6206:. Archived from 6196: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6076:Öberg K (1998). 6073: 6062: 6061: 6051: 6042:(6): 1668–1684. 6036:Gastroenterology 6027: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5942: 5927:Modern Pathology 5918: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5860: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5802:(9): 1585–1592. 5787: 5781: 5780: 5770: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5700: 5691: 5690: 5680: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5623: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5184:. Archived from 5163: 5144: 5143: 5127: 5106: 5105: 5100:. Archived from 5090: 5084: 5083: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5037: 5024: 5022: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4773: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4577: 4566: 4565: 4555: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4479: 4464: 4463: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4210:(5): 1547–1550. 4195: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4092: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4051: 4041: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3990: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3949: 3932:(5): 1469–1492. 3926:Gastroenterology 3917: 3911: 3910: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3843: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3759: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3539: 3524:Modern Pathology 3515: 3506: 3505: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3402: 3392: 3368: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3314: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3269:(12): 991–1002. 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3220:(9): 1181–1195. 3205: 3199: 3198: 3188: 3156: 3035:Enterochromaffin 2805:Targeted therapy 2786:may be used and 2673:pheochromocytoma 2477:Small intestinal 2300: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2257: 2249: 2164:Tasmanian devils 2013:peripheral edema 1947:Carcinoid tumors 1929:gastrointestinal 1725: 1490: 1287: 1076: 877: 674: 587:Ki-67 index (%) 574: 449:Pheochromocytoma 311:Kulchitsky cells 307:endocrine glands 256:gastrointestinal 224:features: size, 184:rather than the 145:endocrine glands 135:neurons storing 77: 76: 45: 33: 21: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8005: 7982: 7959: 7936: 7925: 7921:Comedocarcinoma 7894: 7892: 7882: 7863: 7850: 7827: 7802: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7739: 7729: 7676: 7639: 7611: 7584:Somatostatinoma 7527:adenocarcinomas 7525: 7503: 7489:Warthin's tumor 7475: 7414: 7408: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7288: 7265: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7213:Human Pathology 7210: 7209: 7198: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7117: 7116: 7109: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6951: 6949: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6893: 6891: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6774: 6773: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6747:medicinenet.com 6740: 6739: 6732: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6339:NCCN Guidelines 6334: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6075: 6074: 6065: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5182: 5165: 5164: 5147: 5129: 5128: 5109: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5071: 5070: 5059: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5027: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939:. p. 399. 4930: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4910:. p. 392. 4901: 4900: 4896: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859:. p. 369. 4850: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4830:. p. 355. 4821: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4801:. p. 351. 4792: 4791: 4787: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4579: 4578: 4569: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4481: 4480: 4467: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3661: 3660: 3653: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3471: 3470: 3459: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3370: 3369: 3360: 3316: 3315: 3300: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3158: 3157: 3128: 3123: 3098:arise from the 3096:embryologically 3024: 3016:ultrasonography 2993: 2949: 2947:Other therapies 2914: 2908: 2857: 2811:(Afinitor) and 2802: 2796: 2760: 2741: 2714: 2692: 2635: 2595: 2514:differentiation 2498: 2450: 2384: 2310: 2301: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2270: 2258: 2247: 2223: 2221:Pathophysiology 2172: 2140: 2096: 2090: 2057:that can cause 1971:, most notably 1955: 1949: 1925: 1920: 1736:Tumor Criteria 1501:Tumor Criteria 1298:Tumor Criteria 1087:Tumor Criteria 915: 905: 888:Tumor Criteria 685:Tumor Criteria 654: 556: 429:adenocarcinoid) 356:Pituitary gland 346:adrenomedullary 291: 260:salivary glands 174: 169: 104:nervous systems 71: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8059: 8057: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8018: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7896: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7860: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7778: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7743: 7741: 7740:skin appendage 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7684: 7682: 7681:Other/multiple 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7600: 7598:Klatskin tumor 7595: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7359: 7332: 7317: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280:Classification 7274: 7273: 7249: 7245: 7244:External links 7242: 7239: 7238: 7196: 7169:(7): 933–942. 7153: 7107: 7068:(3): 273–287. 7048: 6999: 6978:(3): 217–236. 6958: 6940:(2016-07-02). 6929: 6913:icancer.org.uk 6900: 6870: 6835: 6824:(3): 317–324. 6808: 6764: 6730: 6701:(6): 968–969. 6681: 6654:(2): 176–185. 6637: 6588: 6551:(2): 125–135. 6531: 6502:(3): 193–199. 6482: 6470: 6449:(3): 224–233. 6429: 6393: 6372:(6): 966–973. 6352: 6323: 6279: 6276:on 2011-06-07. 6257: 6254:on 2011-06-07. 6235: 6232:on 2011-06-27. 6213: 6210:on 2011-06-07. 6191: 6170:(7): 712–747. 6150: 6109: 6088:(5): 339–345. 6082:The Oncologist 6063: 6017: 5986: 5962: 5933:(1): 100–109. 5913: 5892:(1): 332–342. 5872: 5831: 5782: 5753:(2): 371–403. 5733: 5692: 5663:(8): 471–482. 5643: 5594: 5567:(2): 102–114. 5551: 5524:(4): 386–391. 5505: 5474: 5447:(3): 277–286. 5428: 5374: 5355: 5336: 5306:(5712): 1035. 5290: 5247: 5217: 5192: 5188:on 2011-05-15. 5180: 5145: 5142:on 2015-01-05. 5107: 5104:on 2012-03-03. 5085: 5082:on 2015-09-15. 5057: 5050: 5025: 4997:(7): 933–942. 4981: 4974: 4964:(8 ed.). 4952: 4945: 4935:(8 ed.). 4923: 4916: 4906:(8 ed.). 4894: 4872: 4865: 4855:(8 ed.). 4843: 4836: 4826:(8 ed.). 4814: 4807: 4797:(8 ed.). 4785: 4756:(5): 683–690. 4736: 4729: 4707: 4704:. OMIM 605244. 4686: 4683:. OMIM 160980. 4665: 4621: 4592:(3): 439–449. 4567: 4546:(4): 555–564. 4523: 4465: 4438:(5): 271–286. 4418: 4374: 4363:(3): 327–334. 4347: 4320: 4285: 4258: 4231: 4190: 4141: 4130:(4): 457–468. 4114: 4083:(5): 153–156. 4063: 4012: 3981:(4): 192–196. 3961: 3912: 3865: 3814: 3795:(6): 796–805. 3779: 3730: 3695: 3651: 3640:(5): 285–292. 3624: 3613:(4): 517–530. 3597: 3578:(3): 228–247. 3559: 3530:(9): 880–885. 3507: 3480:(1): 115–154. 3457: 3430:(6): 763–773. 3424:Histopathology 3414: 3358: 3329:(6): 707–712. 3298: 3249: 3200: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3107:differentiated 3088:catecholamines 3023: 3020: 2992: 2989: 2972:drug screening 2948: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2931: 2925: 2910:Main article: 2907: 2906:Hepatic artery 2904: 2856: 2853: 2798:Main article: 2795: 2792: 2768:differentiated 2759: 2756: 2740: 2737: 2713: 2710: 2691: 2688: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2594: 2591: 2567:activity, and 2532:(NSE) is less 2497: 2494: 2449: 2448:Histopathology 2446: 2383: 2380: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2231:neuroendocrine 2222: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2208:Carney complex 2205: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2171: 2168: 2139: 2136: 2092:Main article: 2089: 2086: 2068:Occasionally, 2055:growth hormone 2019: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708:Any T, N1, M0 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 984: 983: 980: 976: 975: 971: 970: 967: 963: 962: 959: 955: 954: 951: 947: 946: 943: 939: 938: 934: 933: 930: 926: 925: 922: 918: 917: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 897: 894: 890: 889: 886: 882: 881: 870: 869: 866: 862: 861: 858: 854: 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 838: 837: 834: 830: 829: 825: 824: 821: 817: 816: 813: 809: 808: 805: 801: 800: 797: 793: 792: 789: 785: 784: 781: 777: 776: 772: 771: 768: 764: 763: 760: 756: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 740: 739: 735: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 707: 703: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 687: 686: 683: 679: 678: 653: 650: 630: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618: 615: 612: 608: 607: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 589: 588: 585: 578: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 546:Carney complex 543: 538: 532: 526: 520: 511: 502: 501: 500: 497: 494:Prostate tumor 491: 486: 483: 477: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 451: 446: 443: 440: 439: 438: 432: 431: 430: 420: 419: 418: 406: 403: 402: 401: 395: 388: 385: 377: 374: 371: 362: 330:parafollicular 290: 287: 275:differentiated 200: 199: 196: 193: 173: 170: 168: 167:Classification 165: 79: 78: 65: 59: 58: 47: 46: 38: 37: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8058: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895:and medullary 7889: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7243: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7085:11392/2447420 7081: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7003: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6959: 6948:on 2016-07-03 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6753:on 2014-12-24 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6353: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6005: 6002:. WebMD LLC. 6001: 5997: 5990: 5987: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5734: 5722: 5718: 5715:(74): 71–81. 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981:cell cultures 2979: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880:intravenously 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677:paraganglioma 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:synaptophysin 2519: 2518:chromogranins 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:embryological 2495: 2490: 2489:H&E stain 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2462:H&E stain 2459: 2454: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2425:-68 receptor 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2412:intravenously 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2352:synaptophysin 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2321:Synaptophysin 2318: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2296: 2288: 2285:November 2020 2278: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2262:This section 2260: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193:(VHL) disease 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1293: 1288: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1077: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 989: 986: 985: 977: 972: 968: 965: 964: 960: 957: 956: 952: 949: 948: 940: 935: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 919: 913: 910: 909: 903: 900: 899: 895: 892: 891: 883: 878: 867: 864: 863: 859: 856: 855: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 839: 831: 826: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 810: 806: 803: 802: 798: 795: 794: 790: 787: 786: 778: 773: 769: 766: 765: 761: 758: 757: 753: 750: 749: 741: 736: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 720: 716: 713: 712: 708: 705: 704: 700: 697: 696: 692: 689: 688: 680: 675: 669: 666: 658: 651: 649: 646: 643: 641: 637: 636:mitotic count 627: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 610: 609: 605: 602: 599: 598: 591: 590: 586: 583: 579: 576: 575: 568: 564: 562: 553: 547: 544: 542: 539: 536: 533: 531:(VHL) disease 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 514: 512: 509: 506: 503: 498: 495: 492: 490: 487: 484: 481: 480: 478: 475: 471: 470:neuroblastoma 468: 466: 465:paraganglioma 463: 461: 458: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 444: 441: 436: 433: 427: 426: 424: 421: 416: 415: 413: 410: 409: 407: 404: 399: 396: 393: 389: 386: 383: 382: 381: 378: 375: 372: 370: 366: 365:Thyroid gland 363: 361: 357: 354: 353: 352: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332:cells of the 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 288: 286: 284: 279: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 213: 209: 205: 197: 194: 191: 190: 189: 187: 183: 179: 171: 166: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 124: 120: 116: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 75: 69: 66: 64: 60: 56: 55:H&E stain 52: 48: 44: 39: 34: 19: 7752:Hidrocystoma 7746: 7687: 7672:Hürthle cell 7653:Prolactinoma 7558: 7543: 7361: 7334: 7319: 7292: 7255: 7216: 7212: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7123: 7119: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7016: 7012: 7002: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6950:. 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Retrieved 5487: 5477: 5444: 5440: 5390: 5386: 5369:the original 5358: 5339: 5331: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5263:(1): 24–34. 5260: 5256: 5250: 5233: 5210:28 September 5208:. Retrieved 5204: 5195: 5186:the original 5171: 5140:the original 5135: 5102:the original 5097: 5088: 5080:the original 5074: 5041: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4961: 4955: 4932: 4926: 4903: 4897: 4886: 4875: 4852: 4846: 4823: 4817: 4794: 4788: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4716: 4710: 4701: 4680: 4644:(1): 45–58. 4641: 4637: 4589: 4585: 4543: 4539: 4491: 4487: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4274:(1): 26–32. 4271: 4267: 4261: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4161:(1): 13–17. 4158: 4154: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4029: 4025: 4015: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3885:(1): 61–72. 3882: 3878: 3868: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3711:(2): 90–97. 3708: 3704: 3698: 3671: 3667: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3575: 3571: 3527: 3523: 3477: 3473: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3383:(1): 28–43. 3380: 3376: 3326: 3322: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3168: 3164: 3104: 3100:neural crest 3082: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3001: 2994: 2991:Epidemiology 2975: 2965: 2961:crowdfunding 2953:gene therapy 2950: 2940:radiotherapy 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2901: 2888:lutetium-177 2884:radiotherapy 2872:radionuclide 2858: 2841:fluorouracil 2837:streptozocin 2825:chemotherapy 2803: 2788:Somatostatin 2765: 2761: 2742: 2739:Chemotherapy 2734: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2703:somatostatin 2700: 2693: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2636: 2596: 2583:somatostatin 2573: 2557:pleomorphism 2545:desmoplastic 2538: 2499: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2408:scintigraphy 2404: 2385: 2376:chromogranin 2360:N-terminally 2357: 2333:chromogranin 2326: 2311: 2291: 2282: 2271:Please help 2266:verification 2263: 2224: 2212: 2173: 2141: 2124:chromogranin 2112: 2100: 2097: 2067: 2027:heart valves 2024: 2020: 1966: 1956: 1941:polypeptides 1926: 667: 663: 647: 644: 633: 557: 350: 319: 292: 280: 272: 246: 222:histological 219: 201: 175: 149:parathyroids 139:. The term " 133:serotonergic 130: 112: 87: 83: 82: 7794:Cystadenoma 7747:sweat gland 7738:Adnexal and 7569:Glucagonoma 7250:‹ The 6565:2445/125256 6010:3 September 5975:MedicineNet 5899:10.2741/s68 5726:November 8, 5498:23 February 5393:(1): 1–17. 4336:: 180–198. 4247:(1): 5–15. 3750:(1): 5–21. 2876:radioligand 2833:doxorubicin 2671:tumors and 2669:Merkel cell 2615:argentaffin 2128:neurotensin 2070:haemorrhage 2045:leading to 2000:or wheezing 1977:substance P 1887:T1, N0, M0 1826:M Criteria 1823:M Category 1789:N Criteria 1786:N Category 1733:T Category 1700:T4, N0, M0 1692:T3, N0, M0 1684:T2, N0, M0 1676:T1, N0, M0 1615:M Criteria 1612:M Category 1578:N Criteria 1575:N Category 1498:T Category 1457:T1, N0, M0 1396:M Criteria 1393:M Category 1359:N Criteria 1356:N Category 1295:T Category 1254:T1, N0, M0 1193:M Criteria 1190:M Category 1148:N Criteria 1145:N Category 1084:T Category 1043:T1, N0, M0 982:M Criteria 979:M Category 945:N Criteria 942:N Category 885:T Category 844:T1, N0, M0 783:M Criteria 780:M Category 746:N Criteria 743:N Category 682:T Category 505:Merkel cell 392:lung cancer 390:small-cell 342:parathyroid 322:islet cells 313:or similar 264:Ki-67 index 182:tumor grade 123:polypeptide 8020:Categories 7777:and serous 7720:Cylindroma 7705:Oncocytoma 7617:Urogenital 7574:Gastrinoma 7564:Insulinoma 7420:Epithelium 6952:2016-07-03 6923:2016-07-03 6894:2016-07-03 6757:8 November 5980:2018-04-21 4428:Zoubeidi A 3875:Thakker RV 3121:References 3080:ptake and 3066:recursor ( 3013:endoscopic 3004:prevalence 2896:indium-111 2892:yttrium-90 2868:conjugated 2821:metastatic 2809:everolimus 2776:anaplastic 2744:Interferon 2696:palliation 2684:biomarkers 2681:predictive 2640:palliation 2581:, such as 2506:phenotypic 2485:epithelium 2481:intramural 2396:sonography 2156:hemoptysis 2115:islet cell 2059:acromegaly 2043:tryptophan 1975:(5-HT) or 1958:Carcinoids 460:Schwannoma 238:metastases 204:epithelial 137:monoamines 51:Micrograph 7775:mucinous, 7757:Syringoma 7693:Carcinoid 7645:Endocrine 7433:carcinoma 7429:Papilloma 7102:214768622 7019:(1): 59. 6938:Masters A 6725:207407820 6318:232172557 5546:208286399 4413:131934021 4391:: 29–37. 3502:247455289 3263:Neoplasia 3092:serotonin 3043:serotonin 2997:incidence 2878:is given 2849:etoposide 2845:cisplatin 2829:carcinoid 2813:sunitinib 2784:etoposide 2780:cisplatin 2752:leukocyte 2633:Treatment 2625:uncommon. 2579:receptors 2561:anaplasia 2553:mesentery 2549:ulcerated 2541:submucosa 2466:Pap stain 2400:endoscopy 2245:Diagnosis 2235:endocrine 2148:pneumonia 2122:(PPoma), 2082:mesentery 2078:fibrosing 2031:tricuspid 1973:serotonin 1953:Carcinoid 1879:Criteria 1723:Pancreas 1668:Criteria 1449:Criteria 1285:Appendix 1246:Criteria 1035:Criteria 836:Criteria 628:> 20% 508:carcinoma 360:pituitary 338:pituitary 295:intestine 210:, a rare 141:endocrine 108:carcinoid 96:endocrine 92:neoplasms 63:Specialty 7893:lobular, 7808:Mucinous 7559:pancreas 7522:Adenomas 7252:template 7233:15619202 7191:20567425 7148:29720754 7140:21311954 7094:32241015 7043:38429350 7034:10907580 6994:32615560 6917:Archived 6888:Archived 6865:12354840 6830:19521311 6803:16979443 6717:25814516 6676:20740102 6668:25209134 6632:25070685 6583:28076709 6526:19336011 6465:25014687 6424:19704057 6388:15151956 6310:33692095 6186:19635226 6145:20555086 6104:10388123 6058:15887158 6004:Archived 5957:52110673 5949:30154579 5908:20036951 5867:17699847 5826:26922350 5777:31555796 5721:22846204 5687:30096273 5638:21843609 5630:22339744 5589:40129404 5581:24322649 5538:15933475 5492:Archived 5469:25108086 5461:18401212 5423:33139633 5350:Archived 5328:54100368 5320:15718445 5277:22198808 5242:26389309 5019:20567425 4966:Springer 4937:Springer 4908:Springer 4888:UpToDate 4857:Springer 4828:Springer 4799:Springer 4780:25723112 4660:18978035 4616:20833335 4562:11573632 4518:18798544 4452:29460922 4405:31092382 4369:11718210 4315:17076534 4280:11890336 4253:12725316 4185:18333038 4136:12636090 4109:21160865 4058:20380002 4007:21160597 3956:18703061 3907:46127116 3899:18177818 3860:18803349 3774:22143641 3766:18473355 3725:15898407 3690:18456740 3646:10550713 3619:15053292 3592:16762613 3554:24740130 3546:11557784 3494:35294740 3452:20185589 3444:18042066 3409:21603312 3345:20664470 3323:Pancreas 3293:29091800 3244:21976424 3195:15888809 3050:APUDomas 2763:months. 2748:titrated 2569:necrosis 2534:specific 2388:CT-scans 2372:homeobox 2342:(5-HIAA) 2239:hormones 2152:pleurisy 2051:pellagra 2035:pulmonic 2033:and the 1993:diarrhea 1988:flushing 1969:hormones 1962:appendix 1937:hormones 1933:pancreas 672:Stomach 606:< 3% 384:bronchus 299:pancreas 268:necrosis 242:hormones 161:exocrine 157:pancreas 153:adrenals 126:hormones 100:hormonal 7891:Ductal, 7787:general 7773:Cystic, 7715:Apudoma 7494:Thymoma 7368:D018358 7357:M8574/3 7353:M8247/3 7349:M8246/3 7345:M8041/3 7341:M8013/3 7254:below ( 7183:2070707 6623:4525192 6574:5895095 6517:4029419 5817:4932132 5768:7080342 5678:6091496 5415:7978856 5395:Bibcode 5348:. BBC. 5300:Science 5285:7329783 5011:2070707 4771:4398606 4607:2939061 4509:2574000 4460:4732323 4342:7511278 4226:8348490 4176:2020649 4100:2999232 4049:2852818 3998:2999180 3947:2612755 3851:2744160 3809:1317668 3400:3095463 3353:3735444 3284:5678742 3235:3512567 3186:1867801 3022:History 3008:autopsy 2977:ex vivo 2794:PanNETs 2723:placebo 2706:analogs 2690:Surgery 2607:hindgut 2599:foregut 2587:avidity 2576:hormone 2565:mitotic 2423:Gallium 2382:Imaging 2308:Markers 2126:A, and 652:Staging 625:> 20 614:2 to 20 554:Grading 437:GEP-NET 435:Hindgut 412:Foregut 400:(LCNEC) 334:thyroid 328:of the 301:or the 283:mitotic 252:grading 232:count, 230:mitotic 7992:Acinar 7856:Serous 7785:Cystic 7579:VIPoma 7544:tract: 7513:Glands 7412:cancer 7271:Curlie 7257:Curlie 7231: 7189: 7181: 7146: 7138: 7100: 7092: 7041: 7031: 6992: 6884:Mosaic 6863: 6828: 6801: 6723: 6715: 6674: 6666: 6630: 6620: 6581: 6571: 6524: 6514: 6463: 6422: 6386: 6316: 6308: 6184: 6143: 6102: 6056: 5955: 5947: 5906: 5865: 5824: 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