951:(1413) forty-five Polish families adopted forty-seven Lithuanian Catholic families, lending them their coats of arms. It is assumed that the representatives of Lithuanian nobility gathered in Horodło constituted the elite of that time on which Vytautas based his authority. The adoption of Polish coats of arms, an important marker of nobility with a well-established tradition in Western Europe, elevated this narrow group above other privileged population groups. Despite the fact that some of them abandoned the Horodło coats of arms and replaced them with others, the political significance of this gesture did not lose its significance. In the system built by Vytautas, central offices were restricted to Catholics only, which excluded nobles of Ruthenian origin. The basis of the Grand Duke's power was the lands of Lithuania proper, basically the provinces of Trakai and Vilnius. Nobles from this region constituted the ruling elite. The situation began to change in the 1430s when nobility privileges began to be extended to the Ruthenian nobility.
391:
840:). The most powerful princes retained almost total power in their lands, recognising the supremacy of the grand dukes. Vytautas began a policy of limiting the power of the princes and incorporating their appanages into the domain. Many princes died in civil wars after his death. Many appanages, lying in the east, were lost to Moscow in the course of wars in the 15th and 16th centuries. Some families became extinct, and with the restriction of the circle of inheritance, their estates were incorporated into the grand-ducal domain. In 1499 Alexander regulated the legal system of the few remaining appanages, the magnates ruling them were given the full
836:. These were mostly, at least according to tradition, the descendants of the dynasties who accepted the authority of Gediminids. However, only those who owned land in Lithuania proper, who were of Lithuanian origin and who had accepted Catholicism in 1386, had any influence on central state policy. The Ruthenian princes had influence only on the local situation in their lands. They varied considerably in terms of wealth and importance, some of them wielding huge estates, while others possessed their land on service tenure from the grand duke or another prince (so-called 'service princes' -
31:
963:) a term borrowed from Polish. Their position grew especially during the period when the Grand Duke was also King of Poland and was away from the country for long periods. Crucial to this was the privilege of 1492, which gave the council enormous influence over the politics of the Grand Duchy. Practically giving it full control over the actions of the ruler. While in Poland at that time the limitation of royal power was associated with an increase in the role of the ordinary nobility, in the Grand Duchy, where nobility assemblies (
45:
1183:"Polish nobility" or outright "Poles". At the same time, separatism and the defense of Lithuanian national separateness within the federation state were very strong. The Lithuanian nobility was warmly attached to the laws, traditions and symbols of the Grand Duchy. Moreover, the Lithuanian separateness was also defended by the members of ethnically Polish families settling in Lithuania.
53:
3944:
1048:, newly crowned King of Poland, granted a privilege to nobles and soldiers. They received personal rights, including the right to inherit and govern land as well as estates inherited from ancestors or gifted by the Grand Duke. At the same time, the nobles had duties to serve in the military, build, maintain and safeguard castles, bridges, roads and other vicinities.
337:
Poles and the territorial integrity of their common, although enslaved, homeland was strengthening in the minds of all Poles. In the lands of the former Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, the cultural unity of inhabitants was strengthening, and many traditionally understood Lithuanians discovered a modern national identity - they became
1114:, and other voivodeships. The privilege also prohibited selling various state and church positions to nobility. In turn, the Grand Duke was limited from exploiting conflicts between higher and lower nobility and profiting by selling the positions. This privilege also signified that city residents could not become officials.
869:, which in pagan times probably belonged to every person of noble status. It is not clear whether they owed their princely dignity to their former status as sovereigns or to their connection and affinity with the ruling family established in the 14th century (this is confirmed at least for the Gedraitis and Holshanskys).
940:), literally meaning "lord" gained popularity. This new elite was only partly descended from the old princely families that ruled Lithuania in pagan times. To a large extent, these were new families that appeared during the reigns of Jogaila and Vytautas and whose representatives were among the signatories of the
730:) originally denoted all those who fought. Over the course of the 15th century, it changed its meaning to refer to the masses of ordinary nobility who could stand up to fight when called upon. There were also social groups that were personally free but had no military commitments. Such a group were, for example,
954:
The cementing of the new elite was strengthened by the emergence of the institution of the council. Initially, it had no institutionalized form but gathered the ruler's closest associates. However, from 1430 onwards, it began to take shape as a permanent institution, to which one automatically became
1182:
Linguistic
Polonization did not always mean full Polonization in the state or ethnic sense. The Lithuanian nobility felt united with the Polish nobility as part of one political nation of the Commonwealth, enjoying privileges, freedom and equality. In this sense, they often referred to themselves as
1035:
Following his distribution of state land, the Grand Duke became dependent on powerful landowners, who began demanding greater liberties and privileges. The nobles were granted administrative and judicial power in their domains and increasing rights in state politics. The legal status of the nobility
756:
This led to a rapid change in the structure of land ownership. While in 1386 80% of the population lived in the lands directly under the Grand Duke's rule, by 1528 this figure had fallen to 30%. It is estimated that 5% of the land was owned by the Church, while as much as 65% of the land was then in
374:
grew up in an atmosphere of supremacy of nobility culture, so they easily identified with it. It adopted the nobility's way of perceiving the world, even if it came from other social groups. According to a commonly accepted interpretation, the history of the "peoples" inhabiting the eastern lands of
1248:
addressed
Lithuanian nobility calling for the Lithuanian language to play a more important role in state life. The usage of Lithuanian declined, and the Polish language became the predominant administrative language in the 16th century, eventually replacing Ruthenian as the official language of the
818:
As the privileges and political importance of the nobility grew and the burdens and freedoms of the peasantry were reduced, these linguistic differences began to gain importance. Around the beginning of the 16th century, groups of boyars spared no effort to prove their noble status. The grand ducal
734:
boyars, who served as grand-ducal envoys and were in charge of road maintenance. A significant group of boyars were service boyars who did not own allodial land, but only service estates, which they received and owned only by the grace of the Grand Duke. As the role and wealth of the great magnates
361:
of 1863-1864 and the wave of post-uprising repressions were a great shock for the people of the former Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. However, under the influence of painful experiences, the sense of community between Lithuanianness and Polishness became even stronger, and the belief in the identity of
336:
In the 18th century, the
Polonization of the lands within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a completed process, and the Polonization of Vilnius was a state of affairs. Despite the lack of their own state, the conviction of the permanent nature of Lithuania's relationship with
1173:
The nobility was particularly numerous in the ethnically
Lithuanian lands and is estimated to have constituted about 10-11%, while in the Ruthenian lands of the Grand Duchy only about 3-4%. The nobility in Samogitia was particularly numerous, but usually, it was a poor nobility living in gentry
752:
gave legal security of tenure to holders of allodial land and recognized in law the rights of landowners to pass on their estates. Although allodial land ownership was previously known in the Grand Duchy, its prevalence increased significantly in the following period. Similarly, the new law of
1396:. An even larger percentage of Lithuanian nobility was Polonised and adopted Polish identity by the late 19th century. A Russian census in 1897 showed that 27.7% of nobility living within modern Lithuania's borders recognized Lithuanian as the mother language. This number was even higher in
383:) were perceived at best as "younger brothers", naturally subordinated to the Polish national interest. It was therefore necessary to educate them and guide them in the right direction, because they were not yet mature enough to make independent decisions. "Our Polish paternalism - writes
1403:
Most descendants of the
Lithuanian nobility remained ill-disposed to the modern national movements of Lithuania and Belarus and fought for Poland in 1918-1920. The landowning nobles in the new Lithuanian state saw themselves predominately as Poles of Lithuanian background. During the
1019:). They adopted instead the Polish title "książę", which in Ruthenian texts was translated as "knyazhe". As a result, the poorer prince families that still used the title of knyaz fell completely into insignificance, and the Lithuanian magnate elite consisted of "princes and lords" (
428:. At the beginning of the 20th century, descendants of former noble Lithuanians were most likely to call themselves Poles. Only a part of the nobility, openly referring to the traditions of historical Lithuania, trying to reconcile Lithuanianness with Polishness, called themselves "
188:, which had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with szlachta constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like Duchy of Samogitia, it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the
369:
In the consciousness of the general Polish society at that time, the multi-ethnic heritage of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth was increasingly identified simply with Polish heritage. Such views were held by the most active and opinion-forming layer of the emerging nation. The
2132:
592:. These positions evolved from tribal leaders and were chiefly responsible for waging wars and organizing raids operations into enemy territories. Following the establishment of a unified state, they gradually became subordinates to greater Dukes, and later to the
1310:, the Polonization of the nobility, gentry and townspeople was practically complete by the early 19th century, relegating the Lithuanian language to the status of a peasant's tongue. The processes of Polonization and russification were partially reversed with the
1178:
in the late 18th century. In 1777 there were 16,534 noble houses registered (5.2% of the total) in the whole Grand Duchy. In 1790 the register showed 100 palaces, 9,331 manors, 494 noblemen's houses in towns, and 13,890 houses of noblemen without subjects.
314:. However, it should be mentioned that this process took place without orders or prohibitions, without coercion, mainly under the influence of civilizational domination and administrative influence (there is also no evidence of administrative coercion).
523:
currently there are no famous families left in
Lithuania, and the functioning and competing associations of the Lithuanian nobility gather in their ranks representatives of the minor nobility, most often descending from their families on the distaff
348:
and unsuccessful armed uprisings led to the strengthening of the
Polonization processes of the small nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, identifying spiritually and culturally with Polish traditions. Post-uprising repression resulted in the
362:
both elements became almost a patriotic axiom. Additionally, in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the process of linguistic Polonization of the rural population accelerated rapidly, especially in the
1260:
remained loyal to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and safeguarded its sovereignty vis-à-vis the Kingdom of Poland. Gradually Polonization spread to a broader population, and for the most part, the Lithuanian nobility became part of both nations’
3511:
Suchocki, William R. (1983). "Formowanie się i skład narodu politycznego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim późnego średniowiecza" [Formation and composition of a political nation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late Middle Ages].
688:
While at the beginning the nobility was almost all Lithuanian or Samogitian, with territorial expansion more Ruthenian families joined the nobility. As early as the 16th century, several Ruthenian noble families began to call themselves
1007:/Kieżgajło in 1547) from the Emperor. The elevation of the Radziwiłł family resulted in the abandonment of the title of "knyaz" by those Ruthenian families that still retained significant power, wealth and often appanages (for example
823:
through the ages". Another opportunity to prove nobility were the military musterings, the first one organised in 1528, where a register of those capable to fight was prepared. A listing in such a register was legal proof of nobility.
353:
becoming the mainstay of Polishness. Because the Catholic Church had a Polish character, it became an element integrating both the conscious classes and the popular masses, who began to identify with Polishness through their religion.
872:
Among them, only the Holshansky played a significant role on the side of the grand dukes, starting from Jogaila and Vytautas, being in the strict power elite. Apart from them, these were the families descended from Gediminas family:
744:, in Poland was already a well-established estate, its legal position was consolidated in the 14th century. At this point, it was basically impossible to enter the noble status otherwise than by birth. The development of the idea of
757:
the hands of 13 thousand of noble families (6 thousand of them were of Lithuanian origin). Most of it was owned by a small group of several dozen families of lords, which constituted the political elite of the country.
466:
The last representative of the great Lithuanian families living in today's Lithuania, Stefania Maria Romer, died in 2012. Meanwhile, in Poland, about 2,000 Polish families with Lithuanian origins live and use the Polish
881:, Kobryński and Zasławski. The princes of ethnically Ruthenian origin were excluded from the strict power elite and found their place in it only at the end of the 15th century. Then the representatives of powerful
3059:
1090:
limited positions within the Catholic Church or state institutions only to people from Lithuania. Certain nobles were released from their duties to the Grand Duke. This privilege also marked the beginnings of
1376:
Over the course of time, the Lithuanian nobility increasingly developed a sense of belonging to the Polish nation. During the 19th century, a self-designation, often represented using a Latin formula
161:
model (with a hereditary system of heraldic identification), as well as an increase in the position of the Greater Lithuanian nobility. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of
1268:
The middle nobility adopted the Polish language in the 17th century, while the minor rural nobles remained bilingual up to the period when the question of language related-nationality appeared.
1232:
although the process took centuries. In the 16th century, a newly established theory amongst Lithuanian nobility was popular, claiming that Lithuanian nobility was of Roman extraction, and the
262:
As cultural homogenization and linguistic Polonization of the nobility progressed, the concept of Lithuanian began to mean simply regional difference within the uniform political nation of the
2345:
1392:. With Polish culture developing into one of the primary centers of resistance to the Russian Empire, Polonization in some regions actually strengthened in response to official policies of
1102:
renewed the 1447 privilege and added a few more provisions, the most important of which limited the Grand Duke's rights in regards to foreign policy. The Grand Duke became dependent on the
738:
The process of the formation of the noble estate in Lithuania accelerated after the union with Poland when there arose a desire to equalize the legal system of both countries. Nobility, or
976:
561:
329:). In 1697, in the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania, at the request of the local Lithuanian nobility, Polish was introduced as the official language instead of the previously existing
1428:
Lithuanian and Samogitian families possessed heraldry predating formal Christianization. The most archaic type of post-1413 heraldry has a motive of crossed arrows. According to the
3204:
1408:
years the government of Lithuania issued land reform limiting manors with 150 hectares of land while confiscating land from those nobles who were fighting alongside the Polish in
2856:
Gudmantas, Kęstutis (2004). "Vėlyvųjų Lietuvos metraščių veikėjai ir jų prototipai: "Romėnai" (The personages of the Lithuanian chronicles and their prototypes: The "Romans")".
1333:
imperial officials wanted to minimize the social base for another potential uprising and thus decided to reduce the noble class. During the period 1833–1860, 25,692 people in
819:
council resolved that nobility had to be attested by the testimony of two neighbours, of undoubtedly noble lineage, saying that the applicant's family had been "boyars and
390:
2961:
The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
1083:
to Catholic and Eastern Orthodox nobility. They were guaranteed freedom to dispose of their land. Significantly, the act also prohibited persecution without a fair trial.
1157:. The nobility was granted triple immunity: legal, administrative and tax exemption. The statute finalized the division between nobility, peasants, and city residents.
1240:
language. By that time, the upper nobility and the ducal court already used Polish as their first language. The last Grand Duke known to have spoken Lithuanian was
1154:
3477:
3302:
3262:
1341:
lost their noble status. They could not prove their status with monarchs' privileges or land ownership. They did not lose personal freedom, but were assigned as
748:
aroused among the nobility a notion of being the main unifying force of the kingdom and responsible for its rule. Lithuanian nobles aspired to this position.
341:. It should be noted, however, that the described processes took place almost exclusively within the nobility and landed gentry and among the intelligentsia.
3847:
2420:
3575:
1063:, guaranteeing the right to inherit lands gifted by the Grand Duke. Forty-three Lithuanian noble families were granted Polish coats of arms. Most of the
1136:. The implementation of serfdom deprived the peasants of land ownership as well as personal rights, making the serfs completely dependent on nobles.
3900:
955:
a member by virtue of holding the relevant office. Possession of the princely title gave the right to participate in wider councils, called Sejm (
444:, from the first words of the invocation from the poem Pan Tadeusz: "O Lithuania, my country ... " ). In turn, the representatives of the former "
967:) did not exist, full power passed into the hands of the great lords. Grand Duchy of Lithuania offices were held almost exclusively by magnates.
3887:
3730:
3461:
3393:
3345:
3234:
3007:
2200:
2142:
2112:
2067:
2037:
2003:
1952:
1433:
1106:. Without the consent of the Council no high official could be removed from his position. Lower posts had to be appointed in the presence of
753:
inheritance led to a decline in the importance, outside Kaunas district and Samogitia, of clan kinships, in favour of more nuclear families.
3922:
3334:
Lithuanomans and Polonizers: Myths, mutual perceptions and stereotypes in Polish-Lithuanian relations in the first half of the 20th century
2269:
1420:
during the years 1945–53 of Soviet occupation, many manors were destroyed. The Association of Lithuanian Nobility was established in 1994.
3327:
2370:
2057:
4272:
3698:
1210:
1143:
345:
263:
212:
185:
99:
1417:
1205:). During the following centuries, the Lithuanian nobility began to merge with the Polish nobility. The process accelerated after the
1196:
169:, and 47 selected boyars of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Catholic faith were adopted by Polish noble families and received Polish
3438:
3110:
3085:
2974:
944:(1413). They owed their position to the generosity of the grand dukes, who rewarded them with offices and land granted in allodium.
463:
belongs primarily to the descendants of old Greater Lithuanian families, most of whom were Polonized and still live in Poland today.
1271:
The Lithuanian nobles did preserve their national awareness as members of the Grand Duchy, and in most cases recognition of their
4461:
3840:
3787:
2295:
658:
224:
189:
375:
the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth constituted an integral part of the history of Poles. The local "peoples" (especially
3673:
3568:
3329:
Litwomani i polonizatorzy: Mity, wzajemne postrzeganie i stereotypy w stosunkach polsko-litewskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
2104:
Litwomani i polonizatorzy: mity, wzajemne postrzeganie i stereotypy w stosunkach polsko-litewskich w pierwszej połowie XX wieku
2897:
1903:
1121:
confirmed the position of the Council of Lords in state politics and limited acquisition of positions within the noble class.
3046:
In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the Mid-17th Century
1076:
Jogaila's privilege in 1432 in essence repeated previous acts. Military service remained the primary means to receive land.
4517:
4484:
4436:
4331:
3812:
3705:
749:
207:
for success on the battlefield. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, ducal titles were mostly inherited by descendants of old
4608:
3894:
1249:
Grand Duchy in 1697. Nonetheless, spoken Lithuanian was still common in the Grand Duchy courts during the 17th century.
2161:
1056:
3965:
3910:
3833:
1311:
1103:
4314:
3561:
1696:
30:
4120:
4034:
1908:
1788:
1295:
878:
317:
Polonization processes led to the fact that already in the 17th century, Lithuanian landowners called themselves
211:
while the relatively few hereditary noble titles in the Kingdom of Poland were bestowed by foreign monarchs. The
57:
3374:
Rimvydas Petrauskas, Lietuvos diduomenė XIV a.pabaigoje - XV a.:sudėtis-struktūra-valdžia. Aidai, Vilnius; 2003.
394:
4399:
4306:
3073:
735:
increased, the service boyars put themselves at the service of the lords and princes in exchange for tenures.
460:
271:
95:
1543:
1510:
846:. This was of little political significance since the princes as a political class were of little importance.
398:
3314:
1275:
family roots; their leaders would continue to represent the interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the
56:
Crossed arrows motive indicates the oldest type of heraldry in Lithuania after formal Christianization, like
4169:
4163:
4156:
1565:
1314:. Despite origins from mostly the non-noble classes, a number of nobles re-embraced their Lithuanian roots.
1041:
3364:
Rimvydas Petrauskas Giminaičiai ir pavaldiniai: Lietuvos bajorų grupės XIV a. pabaigoje-XV a. I pusėje in:
2874:
unlikely, especially because the Romans had very little hold, if any, in the lands so far north) (see also
4413:
3683:
2320:
1464:
1459:
1287:
904:
Since the reign of Vytautas, documents began to distinguish a group of great lords, calling them in Latin
405:
3535:
1582:
971:
832:
Initially, a group distinguished by prestige were the princely families, which members bore the title of
505:
471:
118:; following Lithuania's eastward expansion into what is now Belarus, Ukraine and Russia, many ethnically
4235:
3615:
1475:
1409:
1150:
1125:
1080:
196:
1554:
1549:
1498:
497:
456:
234:
and recognized Polish national thought as a natural continuation of Greater Lithuanian national thought
3426:
1571:
1317:
The lesser Lithuanian nobility, still partially preserving the Lithuanian language, subsequent to the
223:, it was closer to 12%. However, the high nobility was extremely limited in number, consisting of the
4451:
3905:
3772:
1504:
1480:
1389:
1369:
1364:
1326:
1318:
1241:
1162:
1087:
849:
Regarding Lithuania proper, not counting descendants of Gediminas seven princely families are known:
493:
137:
34:
1995:
Litwini na Uniwersytecie Dorpackim (Juriewskim) do 1918 roku i ich dalsze losy: słownik biograficzny
1829:
1363:, imperial officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and
509:
4365:
4301:
4230:
4192:
3782:
3747:
3514:
1965:
1705:
1577:
1532:
1521:
1516:
1451:
1429:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1192:
1174:
villages. In the right-bank part of Kaunas county the nobility accounted for as much as 25% of the
1118:
1107:
1099:
1052:
948:
941:
800:
775:
674:
630:
625:
Ethnic Lithuanian nobility had different names than common people, as their names consisted of two
607:
573:
303:
154:
75:
3193:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 52.
4479:
4446:
4324:
4319:
4296:
4141:
4055:
4002:
3807:
3742:
3645:
3471:
3296:
3256:
2346:"Jak poprawić sytuację polskich szpitali? Wojciech Puzyna przekonywał w Ustce do komercjalizacji"
1673:
1642:
1600:
1225:
1111:
698:
481:
330:
220:
115:
38:
3882:
1153:, completed in 1588, further expanded the rights of nobility. Laws could be enacted only by the
995:) from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1518, similarly some other families received titles of counts (
854:
842:
662:
230:
Over time, the vast majority of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania voluntarily became
3431:
Mes, Lietuva: Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVIa. Viešasis ir privatus gyvenimas
2966:
2920:
Sužiedėlis, Saulius (1981). "Language and Social Class in Southwestern Lithuania before 1864".
2371:"Polak prowadził w Londynie lokal uwielbiany przez gwiazdy. W jego żyłach płynie książęca krew"
1720:
4426:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4360:
4355:
4029:
3927:
3757:
3678:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3584:
3457:
3434:
3389:
3341:
3230:
3135:
3106:
3081:
3003:
2999:
2970:
2459:
2196:
2138:
2108:
2063:
2033:
1999:
1948:
1913:
1620:
1560:
1537:
1397:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1195:(1413), the Lithuanian nobility's rights were equalized with those of the ruling class of the
788:
670:
593:
384:
299:
276:
219:(nobility) constituting close to 10% of the population, but in some constituent regions, like
181:
1470:
4471:
4466:
4370:
4290:
4258:
4241:
4225:
4050:
3979:
3797:
3792:
3767:
3688:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3600:
3222:
3205:"Предводитель дворянства Скаржинский Александр Матвеевич и отдельные представители его рода"
3127:
2991:
2958:
2395:
1924:
1890:
1857:
1840:
1385:
1360:
1345:
1307:
682:
358:
133:
107:
1610:
1436:. As the nobility expanded during the following centuries more coats of arms were created.
1257:
409:
4441:
4267:
4219:
4087:
3710:
3693:
3605:
3244:
1755:
1734:
1686:
1229:
1206:
1139:
1020:
988:
980:
765:
678:
666:
634:
565:
441:
350:
311:
295:
204:
177:
83:
3276:
Duchies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The magnate lordship as a political region
1648:
1008:
4431:
4349:
4285:
4279:
4181:
4175:
4115:
3986:
3802:
3752:
3668:
3635:
3610:
3448:
Rachuba, Andrzej (2010). "Litwini". In Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (eds.).
3310:
3022:
ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS E., KULAKAUSKAS A. Carų valdžioje: XIX amžiaus Lietuva. Vilnius, 1996.
1400:, where 36.6% of nobility identified the Lithuanian language as their mother language.
1322:
1129:
585:
371:
363:
338:
200:
158:
1146:. The nobility was granted the right to elect a common ruler for Poland and Lithuania.
157:
on October 2, 1413, initiating nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the
4602:
4577:
4186:
3366:
Lietuva ir jos kaimynai: nuo Normanų iki Napoleono: prof. Broniaus Dundulio atminimui
3128:
2992:
2959:
1966:"Miesięcznik Heraldyczny. Organ Towarzystwa Heraldycznego we Lwowie. R.6 1913 nr9-10"
1916:
for references to Germanic synonym of kuningaz (Modern German: König, English: king).
1799:
1393:
280:
129:
17:
793:
1526:
1413:
1291:
1276:
1217:
602:
445:
288:
231:
170:
44:
4572:
1654:
1004:
996:
898:
865:. They also used the title knyaz, which is probably a rendering of the Lithuanian
654:
642:
143:
Initially, the privileged social group of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was called
2190:
2102:
2027:
1993:
4554:
4509:
4146:
2219:
1783:
1681:
Muscovite and later Russian princely and noble families originating in Lithuania
1669:
1595:
1405:
1298:. And Lithuanian nobles did rise to fight for the independence of their nation.
1280:
1000:
890:
694:
638:
477:
449:
425:
380:
376:
111:
103:
3317:[Lithuanian-Ruthenian knyazes from the end of the fourteenth century].
2243:
4546:
3735:
3723:
1805:
1795:
1771:
1751:
1715:
1701:
1630:
1605:
1492:
874:
862:
858:
421:
3486:
2994:
The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788-1792: A Political History
2463:
2445:
256:, as the terms "Lithuanians" and "Lithuanian" have changed over the centuries
4528:
3932:
3251:. Vol. I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. Oxford.
2875:
2134:
Ojczyzna nie tylko Polaków: mniejszości narodowe w Polsce w latach 1918-1939
1823:
1761:
1724:
1659:
1615:
1412:. Many members of the Lithuanian nobility during the interbellum and after
1272:
1012:
894:
886:
626:
619:
597:
540:
485:
252:
208:
162:
52:
4071:
3400:
1486:
291:
adopted and thereby took over the cultural patterns of the higher classes.
3943:
1095:
in Lithuania, as peasants were removed from the Grand Duke's jurisdiction.
4583:
4456:
3974:
3917:
3867:
3856:
3777:
3592:
3491:
3405:
2450:
1919:
1778:
1766:
1728:
1709:
1664:
1262:
1201:
1065:
1016:
850:
812:
770:
740:
646:
408:, Lithuanians lived mainly in the counties on the border with Lithuania:
306:
previously used by some citizens of Grand Duchy of Lithuania was used by
216:
150:
119:
4500:
4151:
4093:
3718:
3178:(in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 347–359.
1746:
1691:
1636:
1625:
1256:
families were affected by Polonization, although many of them like the
1253:
1133:
1092:
1070:
1045:
650:
489:
413:
307:
166:
657:
and others. Those families acquired great wealth, eventually becoming
302:, a historiographer of Greater Lithuania at that time, wrote that the
4077:
3825:
3553:
1845:
1835:
1817:
1738:
1175:
882:
501:
417:
2396:"Wielkopostna zaduma w polskim sanktuarium na Kahlenbergu w Wiedniu"
2032:(in Polish). Tow. Miłośników Wilna i Ziemi Wileńskiej. p. 16.
180:, nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the nobility of the
48:
Medieval Coat of Arms of Lithuania was inherited by oldest families
4564:
3272:
Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej. Państwo magnackie jako region polityczny
3174:
Jonynas, Ignas (1933). "Alšėniškiai". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.).
1237:
833:
716:
322:
144:
124:
102:(including during period of foreign rule 1795–1918) consisting of
91:
51:
43:
29:
4536:
4064:
3340:(in Polish). Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku.
3189:
Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985). "Alšėnų kunigaikščiai".
1060:
615:
581:
284:
3829:
3557:
3422:
Historiographical notes on the research of Lithuanian nobility.
705:
Grand Duchy of Lithuania before the Union of Lublin (1386-1569)
215:
had one of the largest percentages of nobility in Europe, with
3130:
1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History
2107:(in Polish). Wydawn. Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. p. 27.
1036:
was based on several privileges, granted by the Grand Dukes:
924:). Soon, the borrowed from Polish term "pan" (plural "pany",
2270:"Skarb Sanguszków oficjalnie własnością tarnowskiego Muzeum"
629:. Greater noble families generally used their predecessor's
3433:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Lithuanian institute of history.
1998:(in Polish). Adam Mickiewicz University Press. p. 33.
1432:
of 1413, 47 Lithuanian and Samogitian noble houses adopted
452:, additionally reserving the exclusive right to this term.
3149:
2733:
2601:
2137:(in Polish). Młodzieżowa Agencja Wydawnicza. p. 152.
3289:
Studies on the beginnings of Lithuanian society and state
3285:
Studja nad początkami społeczeństwa i państwa litewskiego
1947:, p. 20–50, 2006 Białystok, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku,
1321:
left most of the former Grand Duchy under control of the
1161:
Most of the nobility rights were retained even after the
677:. The aforementioned families were granted corresponding
294:
Already in 1576, seven years after the conclusion of the
2839:
2837:
2835:
2822:
2820:
27:
Legally privileged class in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3315:"Kniaziowie litewsko-ruscy od końca czternastego wieku"
3058:
Russia saved Lithuanian nation from becoming Polonised
2756:
2754:
2585:
2583:
2546:
2544:
2542:
3548:
3454:
Under a Common Sky. Peoples of the former Commonwealth
2795:
2793:
1302:
After partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
424:, and almost all of them were rural people engaged in
269:
The main Polonizing factors, as in other areas of the
1163:
third partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2029:
Divertimento: dzieje ziem płn.-wsch. Rzeczpospolitej
4563:
4545:
4527:
4508:
4499:
4380:
4342:
4251:
4212:
4205:
4131:
4105:
4043:
4022:
4015:
3995:
3958:
3951:
3875:
3644:
3591:
3450:
Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej
3380:N. Asadauskienė, V. Jankauskas, V. Kamuntavičienė,
90:) was historically a legally privileged hereditary
3225:; Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Kuncevičius, Albinas (2000).
2446:"About the Lithuanian Baroque in a Baroque Manner"
2162:"Na Litwie zmarła ciocia Bronisława Komorowskiego"
1325:. The situation worsened during the years of tsar
807:) began to denote the nobles who possessed land.
227:and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes.
192:and later, within the Russian Empire, of princes.
2296:"Księżna z rodu Sapiehów odwiedziła Zamek Książ"
2268:Małopolskiego, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa.
2220:"ZWIĄZEK SZLACHTY POLSKIEJ Oddział we Wrocławiu"
935:
929:
760:New terms emerged for all those of noble birth:
725:
3039:
3037:
519:Genealogical and Heraldic Society of Lithuania
195:Families of the nobility were responsible for
3841:
3569:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
697:family, which attributed its ancestry to the
543:, lesser members of the nobility were called
8:
3536:"The Gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania"
3229:. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History.
3150:"Lietuvos bajorų karališkoji sąjunga - Home"
3080:. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. pp. 232–233.
2062:(in Polish). Przegląd Wschodni. p. 20.
1370:Program of Restoration of Russian Beginnings
974:(Radvila) received the title of the prince (
4505:
4209:
4019:
3955:
3848:
3834:
3826:
3576:
3562:
3554:
3476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3401:"The double fate of the Lithuanian gentry"
3301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3103:Llietuvių visuomenė XIXa. antrojoje pusėje
2661:
1382:Lithuanian by birth, Polish by nationality
920:) or, in Ruthenian texts, "great boyars" (
661:. Their representatives are respectively
327:Lithuanians by birth, Poles by nationality
3048:. Stockholm University. pp. 282–283.
448:", now "nationalized", called themselves
3291:] (in Polish). Vol. 2. Vilnius.
2937:
2935:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2811:
2784:
2734:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
2685:
2673:
2602:Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000
1964:Aleksander, Semkowicz Władysław (1913).
1079:Privilege of May 6, 1434 was granted by
618:, which was the title sometimes used by
535:Lithuania before formal Christianization
389:
3068:
3066:
2843:
2826:
1936:
1365:banned press in the Lithuanian language
1132:, which completed the establishment of
999:/Gasztołd in 1529/30; Ilinicz in 1553;
88:szlachta Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
3469:
3294:
3254:
3249:The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania
2894:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795
901:found their place in the power elite.
2799:
2772:
2760:
2745:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2589:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2214:
2212:
2184:
2182:
203:; some were rewarded with additional
7:
3227:The History of Lithuania Before 1795
2294:webmaster@prw.pl, Mateusz Lipiński.
2195:(in Polish). Czytelnik. p. 26.
2156:
2154:
2126:
2124:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2051:
2049:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1852:Families from the Republic of Venice
1286:Lithuanian language was used during
1051:In 1413 Vytautas and Jogaila signed
310:, while the nobility widely adopted
3399:Aleksandravičius, Egidijus (1999).
2998:. Oxford University Press. p.
1875:Families from Ferrara and/or Modena
1142:in 1569 created the new state, the
521:, Czesław Malewski, commented that
3549:Lithuanian Royal Union of Nobility
2059:Przemiany narodowościowe na Litwie
813:stratified into several categories
25:
3368:. Vilnius, 2001, p. 107-126.
3319:Biblioteka Instytutu Historii Uam
2944:Lithuania: Past, culture, present
2474:gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus
691:gente Ruthenus, natione Lithuanus
387:- is firmly located in the East.
3942:
3485:Schmalstieg, William R. (1982).
2928:(3). Lituanus Foundation: 36–37.
2086:, Wrocław-Warszawa 1982, s. 139.
1378:gente Lithuanus, natione Polonus
128:); and, later on, predominantly
2957:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011).
1865:Families from Republic of Lucca
1440:Influential Lithuanian families
1416:emigrated to Poland, many were
72:of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3076:; Antanas Kulakauskas (1996).
2898:University of Washington Press
2444:Bumblauskas, Alfredas (1995).
2189:Mackiewicz, Stanisław (1990).
1904:List of early Lithuanian dukes
1445:Families from ethnic Lithuania
1319:partitions of the Commonwealth
1211:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1144:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
596:. After Mindaugas' death, all
319:gente Lithuani, natione Poloni
264:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
213:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
186:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
184:became a common entity of the
100:Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3326:Buchowski, Krzysztof (2006).
3191:Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija
2858:Ancient Lithuanian Literature
2101:Buchowski, Krzysztof (2006).
1557:(Dowmont-Siesicki, Szeszycki)
1187:Ties to the Kingdom of Poland
710:Formation of the noble estate
249:doesn’t mean the same as the
3044:Kotljarchuk, Andrej (2006).
2990:Butterwick, Richard (2012).
2946:. Baltos lankos. p. 77.
2344:Gdańsk, Radio (2023-06-04).
1992:Błaszczyk, Grzegorz (2022).
1434:Polish nobility coat of arms
828:Emergence of a magnate elite
149:. Boyars became part of the
3456:] (in Polish). Warsaw.
3283:Łowmiański, Henryk (1932).
2131:Tomaszewski, Jerzy (1985).
2026:Dziewulski, Wacław (1997).
1312:Lithuanian National Revival
1104:Lithuanian Council of Lords
750:Privileges of 1387 and 1413
4625:
3388:). Šviesa, Vilnius; 2011.
3270:Kowalski, Mariusz (2013).
3176:Lietuviškoji enciklopedija
3074:Aleksandravičius, Egidijus
1252:At first, only Lithuanian
1151:Third Statute of Lithuania
1055:. The act served to renew
3940:
3864:
2056:Eberhardt, Piotr (1997).
1945:Litwomani i polonizatorzy
1909:List of Lithuanian rulers
1454:(Olelkovych, Alelkaičiai)
1349:
1296:For our freedom and yours
1209:(1569), resulting in the
1169:After the Union of Lublin
641:; this was the case with
3540:The Alphabetical Lists.
3126:Liekis, Šarūnas (2010).
3105:. Mokslas. p. 152.
3101:Vėbra, Rimantas (1990).
693:. A good example is the
580:, usually translated as
539:Prior to the baptism by
461:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
397:, representative of the
272:First Republic of Poland
96:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3866:(*) : state where
3031:Aleksandravičius, p.207
2942:Žukas, Saulius (1999).
2402:(in Polish). 2017-03-07
2377:(in Polish). 2022-03-06
1970:PAN Biblioteka Kórnicka
1059:and establish a common
1057:Polish–Lithuanian union
1042:Grand Duke of Lithuania
455:According to Professor
2892:Stone, Daniel (2001).
1885:Families from Courland
1590:Families from Ruthenia
1566:House of Sudymuntowicz
1352:in rural areas and as
1024:
992:
984:
936:
930:
853:, Dowgowd, Giedraitis/
804:
779:
769:
726:
611:
600:rulers held the title
589:
577:
569:
559:), related to the Old
551:) and greater nobles,
459:, the heritage of the
434:historical Lithuanians
406:Second Polish Republic
401:
153:(nobility) during the
87:
79:
60:
58:Kościesza coat of arms
49:
41:
1943:Krzysztof Buchowski,
1812:Families from Livonia
1649:House of Wiśniowiecki
1410:Polish-Lithuanian War
1337:and 17,032 people in
1244:(1440-1492). In 1595
1126:Sigismund II Augustus
1081:Sigismund Kestutaitis
572:, meaning "king", or
517:The president of the
440:" (i.e. - such as in
393:
346:First Polish Republic
197:military mobilization
55:
47:
33:
18:Nobility in Lithuania
3743:Hungary and Slovakia
3664:Austria and Slovenia
3321:(in Polish). Warsaw.
2425:katowice.wyborcza.pl
1670:House of Domontovich
1643:House of Tyszkiewicz
1601:House of Danielewicz
1596:House of Chodkiewicz
1481:House of Czartoryski
1390:Samogitian Eldership
1327:Nicholas I of Russia
1242:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1216:Lithuanian nobility
679:Polish coats of arms
622:and several others.
612:Didysis kunigaikštis
241:Cultural affiliation
138:Inflanty Voivodeship
35:Columns of Gediminas
4609:Lithuanian nobility
3928:South Africa (Zulu)
3515:Zapiski Historyczne
3386:Lithuanian noblemen
2244:"Beata Tyszkiewicz"
1706:Demetrius I Starshy
1621:House of Kalinowski
1606:House of Olelkowicz
1583:House of Narutowicz
1540:(Puricki) (Puriška)
1465:House of Ościkowicz
1460:House of Holszański
1452:House of Olelkowicz
1418:deported to Siberia
1329:'s rule. After the
1294:calling to rise up
1288:Kościuszko Uprising
1236:was just a morphed
1234:Lithuanian language
1119:Sigismund I the Old
1108:voivodes of Vilnius
1100:Alexander Jagiellon
1088:Casimir I Jagiellon
786:in Latin. The term
782:) in Ruthenian and
395:Konstanty Radziwiłł
304:Lithuanian language
251:nobility of todays
247:Lithuanian nobility
65:Lithuanian nobility
3684:Estonia and Latvia
3593:Present monarchies
3585:Nobility of Europe
3487:"Lithuanian names"
3278:] (in Polish).
3134:. Rodopi. p.
2775:, p. 304-306.
2724:, p. 115-116.
2712:, p. 299-300.
2664:, p. 298-302.
2628:, p. 292-293.
2500:, p. 304-307.
2488:, p. 306-307.
2325:www.sejm-wielki.pl
2224:www.antoniego26.pl
1674:Daumantas of Pskov
1660:House of Ostrogski
1655:House of Zasławski
1616:House of Hlebowicz
1544:House of Radziwiłł
1533:House of Piłsudski
1511:House of Kieżgajło
1493:House of Gediminid
1487:House of Giedygołd
1476:House of Borkowski
1124:On April 1, 1557,
1098:1492 privilege by
1003:in 1568; possibly
699:House of Gediminas
457:Grzegorz Błaszczyk
402:
399:House of Radziwiłł
331:Ruthenian language
287:, where the lower
245:Despite the term,
221:Duchy of Samogitia
132:families from the
116:Duchy of Samogitia
61:
50:
42:
39:House of Gediminas
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4495:
4494:
4409:Baltic countries
4201:
4200:
4011:
4010:
3823:
3822:
3646:Former monarchies
3463:978-83-11-11724-2
3427:Kiaupienė, Jūratė
3394:978-5-430-04453-4
3347:978-83-7431-075-8
3236:978-9986-810-13-1
3223:Kiaupa, Zigmantas
3009:978-0-19-925033-2
2965:. BRILL. p.
2274:www.malopolska.pl
2202:978-83-07-01971-0
2144:978-83-203-1963-7
2114:978-83-7431-075-8
2069:978-83-909013-0-5
2039:978-83-907732-4-7
2005:978-83-232-4075-4
1953:978-83-7431-075-8
1914:Germanic monarchy
1665:House of Zbaraski
1555:House of Siesicki
1550:House of Sakowicz
1505:House of Gasztołd
1499:House of Giedroyć
1398:Kovno Governorate
1339:Kovno Governorate
1335:Vilna Governorate
1331:November uprising
1197:Kingdom of Poland
1025:"książąt i panów"
671:Kristinas Astikas
594:King of Lithuania
446:Semigalian people
300:Augustyn Rotundus
182:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
4616:
4555:Marshall Islands
4506:
4381:Central, Eastern
4210:
4020:
3956:
3946:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3543:
3539:
3523:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3444:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3382:Lietuvos didikai
3379:
3373:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3322:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3279:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3240:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3070:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2964:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2814:, p. 86-88.
2809:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2787:, p. 89-92.
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2688:, p. 40-41.
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2524:, p. 64-66.
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2098:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1941:
1925:List of szlachta
1841:Barclay de Tolly
1651:(Višnioveckiai),
1637:House of Sapieha
1631:House of Ogiński
1626:House of Krupski
1572:House of Świrski
1568:(Sudimantaičiai)
1430:Union of Horodło
1386:Lithuania Proper
1384:) was common in
1367:and started the
1361:January Uprising
1351:
1308:Lithuania proper
1246:Mikalojus Daukša
1193:Union of Horodło
1053:Union of Horodło
979:
972:Radziwiłł family
949:Union of Horodło
942:Union of Horodło
939:
933:
797:
729:
683:Union of Horodlo
675:Mykolas Kęsgaila
564:
438:The Mickiewicz's
359:January Uprising
344:The fall of the
159:Western European
155:Union of Horodło
134:Duchy of Livonia
122:noble families (
108:Lithuania Proper
80:bajorija, šlėkta
37:, symbol of the
21:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4588:
4559:
4541:
4523:
4491:
4382:
4376:
4338:
4280:The Netherlands
4247:
4197:
4127:
4101:
4039:
4007:
3991:
3947:
3938:
3871:
3860:
3854:
3824:
3819:
3640:
3587:
3582:
3541:
3533:
3530:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3464:
3447:
3441:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3398:
3378:(in Lithuanian)
3377:
3372:(in Lithuanian)
3371:
3362:(in Lithuanian)
3361:
3358:
3356:Further reading
3348:
3337:
3325:
3309:
3293:
3282:
3269:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2919:
2918:
2905:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2833:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2662:Łowmiański 1932
2660:
2656:
2652:, p. XXII.
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2466:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2192:Dom Radziwiłłów
2188:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2025:
2024:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1900:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1854:
1814:
1756:Danilo Irtishch
1683:
1592:
1587:
1495:(Gediminaičiai)
1447:
1442:
1426:
1388:and the former
1359:In view of the
1304:
1228:languages with
1207:Union of Lublin
1189:
1171:
1140:Union of Lublin
1033:
975:
857:, Jamontowicz,
838:князя слчжбовiе
830:
791:
712:
707:
667:Radvila Astikas
663:Jonas Goštautas
560:
537:
532:
442:Adam Mickiewicz
430:old Lithuanians
351:Catholic Church
296:Union of Lublin
243:
178:Union of Lublin
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:Samoan Islands
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4332:United Kingdom
4329:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4291:United Kingdom
4288:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:post-Columbian
3977:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3631:United Kingdom
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:J. Lyčkoŭski.
3529:
3528:External links
3526:
3525:
3524:
3508:
3482:
3462:
3445:
3439:
3423:
3396:
3375:
3369:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3323:
3307:
3280:
3267:
3241:
3235:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3181:
3166:
3141:
3118:
3111:
3093:
3086:
3078:Carų valdžioje
3062:
3051:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3008:
2982:
2975:
2949:
2931:
2903:
2879:
2867:
2848:
2831:
2816:
2804:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2763:, p. 303.
2750:
2748:, p. 116.
2738:
2736:, p. 155.
2726:
2714:
2702:
2700:, p. 299.
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2640:, p. 296.
2630:
2618:
2616:, p. 292.
2606:
2604:, p. 168.
2594:
2592:, p. 308.
2579:
2577:, p. 306.
2567:
2565:, p. 300.
2555:
2553:, p. 298.
2538:
2536:, p. 297.
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2436:
2412:
2387:
2362:
2336:
2321:"ks. giedrojć"
2312:
2286:
2260:
2235:
2208:
2201:
2178:
2166:Rzeczpospolita
2150:
2143:
2120:
2113:
2088:
2084:Historia Litwy
2075:
2068:
2045:
2038:
2011:
2004:
1975:
1956:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1718:
1713:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1483:(Čartoriskiai)
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1422:
1323:Russian Empire
1303:
1300:
1191:Following the
1188:
1185:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1137:
1130:Wallach reform
1128:initiated the
1122:
1115:
1096:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1049:
1032:
1029:
829:
826:
711:
708:
706:
703:
536:
533:
531:
528:
470:including the
385:Roman Wapiński
372:intelligentsia
364:Vilnius region
289:social classes
242:
239:
201:Golden Liberty
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4621:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4307:Great Britain
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4122:
4121:Indo-European
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:pre-Columbian
3973:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3522:(1–2): 31–79.
3521:
3518:(in Polish).
3517:
3516:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3440:9955-595-08-6
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3245:Frost, Robert
3242:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3112:9986-403-69-3
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3087:9986-403-69-3
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2976:9789004191907
2972:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:. p. 63.
2899:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2846:, p. 34.
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:, p. 31.
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Kowalski 2013
2808:
2805:
2802:, p. XX.
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Kowalski 2013
2781:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:Suchocki 1983
2682:
2679:
2676:, p. 39.
2675:
2674:Suchocki 1983
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2559:
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2512:, p. 64.
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2421:"Wyborcza.pl"
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1645:(Tiškevičiai)
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1394:Russification
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1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:proclamations
1289:
1284:
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986:
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978:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
932:
927:
923:
922:боярe великie
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
868:
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520:
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193:
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187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
171:coats of arms
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:Baltic German
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:class in the
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:
66:
59:
54:
46:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4419:
4414:Ritterschaft
4412:
4383:and Caucasus
4092:
4070:
4063:
3870:still exists
3762:
3736:Early Modern
3636:Vatican City
3519:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3496:
3490:
3453:
3449:
3430:
3415:. Retrieved
3410:
3404:
3385:
3381:
3365:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3311:Wolff, Józef
3288:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3248:
3226:
3216:Bibliography
3199:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3153:
3144:
3129:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3077:
3054:
3045:
3027:
3018:
2993:
2985:
2960:
2952:
2943:
2925:
2921:
2893:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2844:Rachuba 2010
2827:Rachuba 2010
2807:
2780:
2768:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2570:
2558:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2473:
2467:. Retrieved
2455:
2449:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:iKrakow.info
2399:
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:Radio Gdańsk
2349:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2299:
2289:
2278:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2191:
2170:. Retrieved
2165:
2133:
2103:
2083:
2078:
2058:
2028:
1994:
1969:
1959:
1944:
1939:
1820:(Pliateriai)
1798:family (via
1574:(Sviriškiai)
1527:House of Pac
1427:
1414:World War II
1402:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1353:
1343:one steaders
1342:
1316:
1305:
1285:
1277:General sejm
1270:
1267:
1251:
1220:, replacing
1215:
1200:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1160:
1155:general sejm
1064:
1040:In 1387 the
1034:
1009:Wiśniowiecki
969:
964:
960:
956:
953:
946:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
871:
866:
861:, Sudemund,
848:
841:
837:
831:
820:
817:
808:
787:
783:
761:
759:
755:
746:corona regni
745:
739:
737:
731:
721:
715:
713:
690:
687:
639:family names
633:pagan given
624:
601:
578:kunigaikštis
556:
555:(singular -
552:
548:
547:(singular -
544:
538:
522:
518:
516:
513:
475:
468:
464:
454:
437:
433:
429:
403:
368:
356:
343:
335:
326:
318:
316:
293:
270:
267:
261:
257:
250:
246:
244:
235:
229:
199:and enjoyed
194:
175:
145:
142:
123:
69:
68:
64:
62:
4510:Australasia
4286:Switzerland
4182:Philippines
4138:Indonesia*
3803:Switzerland
3611:Netherlands
3542:(in Polish)
3154:www.lbks.lt
2352:(in Polish)
2302:(in Polish)
2276:(in Polish)
2250:(in Polish)
2168:(in Polish)
1832:(Riomeriai)
1784:Mstislavsky
1633:(Oginskiai)
1513:(Kęsgailos)
1507:(Goštautai)
1489:(Gedgaudai)
1406:interbellum
1281:royal court
1279:and in the
1001:Chodkiewicz
985:Reichsfürst
891:Czartoryski
811:itself was
792: [
695:Chodkiewicz
482:Tyszkiewicz
478:Czartoryski
450:Lithuanians
426:agriculture
381:Belarusians
377:Lithuanians
275:, were the
112:Samogitians
104:Lithuanians
4547:Micronesia
4452:Montenegro
4400:Azerbaijan
3918:Madagascar
3773:Montenegro
3503:2007-09-06
3417:2007-09-06
3159:3 November
2864:: 113–139.
2800:Wolff 1895
2773:Frost 2015
2761:Frost 2015
2746:Frost 2015
2722:Frost 2015
2710:Frost 2015
2698:Frost 2015
2650:Wolff 1895
2638:Frost 2015
2626:Frost 2015
2614:Frost 2015
2590:Frost 2015
2575:Frost 2015
2563:Frost 2015
2551:Frost 2015
2534:Frost 2015
2522:Frost 2015
2510:Frost 2015
2498:Frost 2015
2486:Frost 2015
2469:2007-09-22
2430:2024-05-21
2406:2024-05-21
2381:2024-05-21
2356:2024-05-21
2330:2024-05-21
2306:2024-05-21
2280:2024-05-21
2254:2024-05-21
2229:2024-05-21
2172:2024-05-19
1931:References
1806:Skarzynski
1796:Sheremetev
1772:Stravinsky
1752:Dostoevsky
1716:Woroniecki
1702:Trubetskoy
1639:(Sapiegos)
1356:in towns.
1350:однодворцы
1273:Lithuanian
1258:Radziwiłłs
1222:Lithuanian
1031:Privileges
885:families:
875:Olelkovich
859:Holshansky
843:ius ducale
801:Lithuanian
776:Lithuanian
681:under the
631:Lithuanian
608:Lithuanian
603:Grand Duke
598:Lithuanian
574:Lithuanian
506:Woroniecki
205:privileges
163:castellans
76:Lithuanian
4565:Polynesia
4529:Melanesia
4518:Australia
4480:Ruthenian
4420:Lithuania
4132:Southeast
3859:by nation
3763:Lithuania
3472:cite book
3297:cite book
3257:cite book
2876:sarmatism
2464:0024-5089
2248:dzieje.pl
1891:Landsberg
1860:(Dražbos)
1824:Tyzenhaus
1762:Mikhalkov
1727:, son of
1725:Kaributas
1721:Nieswicki
1708:, son of
1697:Khovansky
1546:(Radvila)
1467:(Astikai)
1226:Ruthenian
1218:polonised
1165:in 1795.
1013:Ostrogski
1005:Kęsgailos
997:Goštautai
977:‹See Tfd›
899:Zasławski
895:Ostrogski
887:Sanguszko
883:Volhynian
821:shliakhta
805:ziemionys
762:shliakhta
722:boiarstvo
714:The term
685:in 1413.
655:Kęsgailos
643:Goštautai
637:as their
620:Gediminas
562:‹See Tfd›
541:Mindaugas
512:families.
498:Piłsudski
486:Sanguszko
472:Radziwiłł
467:language,
410:Święciany
253:Lithuania
232:Polonized
209:dynasties
176:With the
120:Ruthenian
4603:Category
4476:Ukraine
4366:Portugal
4350:Holy See
4311:Ireland
4302:Scotland
4187:Thailand
4176:Cambodia
4164:Malaysia
4152:Javanese
4142:Balinese
4088:Nobility
4056:Mongolia
3952:Americas
3901:Ethiopia
3895:Eswatini
3868:monarchy
3857:Nobility
3783:Portugal
3731:Medieval
3492:Lituanus
3429:(2003).
3406:Lituanus
3313:(1895).
3247:(2015).
2922:Lituanus
2451:Lituanus
1920:Szlachta
1898:See also
1870:Moriconi
1779:Bulgakov
1767:Stolypin
1735:Volynsky
1729:Algirdas
1710:Algirdas
1687:Golitsyn
1561:Siručiai
1538:Purickas
1424:Heraldry
1354:citizens
1263:szlachta
1202:szlachta
1117:In 1506
1086:In 1447
1066:veldamai
1017:Zbaraski
855:Giedrojć
851:Borowski
809:Szlachta
789:zemianin
771:szlachta
741:szlachta
659:magnates
647:Radvilos
494:Giedroyć
308:peasants
283:and the
225:magnates
217:szlachta
190:magnates
167:voivodes
151:szlachta
70:szlachta
4584:Hawai‘i
4501:Oceania
4485:Galicia
4462:Romania
4447:Hungary
4442:Germany
4437:Georgia
4432:Bohemia
4427:Croatia
4405:Austria
4395:Armenia
4390:Albania
4320:Ireland
4297:England
4268:Kingdom
4264:France
4259:Belgium
4231:Iceland
4226:Finland
4220:Denmark
4193:Vietnam
4147:Chinese
4116:Princes
4094:Yangban
4060:Japan*
4030:Lebanon
3971:Mexico
3933:Morocco
3923:Somalia
3906:Nigeria
3888:Mamluks
3813:Galicia
3808:Ukraine
3788:Romania
3753:Ireland
3748:Iceland
3719:Ancient
3715:Greece
3711:Germany
3706:Georgia
3689:Finland
3679:Croatia
3669:Bohemia
3659:Armenia
3654:Albania
3606:Denmark
3601:Belgium
2375:Plejada
1747:Tolstoy
1692:Kurakin
1529:(Pacas)
1471:Balnyte
1346:Russian
1290:in the
1254:magnate
1176:hearths
1134:serfdom
1093:serfdom
1069:became
1046:Jogaila
970:Potent
965:sejmiks
947:In the
937:didikai
914:dominus
910:barones
867:kunigas
863:Świrski
784:nobiles
727:bajorai
651:Astikai
557:kunigas
553:kunigai
549:bajoras
545:bajorai
530:History
490:Sapieha
422:Suwałki
414:Vilnius
404:In the
4472:Serbia
4467:Russia
4457:Poland
4325:Norman
4315:Gaelic
4273:Empire
4242:Sweden
4236:Norway
4206:Europe
4170:Brunei
4112:India
4084:Korea
4072:Daimyō
4035:Turkey
4003:Brazil
3966:Canada
3911:Rulers
3876:Africa
3798:Serbia
3793:Russia
3778:Poland
3724:Attica
3699:Empire
3694:France
3674:Bosnia
3626:Sweden
3616:Norway
3460:
3437:
3392:
3344:
3336:]
3233:
3109:
3084:
3006:
2973:
2462:
2199:
2141:
2111:
2066:
2036:
2002:
1972:: 144.
1951:
1858:Dražba
1846:Lieven
1836:Pahlen
1818:Plater
1789:Belsky
1739:Bobrok
1230:Polish
1112:Trakai
1021:Polish
993:książę
989:Polish
981:German
918:domini
879:Belsky
780:šlėkta
766:Polish
764:(from
732:putnie
614:), or
566:German
502:Puzyna
436:" or "
418:Trakai
312:Polish
279:, the
277:church
146:boyars
125:boyars
84:Polish
4578:Tonga
4371:Spain
4361:Malta
4356:Italy
4343:South
4213:North
4157:Malay
4106:South
4078:Meiji
4051:China
3996:South
3959:North
3883:Egypt
3768:Malta
3758:Italy
3621:Spain
3452:[
3338:(PDF)
3332:[
3287:[
3274:[
2458:(3).
1880:Carpi
1830:Römer
1754:(via
1737:(via
1723:(via
1704:(via
1672:(via
1611:Gulka
1238:Latin
1071:serfs
961:сoймь
957:сеймь
931:ponai
916:(pl.
908:(pl.
834:knyaz
796:]
717:boyar
635:names
627:stems
586:Latin
570:kunig
510:Romer
339:Poles
323:Latin
281:manor
114:from
106:from
92:elite
4537:Fiji
4252:West
4065:Kuge
4044:East
4023:West
4016:Asia
3987:Cuba
3478:link
3458:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3342:ISBN
3303:link
3263:link
3231:ISBN
3161:2017
3107:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2862:XVII
2460:ISSN
2197:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1224:and
1149:The
1061:Sejm
906:baro
897:and
673:and
616:king
582:duke
524:side
508:and
432:", "
420:and
379:and
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