65:
165:
distinction is subtle between
English sounds or between a sound of English and of a speaker's native language. While there is no evidence to suggest that a simple absence of a sound or sequence in one language's phonological inventory makes it difficult to learn, several theoretical models have presumed that non-native speech perceptions reflect both the abstract phonological properties and phonetic details of the native language.
197:
2744:
2231:
1596:
1479:
1277:
1145:
1693:
In
Hungarian phonology, in obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, so voiced consonants change to their voiceless counterparts if a voiceless consonant follows them and voiceless consonants change to their voiced counterparts if a voiced consonant follows them. While in English,
164:
Phonological differences between a speaker's native language and
English often lead to neutralization of distinctions in their English. Moreover, differences in sound inventory or distribution can result in difficult English sounds being substituted or dropped entirely. This is more common when the
4015:, speakers might try to apply the Vietnamese tonal system or use a mid tone with English words. However, they produce a high tone when the closed syllable is followed by /p, t, k/. They may also associate tones with the intonational pattern of a sentence and become confused by inflectional changes.
2794:
Native
Russian speakers tend to produce an audible release for final consonants and in consonant clusters and are likely to transfer this to English speech, creating inappropriate releases of final bursts that sound overly careful and stilted and even causing native listeners to perceive extra
1575:
In Hebrew, word stress is usually on the last (ultimate) or penultimate syllable of a word; speakers may carry their stress system into
English, which has a much more varied stress system. Hebrew speakers may also use Hebrew intonation patterns which mark them as foreign speakers of
3211:
141:
The extent to which native speakers can identify a non-native accent is linked to the age at which individuals begin to immerse themselves in a language. Scholars disagree on the precise nature of this link, which might be influenced by a combination of factors, including:
2691:
than
Portuguese, Spanish and French might be. Often, two identical or very similar consonants follow each other within a row, each in a different word, and both should be pronounced. Brazilians might either perform epenthesis or delete one of them. As such,
168:
Non-native speech patterns can be passed on to the children of learners, who will then exhibit some of the same characteristics despite being native speakers themselves. For example, this process has resulted in many of the distinctive qualities of
2717:, consonants tend to not elide corresponding to or assimilate to the next word's phoneme, even in connected speech. This means, for example, occasional epenthesis even if the following word starts in a vowel, as in their native language (
3209:
2679:
are easily confused with each other. Spelling pronunciations are also possible, in which all words that historically contain schwas in their orthography are pronounced as /z/, even when the usual pronunciation would be
5162:
Sukmawijaya, Jeri, Sutiono Mahdi, and Susi
Yuliawati (2020). "AN ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF VOICELESS ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE/t/IN SUNDANESE, INDONESIAN, AND ENGLISH BY SUNDANESE SPEAKERS." Metahumaniora 10.1: 1-13.
5511:
LaCharité, Darlene; Prévost, Philippe (1999), "The Role of L1 and of
Teaching in the Acquisition of English Sounds by Francophones", in Greenhill, Annabel; Tano, Cheryl; Littlefield, Heather (eds.),
5369:
Goldstein, Brian; Fabiano, Leah; Washington, Patricia Swasey (2005), "Phonological Skills in
Predominantly English-Speaking, Predominantly Spanish-Speaking, and Spanish–English Bilingual Children",
2542:, are homophonous) originating from their deletion. Vowels are also often strongly nasalized when stressed and succeeded by a nasal consonant, even if said consonant starts a full syllable after it.
2221:
73:
3502:
The three nasal phonemes of
Spanish neutralize in coda-position; speakers may invariably pronounce nasal consonants as homorganic to a following consonant; if word-final (as in
3210:
64:
6758:
6954:
4916:
5442:
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999), "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants",
4408:
Sewell, Andrew (2017). "Pronunciation Assessment in Asia's World City: Implications of a Lingua Franca Approach in Hong Kong". In Isaacs T.; Trofimovich P. (eds.).
4957:
161:
and often overlap constriction times. Speaking English with a timing pattern that is dramatically different may lead to speech that is difficult to understand.
4025:
3208:
2846:
instead. However, at least one study challenges this, with Russian-accented English speakers in the study aspirating the voiceless consonants just as much as
3475:, pronouncing both as a plosive unless they occur in intervocalic position, in which case they are pronounced as a fricative. A similar process occurs with
733:
Final devoicing of voiced consonants (e.g. "bet" and "bed" are both pronounced ), since non-sonorant consonants are always voiceless at the end of words in
6853:
5826:
3613:
Speakers may not produce final consonants since there are fewer final consonants in Vietnamese and those that do exist differ in their phonetic quality:
1088:/iː/ is pronounced closer, tenser, and sometimes shorter than usual. Some advanced speakers might over-compensate for the length with a diphthong like .
4043:
2281:
408:
3798:
Speakers often have difficulty with and confuse the following phonemes, which in some cases may depend on where in Vietnam they are originally from:
5637:
Paradis, Carole; LaCharité, Darlene (2012), "The Influence of Attitude on the Treatment of Interdentals in Loanwords: Ill-performed Importations",
123:
5795:
5300:
Al Saqqaf, Abdullah; Vaddapalli, Maruthi (2012), "Teaching English vowels to Arab students: A search for a model and pedagogical implications",
4030:
3186:
2413:, may be easier to perceive as it closely resembles the Portuguese diphthong . Speakers may also have trouble distinguishing between schwa and
828:
Tendency to isolate all words in speech, because the liaison is unusual in Czech. For instance, "see it" tends to be pronounced , rather than .
6903:
6688:
5677:
5590:
5551:
5502:
5471:
5340:
5118:
4230:
4109:
3953:
2946:
1745:
707:
283:
4930:
2308:
Tendency to insert a vowel, typically /o/ or /ɯ/, after consonants other than moraic nasal /ɴ/, as Japanese lacks syllable-final consonants.
737:. Some speakers may pronounce consonant-final English words with a strong vocalic offset, especially in isolated words (e.g. "dog" can be ).
5996:
5881:
5761:
Finnish and English Vowels: A comparison with special reference to the learning problems met by native speakers of Finnish learning English
3178:
3338:
2778:
1661:
1559:
1187:
894:
to be pronounced as the latter. Similarly, Dutch voicing assimilation patterns may be applied to English utterances so that, for example,
6959:
6404:
3703:
3389:
3276:
Since Spanish does not make voicing contrasts between its fricatives (and its one affricate), speakers may neutralize contrasts between
3170:
3094:
2289:
1314:
6509:
5054:
3971:
2978:
1859:
5722:
5533:
4892:
4417:
6308:
3692:
3678:
3440:
phoneme exists only in (most dialects of) Spain; where this sound appears in English, speakers of other Spanish dialects replace
3312:
3304:
3105:
3086:
2526:, giving preference to a multitude of nasal vowels (often forming random diphthongs with , or also randomly losing them, so that
2334:
Brazilian speakers of English as a second language are likely to exhibit several non-standard pronunciation features, including:
6556:
6352:
5149:
3993:
3626:
3424:
2954:
2895:
2019:
1813:
1779:
334:
56:
38:
2145:
Italian speakers may pronounce consonant-final English words with a strong vocalic offset, especially in isolated words, e.g.
950:
equivalents in Dutch: ; beginners may pronounce them as alveolar (and voiceless) or in syllable-final positions, leading to
6873:
6313:
5819:
5692:
2962:
1795:
1787:
1028:
299:
5687:
4741:
2822:
may not be aspirated by Russian speakers (following the pattern in Russian), which may sound to native English speakers as
2751:
2238:
1603:
1486:
1284:
1152:
1040:
The alveolar consonants /t, d, n, s, z, l/ are articulated with the blade of the tongue, rather than the tip as in English.
6974:
6913:
6606:
6568:
3885:
3867:
3295:
3121:
3113:
3060:
1821:
560:
6979:
6969:
6908:
6561:
6381:
6198:
6019:
5089:
3939:
3907:
3671:
3633:
3494:
3478:
3357:
3279:
3159:
3147:
2919:
2887:
2786:
2179:
1937:
1669:
1567:
377:
4954:
831:
The melody of the Czech language is not so strong as in English. Czech speakers may sound monotonous to an English ear.
6284:
6274:
5872:
5839:
5835:
3961:
3215:
An excerpt of J.D. Salinger's ''The Catcher in the Rye'' as read in English by a person whose mother tongue is Spanish
3016:
2938:
2354:
2171:
2155:
1921:
1761:
1753:
1206:
1179:
400:
115:
into their English speech. They may also create innovative pronunciations not found in the speaker's native language.
5314:
1510:
The lack of discrimination in Hebrew between tense and lax vowels makes correctly pronouncing English words such as
6964:
6868:
6583:
6441:
5852:
4690:
4038:
3839:
3803:
3726:
3660:
3641:
3447:
3349:
3324:
3140:
3129:
3075:
2903:
2871:
2853:
2809:
2801:
2098:
2090:
2051:
2003:
1910:
1837:
1630:
1544:
1355:
326:
245:
135:
2706:
is pronounced . These semivowels may also be epenthetically inserted between vowels of very dissimilar qualities.
2702:
In Portuguese, the semivowels and may be vocalized to their corresponding vowels ( and , respectively). so that
6848:
6374:
6332:
6303:
6235:
6203:
5812:
5016:
5002:
4988:
4974:
4001:
3893:
3875:
3685:
3287:
3024:
2986:
2911:
2862:
1985:
1902:
1829:
1334:
947:
342:
291:
249:
237:
207: with: More words examples for people who doesn't know IPA would make the text much clearer. You can help by
4646:
6573:
6527:
6426:
6399:
6364:
6259:
6130:
5349:
Hwa-Froelich, Deborah; Hodson, Barbara W; Edwards, Harold T (2003), "Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology",
4793:"Bit and beat are heard as the same: Mapping the vowel perceptual patterns of Greek-English bilingual children"
3979:
2970:
2847:
2370:
2011:
1875:
1867:
181:
154:, formal instruction, language learning aptitude, and the usage of their first (L1) and second (L2) languages.
138:. They may also create innovative pronunciations for English sounds not found in the speaker's first language.
134:
of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in
100:
3346:
For the most part (especially in colloquial speech), Spanish allows only five (or six) word-final consonants:
1112:
British English /ɜː/ is replaced by the sequence in Dutch /ør/, with significant lip-rounding and r-insertion.
6785:
6618:
6436:
6411:
5669:
5435:
Non-native speech. A corpus-based analysis of phonological and phonetic properties of L2 English and German.
3821:
3770:
3734:
3652:
3619:
3486:
3470:
3462:
3381:
3068:
2927:
2879:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2305:
Tendency to realize syllables containing unstressed central vowel /ə/ with a vowel based on the written form
2082:
2059:
2030:
1945:
1894:
1638:
1532:
1469:
1343:
241:
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6148:
6026:
5608:
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3913:
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3809:
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3756:
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3453:
3441:
3437:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3332:
3318:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3234:
2999:
2992:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2523:
2492:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2299:
2295:
2267:
2263:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1956:
1931:
1927:
1734:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1400:
1368:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1034:
1022:
1008:
998:
994:
975:
969:
965:
961:
957:
943:
932:
928:
917:
906:
876:
872:
868:
856:
822:
818:
808:
802:
795:
788:
781:
767:
763:
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752:
741:
689:
571:
564:
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529:
526:
519:
516:
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479:
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456:
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316:
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277:
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266:
259:
52:
48:
34:
4360:
Sewell, Andrew (2009). "World Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, and the case of Hong Kong English".
6898:
6818:
6683:
6578:
6291:
6225:
5979:
5969:
5964:
3711:
3509:
3397:
3373:
3365:
3043:
3005:
2163:
2038:
1728:
1646:
814:
Schwa does not exist in Czech. Speakers tend to pronounce it as (e.g. "a table" ) or (e.g. "China" ).
416:
147:
6891:
5090:
Preceding phonological context effects on palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese/English interphonology
2188:
In addition, Italians learning English have a tendency to pronounce words as they are spelled, so that
5804:
5732:
Thompson, Irene (1991), "Foreign Accents Revisited: The English Pronunciation of Russian Immigrants",
5663:
4792:
2983:; similarly, speakers' pronunciation of long vowels may sound more like their close counterpart (e.g.
1176:
Because of the phonetic differences between English and French rhotics, speakers may perceive English
6320:
6213:
6153:
6031:
6004:
5921:
5792:
5783:
3999:
3991:
3977:
3969:
3959:
3951:
3937:
3905:
3891:
3883:
3873:
3865:
3853:
3851:
3837:
3819:
3801:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3732:
3724:
3709:
3701:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3658:
3650:
3639:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3585:
3515:
3507:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3445:
3422:
3417:
must immediately precede or follow a vowel; often a word beginning with + consonant will acquire an
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3336:
3322:
3310:
3302:
3285:
3277:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3157:
3145:
3138:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3092:
3084:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3041:
3033:
3022:
3014:
3003:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2784:
2776:
2368:
2352:
2329:
2287:
2279:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2111:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2057:
2049:
2036:
2028:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1983:
1943:
1935:
1919:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1726:
1718:
1667:
1659:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1565:
1557:
1542:
1530:
1353:
1341:
1312:
1204:
1185:
1177:
1026:
414:
406:
398:
383:
375:
340:
332:
324:
297:
289:
281:
5613:
744:
is alveolar trill. There is a tendency to pronounce the trill in English and in all positions where
6918:
6748:
6740:
6638:
6601:
6487:
6472:
6347:
6337:
6264:
6103:
3594:
3394:; speakers may omit word-final consonants other than these, or alter them (for example, by turning
2312:
2104:
1586:
921:
6808:
6775:
6710:
6693:
6548:
6369:
5916:
5906:
5626:
5405:
Goto, Hiromu (1971), "Auditory perception by normal Japanese adults of the sounds "l" and "r""",
5394:
4910:
4820:
4423:
4377:
3517:
3035:
2213:
1720:
1655:
883:
550:
178:
2118:
does not exist in Italian; speakers tend to give the written vowel its full pronunciation, e.g.
6813:
6798:
6770:
6730:
6522:
6504:
6459:
6208:
5984:
5948:
5718:
5673:
5586:
5547:
5529:
5498:
5467:
5422:
5386:
5336:
4898:
4888:
4812:
4413:
4412:. Vol. 107. Bristol: Multilingual Matters / Channel View Publications. pp. 237–255.
4394:
Deterding, D., Wong J., & Kirkpatrick, A. (2008). The pronunciation of Hong Kong English.
4053:
3744:
Speakers also have difficulty with English consonant clusters, with segments being omitted or
3528:
Narrower pitch range, with emphasis marked with extra length instead of extra pitch variation.
3224:
2734:
2271:
2113:
1991:
1713:
Studies on Italian speakers' pronunciation of English revealed the following characteristics:
1708:
979:
683:
628:
Narrower pitch range, with emphasis marked with extra length instead of extra pitch variation.
604:
431:
158:
151:
127:
5175:
5058:
6933:
6886:
6838:
6765:
6673:
6663:
6658:
6648:
6494:
6467:
6325:
6245:
6190:
6088:
6070:
6057:
5894:
5889:
5741:
5646:
5618:
5570:
5451:
5414:
5378:
5358:
4804:
4369:
4048:
3606:
3050:
2684:
2275:
1382:
The German /r/ is realised differently from the English /r/. Whereas in the former case the
1267:
1135:
1122:
554:
233:
174:
5481:
2447:
is often , what makes it even more due to confusion in production and perception), so that
6803:
6705:
6643:
6613:
6596:
6421:
6296:
6117:
6093:
6065:
6036:
6009:
5974:
5861:
5799:
5787:
5561:
Munro, Miles; Mann, Virginia (2005), "Age of immersion as a predictor of foreign accent",
4961:
1679:
1364:
ink"), and both are often realised as either /s/ or /f/ (think/sink, thought/fought, etc.)
1327:
841:
805:(e.g. "keep" sounds instead of ), since these stop consonants are not aspirated in Czech.
724:
143:
96:
17:
4427:
1337:, which is often carried over to English (creating homophones in cub/cup, had/hat, etc.)
751:
Final -er (-or) pronounced as syllabic alveolar trill (e.g. "water" sounds ). Stressed
6878:
6793:
6753:
6653:
6477:
6230:
6135:
6125:
6041:
5843:
5745:
4719:
4012:
2488:
734:
112:
5382:
5362:
2394:, and English orthography rarely makes a clear demarcation between the phonemes, thus
196:
6948:
6928:
6843:
6499:
6416:
6357:
6269:
6220:
6098:
6080:
5522:"The influence of Spanish phonology on the English spoken by United States Hispanics"
5418:
4824:
1320:
394:
170:
108:
5630:
5398:
4381:
4193:
2935:
Difficulty with English vowels. Russian speakers may have difficulty distinguishing
6431:
6279:
6158:
5513:
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development
2316:
1309:
1016:
5078:
4808:
5712:
5697:
5521:
5194:
4749:
1222:(since these sounds do not exist in French). In France they may be pronounced as
1011:
could pose difficulties for certain regional dialects which lack /h/, such as in
811:
is often realised as , so that "had" sounds like "head" , homophonous with "hat".
729:
These are the most common characteristics of the Czech pronunciation of English:
5659:
2065:
92:
5714:
Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1
6342:
5622:
5599:
Paradis, Carole; LaCharité, Darlene (2001), "Guttural deletion in loanwords",
5574:
4902:
4373:
4058:
3745:
3418:
3195:
2484:
987:
575:
157:
English is unusual in that speakers rarely produce an audible release between
4816:
1326:
German has a smaller pitch range, less consonant cluster reduction, and less
5899:
5515:, vol. 2, Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Press, pp. 373–385
3220:
3153:
2439:(even if the target pronunciation is England's prestige accent), and use of
1404:
1118:/əʊ/ is replaced by . More advanced speakers might use the Dutch diphthong .
1012:
131:
104:
5651:
5455:
5390:
4691:"10 English Pronunciation Errors by German Speakers - Pronunciation Studio"
3292:; likewise, fricatives may assimilate the voicing of a following consonant.
5426:
5926:
5665:
Language Change in Child and Adult Hebrew: A Psycholinguistic Perspective
5482:"/r/ production in English and Arabic bilingual and monolingual speakers"
909:, either not pronouncing it or applying it in the wrong contexts so that
44:
4410:
Second Language Pronunciation Assessment: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
3602:
846:
These are some of the most notable features a Dutch speaker might have:
74:
well-attested difficulty of Japanese speakers in distinguishing English
6863:
6858:
6668:
6014:
5941:
5936:
2217:
1094:
is replaced by . Spelling might cause confusion with /ɒ/ in words like
4882:
1085:
are both pronounced with . Some advanced speakers may employ a glide .
5931:
5911:
5176:"О характерных ошибках в произношении при изучении английского языка"
2688:
1383:
983:
5526:
American Spanish pronunciation: Theoretical and applied perspectives
4209:
4207:
2713:(here represented with a loss of contrast at the end of a word) and
5528:, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 215–236,
1444:
in Greek is , and speakers may substitute this sound in words like
1211:
and many delete it, as most French dialects do not have this sound.
867:) or (especially between vowels). Similarly, the dental fricative
855:
Speakers have difficulty with dental fricatives, often pronouncing
3598:
3206:
2184:, even when the dialect of English they are learning is nonrhotic.
1387:
990:
63:
1982:. The main reason is that the letter "s" is always pronounced as
1125:
consonants, giving the impression of a following lenis consonant.
126:
may pronounce words differently due to not having fully mastered
871:
is replaced by or , though Belgian speakers may pronounce both
68:
This gift shop in Japan spells the English word "decoration" as
5808:
2617:
Loss of unstressed, syllable-final to palatalization, so that
2738:
2225:
2200:
is . This is also true for loanwords borrowed from English as
1590:
1473:
1271:
1139:
710:, and some variation in the placement of stress. For example,
191:
5079:
Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese/English interphonology
4587:
4585:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4527:
4525:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
821:
as or (e.g. "singing" ), because Czech is an allophone of
5546:(in Czech). Praha: Big Ben Bookshop Prague. pp. 71–75.
2564:
due to palatalization of the earlier, before vowels such as
2451:, even in RP, might sound like an American pronunciation of
1410:
Greek speakers tend to struggle with the difference between
986:
doesn't normally appear in English. Beginners may insert an
2545:
Fluctuation of the levels of aspiration of voiceless stops
1437:
Greek speakers may pronounce the English rhotic as a flap .
1405:
Ethnolect § Greek Australian English (Greek ethnolect)
5780:
5055:"Pronunciation problems for Brazilian students of English"
4142:
3783:. For example, when Vietnamese people pronounced the word
2884:) in Russian, speakers may pronounce them respectively as
5284:
5272:
5257:
5242:
4343:
4341:
3065:
may be realised as a sequence of a stop and a fricative:
2278:
phoneme /r/, whose possible realizations include central
5774:
5268:
5266:
5253:
5251:
3514:, deletion with nasalization of the preceding vowel, or
4641:
4639:
3787:, native English-speakers think that they say the word
3767:, native English-speakers think that they pronounce as
3021:
may be pronounced like its closest Russian equivalent,
2755:
2242:
1607:
1490:
1288:
1214:
French speakers have difficulty with dental fricatives
1156:
208:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
3118:
may be realised as their closest Russian equivalents,
2636:
are easily confused with their fricative counterparts
2480:. These may be instead fronted , stopped or hissed .
2222:
Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
1678:
when speaking in English. A less frequent practice is
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
3091:
may be pronounced as its closest Russian equivalent,
2424:
might also be pronounced as the Portuguese diphthong
1230:, while in Quebec, Canada, the usual substitution is
5189:
5187:
5185:
4955:
Analysis of Italian children's English pronunciation
4138:
4136:
4134:
905:
Speakers have difficulty with the glottalization of
254:
General features among most or all Arabic speakers:
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6831:
6784:
6739:
6719:
6631:
6547:
6540:
6458:
6390:
6244:
6189:
6178:
6171:
6116:
6079:
6056:
5995:
5957:
5880:
5871:
5860:
5851:
5315:"10 English Pronunciation Errors by Greek Speakers"
4213:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
4229:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHagoKhan2015 (
3301:Cuban and Central American speakers tend to merge
2667:Absence of contrast of voice for coda fricatives.
2455:. Some might even go as far as having instead of
2204:(water closet), which is pronounced instead of .
1690:in instances where the latter is actually correct.
570:Difficulties with word-initial clusters involving
5486:Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics
5464:Principles and Methods for Historical Linguistics
5371:Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
2583:The insertion of to break up consonant clusters.
2311:Tendency to reanalyze English words according to
5777:(most recordings also have an IPA transcription)
5017:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors"
5003:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors"
4989:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors"
4975:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors"
4659:
4631:
4627:
2865:, which may also be used by speakers in English.
130:. This can happen either because they apply the
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5302:International Journal of English and Literature
5195:"Как исправить или улучшить свое произношение?"
5170:
5168:
5117:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFZsiga2003 (
5041:
4647:"French Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors"
4615:
4167:
4108:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFZsiga2003 (
2696:is produced either or , instead of the native
5524:, in Bjarkman, Peter; Hammond, Robert (eds.),
5230:
4125:
2378:Especially in a British context, confusion of
1268:German phonology § Loanwords from English
1192:-like and have trouble distinguishing between
5820:
5351:American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4026:Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages
3298:, with /r/ pronounced as a trill or a flap .
2270:both in perception and production, since the
2168:; a trill rather than the native approximant
1891:Speakers tend to have little difficulty with
1241:Speakers tend not to make a contrast between
8:
5688:"The differences between English and Hebrew"
4915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4868:
4713:
4711:
4121:
4119:
4075:
4073:
1694:it's the other way around. e.g. pronouncing
886:, especially in stressed syllables, causing
4603:
4591:
4576:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4516:
4504:
4485:
4473:
4452:
3343:often have a fluctuating degree of closure.
3194:Consonants written twice in English may be
2491:. These often sound to English speakers as
2483:Speakers may pronounce word-initial r as a
2405:. The North American equivalent of British
27:Overview of English-learners' pronunciation
6854:Comparison of American and British English
6723:
6544:
6252:
6186:
6175:
5877:
5868:
5857:
5827:
5813:
5805:
5462:Jeffers, Robert J.; Lehiste, Ilse (1979),
5150:"LanguageLink TEFL clinic - Pronunciation"
4846:
2783:in Russian; speakers typically substitute
1725:as ("singer" rhymes with "finger") or as
1033:, which English listeners may perceive as
5781:International Dialects of English Archive
5763:, Turku: Annales Universitatis Turkuensis
5650:
5612:
5331:Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M. (2003),
5218:
4179:
4154:
4143:Goldstein, Fabiano & Washington (2005
4091:
4079:
4044:International Dialects of English Archive
3716:, but some Vietnamese pronounce the word
2858:even more than General American speakers.
1997:Italian does not have dental fricatives:
5285:Hwa-Froelich, Hodson & Edwards (2003
5273:Hwa-Froelich, Hodson & Edwards (2003
5258:Hwa-Froelich, Hodson & Edwards (2003
5243:Hwa-Froelich, Hodson & Edwards (2003
5101:
4742:"Language differences: English - German"
4225:
3083:The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
882:The voiced stops and fricatives undergo
791:as or , since does not exist in Czech.
784:as or , since does not exist in Czech.
755:tends to be realized as (e.g. "bird" ).
6955:English as a second or foreign language
5544:Výslovnost angličtiny na pozadí češtiny
4857:
4243:
4069:
3183:, sounding closer to English velarised
3040:in Russian, speakers typically produce
2556:Loss of contrast between coronal stops
708:vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
5793:Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers
4908:
4778:
2868:Since there are no dental fricatives (
307:Difficulty distinguishing low sounds,
5493:Kovács, János; Siptár, Péter (2006),
5112:
4440:
4103:
3057:The voiced palato-alveolar affricate
3049:
1666:, many Hungarian speakers substitute
1203:French speakers have difficulty with
924:in stressed syllable-initial context.
7:
6924:Non-native pronunciations of English
5029:
4791:Georgiou, Georgios P. (2019-03-01).
4347:
4332:
4313:
4294:
2420:In a British context, the diphthong
2319:, leading to unnatural stress/timing
1899:, though some might pronounce it as
1733:because Italian is an allophone of
1184:, allophonically labialized to , as
1121:/aɪ/ tends to be overly long before
1109:British English /ɒ/ is replaced by .
89:Non-native pronunciations of English
47:. For the distinction between ,
5585:, Budapest: Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó,
5583:Background to English Pronunciation
4671:
3593:: There are three main dialects of
2398:(ideally ) might be homophone with
801:Tendency not to aspirate the stops
390:depending on the speaker's dialect.
347:depending on the speaker's dialect.
177:which were heavily influenced by a
97:non-native speakers of any language
5746:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1991.tb00683.x
5333:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
5313:Cheung, Karen (2 September 2015),
4720:"German pronunciations of English"
3848:(especially in southern dialects).
3751:Speakers may not aspirate initial
2472:Difficulty with dental fricatives
2443:within the IPA space (Portuguese
1066:are both pronounced as the latter.
773:Tendency to pronounce the initial
567:pronounced as a trill or a flap .
25:
4214:Al Saqqaf & Vaddapalli (2012)
3605:, and a southern one centered on
3552:Problems with contrastive stress.
3002:is typically realised as a trill
2683:English is less prone to perfect
2586:Palatalization due to epenthetic
2294:. Speakers may also hear English
1966:Tendency to realise word-initial
1390:, in the latter case it does not.
1379:in German) when speaking English.
652:Problems with contrastive stress.
4718:Hickey, Raymond (October 2014).
2742:
2229:
1594:
1477:
1367:German speakers tend to realise
1275:
1143:
195:
5335:(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill,
4887:. Georgetown University Press.
4881:Michael., Vago, Robert (1980).
4198:Experience an Emerald Adventure
2495:, leading to confusion between
1974:. This voicing also applies to
1740:Difficulty with English vowels
946:tend to be pronounced as their
714:may be pronounced instead of .
437:Devoicing of final consonants:
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
6874:English-based creole languages
5717:. Cambridge University Press.
5693:Frankfurt International School
5639:Catalan Journal of Linguistics
5520:MacDonald, Marguerite (1989),
5488:, vol. 9, pp. 91–129
5042:Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999
4884:The sound pattern of Hungarian
4632:LaCharité & Prévost (1999)
4616:Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999
4168:Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999
3731:is likely to be confused with
3708:is likely to be confused with
3657:is likely to be confused with
3638:is likely to be confused with
3531:Problems with variable stress.
3525:Devoicing of final consonants.
3506:) common realizations include
1553:ink") are often mispronounced.
1375:in English) as (also written
631:Problems with variable stress.
474:(even though Catalan has both
393:Speakers tend to speak with a
1:
6914:List of English-based pidgins
4809:10.1016/j.langsci.2018.12.001
4628:Paradis & LaCharité (2001
3597:, a northern one centered on
2798:Word-initial voiceless stops
2560:and post-alveolar affricates
1990:before a voiced consonant in
1440:The closest sound to English
280:, pronouncing both vowels as
6909:Linguistic purism in English
5419:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90027-3
4727:University of Duisburg-Essen
4660:Paradis & LaCharité 2012
3601:, a central one centered on
3102:The postalveolar fricatives
3010:, the native Russian rhotic.
2390:is equivalent to RP English
2064:are typically pronounced as
1934:are variable, pronounced as
1556:Hebrew speakers may confuse
777:cluster as (e.g. "write" ).
603:Simplification of some word
6010:London & Thames Estuary
5497:, Budapest: Corvina Kiadó,
5383:10.1044/0161-1461(2005/021)
5363:10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031)
5231:Jeffers & Lehiste (1979
4126:Jeffers & Lehiste (1979
3175:may be realised as Russian
2467:Pronunciation of consonants
2298:as similar to the Japanese
1323:as most native speakers do.
942:The postalveolar sibilants
879:as in word-final position.
850:Pronunciation of consonants
532:, usually realized as or .
124:Non-native English speakers
6996:
6960:Macaronic forms of English
6869:English as a lingua franca
5484:, in Nelson, Diane (ed.),
4039:Non-native speech database
3583:
3499:does not exist in Spanish.
3218:
2732:
2431:Persistent preference for
2327:
2211:
1706:
1584:
1467:
1398:
1265:
1133:
839:
722:
681:
549:are only distinguished in
429:
246:Levantine Arabic phonology
231:
136:first language acquisition
18:Non-native English speaker
6849:Broad and general accents
6759:regional and occupational
6726:
6592:
6518:
6255:
6144:
5686:Shoebottom, Paul (2007),
5623:10.1017/S0952675701004079
5575:10.1017/S0142716405050198
5563:Applied Psycholinguistics
4869:Kovács & Siptár (2006
4374:10.1017/S0266078409000066
4031:Pronunciation of English
3573:is more heavily stressed)
3433:pronounced rather than .
2863:final-obstruent devoicing
2632:Post-alveolar affricates
2262:Speakers tend to confuse
1069:Speakers confuse between
1050:Speakers confuse between
982:, even in contexts where
859:as (failing to contrast
758:Tendency to realize both
671:is more heavily stressed)
374:, both being realized as
250:Tunisian Arabic phonology
238:Egyptian Arabic phonology
4428:10.21832/j.ctt1xp3wcc.17
3697:is likely to be omitted.
3230:Vowel length confusions.
2848:General American English
2549:, that might sound like
1643:may be realised as and
1428:can be replaced by or .
1340:German features neither
798:as voiced (e.g. "how" ).
770:does not exist in Czech.
542:, usually realized as (
489:Vowel length confusions.
323:may both be realized as
5670:Oxford University Press
5480:Khattab, Ghada (2002),
5437:, Frankfurt: Peter Lang
4695:pronunciationstudio.com
4604:Collins & Mees 2003
4592:Collins & Mees 2003
4577:Collins & Mees 2003
4556:Collins & Mees 2003
4544:Collins & Mees 2003
4532:Collins & Mees 2003
4517:Collins & Mees 2003
4505:Collins & Mees 2003
4486:Collins & Mees 2003
4474:Collins & Mees 2003
4453:Collins & Mees 2003
3948:by southern Vietnamese.
3934:by northern Vietnamese.
3916:by northern Vietnamese.
3739:by southern Vietnamese.
3459:Speakers tend to merge
3273:, usually realized as .
3263:, usually realized as .
3253:, usually realized as .
2522:Neutralization of coda
2338:Pronunciation of vowels
1963:is realized as , , or .
1959:sequence in words like
1784:(in certain words) and
1470:Modern Hebrew phonology
1434:tend to be unaspirated.
1045:Pronunciation of vowels
898:is pronounced as , and
787:Tendency to substitute
522:, usually realized as .
512:, usually realized as .
470:can be pronounced like
242:Hejazi Arabic phonology
144:neurological plasticity
91:result from the common
35:phonetic transcriptions
6027:Received Pronunciation
5711:Swan, Michael (2001).
5581:Nádasdy, Ádám (2006),
5456:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
4964:. Accessed 2007-07-12.
4226:Hago & Khan (2015)
4192:McEwan-Fujita, Emily.
4092:Munro & Mann (2005
3748:vowels being inserted.
3561:with sugar or without
3243:, usually realized as
3216:
3152:may be realised as an
3137:The consonant cluster
2709:With the exception of
2367:, usually realized as
2351:, usually realized as
2079:Tendency to pronounce
2076:can become homophones.
1627:The dental fricatives
1529:The dental fricatives
1451:The English vowels (b
1401:Modern Greek phonology
794:Tendency to pronounce
661:with sugar or without
502:, usually realized as
85:
32:This article contains
6221:Multicultural Toronto
5775:Speech Accent Archive
5542:Melen, Dušan (2010).
3214:
3167:The "clear" alveolar
2795:unstressed syllables.
2621:sounds slightly like
2594:sounds slightly like
1918:The pronunciation of
1115:/eɪ/ is replaced by .
1005:being pronounced as .
960:may be confused with
954:being pronounced as .
699:/ə/ tends to be , so
148:cognitive development
128:English pronunciation
99:tend to transfer the
72:, as a result of the
67:
6975:Language acquisition
6382:Western Pennsylvania
5652:10.5565/rev/catjl.12
5444:Journal of Phonetics
5433:Gut, Ulrike (2009),
5319:Pronunciation Studio
4194:"Gaelic and English"
4166:See the overview at
3586:Vietnamese phonology
3296:Rhotic pronunciation
2991:may sound closer to
2756:adding missing items
2487:pronunciations or a
2330:Portuguese phonology
2243:adding missing items
2152:Tendency to realise
1818:(in certain words),
1717:Tendency to realise
1608:adding missing items
1491:adding missing items
1289:adding missing items
1157:adding missing items
972:in initial position.
916:The voiceless stops
817:Tendency to realise
780:Tendency to realize
561:Rhotic pronunciation
95:phenomenon in which
6980:Language comparison
6970:Dialects of English
6919:Mid-Atlantic accent
6510:Trinidad and Tobago
5019:. 22 November 2013.
5005:. 22 November 2013.
4991:. 22 November 2013.
4977:. 22 November 2013.
4011:Vietnamese being a
2068:anyway, words like
2035:may be realised as
2008:may be realised as
1737:before velar stops.
1587:Hungarian phonology
825:before velar stops.
152:psychosocial states
6442:Pennsylvania Dutch
5798:2010-12-01 at the
5786:2007-08-21 at the
4960:2007-05-27 at the
4740:Shoebottom, Paul.
4546:, p. 10, 288.
4519:, p. 285-286.
4488:, p. 285–286.
4455:, p. 11, 286.
4396:English World-Wide
4350:, pp. 91, 96.
4033:⟨th⟩
3217:
3191:(a.k.a. "dark l").
3032:Since there is no
2754:; you can help by
2241:; you can help by
2214:Japanese phonology
1658:lacks the phoneme
1606:; you can help by
1489:; you can help by
1335:terminal devoicing
1287:; you can help by
1155:; you can help by
939:is pronounced as .
884:terminal devoicing
775:⟨wr⟩
605:consonant clusters
350:Confusion between
258:Confusion between
159:consonant clusters
86:
6965:English phonology
6942:
6941:
6827:
6826:
6627:
6626:
6536:
6535:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6375:Pacific Northwest
6236:Standard Canadian
6167:
6166:
6112:
6111:
6052:
6051:
5759:Wiik, K. (1965),
5734:Language Learning
5679:978-0-19-508893-9
5592:978-963-19-5791-4
5553:978-80-904306-2-4
5504:978-963-13-5557-4
5495:A-Z angol kiejtés
5473:978-0-262-60011-8
5342:978-90-04-10340-5
4847:Shoebottom (2007)
4797:Language Sciences
3421:vowel (typically
3225:Spanish phonology
3212:
2861:Russian exhibits
2772:
2771:
2735:Russian phonology
2272:Japanese language
2259:
2258:
1709:Italian phonology
1624:
1623:
1507:
1506:
1459:t) are conflated.
1377:⟨w⟩
1373:⟨w⟩
1308:Speakers may not
1305:
1304:
1173:
1172:
746:⟨r⟩
692:tends to be , so
684:Hong Kong English
618:being pronounced
592:being pronounced
581:is usually added.
432:Catalan phonology
225:
224:
80:⟨r⟩
76:⟨l⟩
16:(Redirected from
6987:
6839:English language
6724:
6545:
6528:Falkland Islands
6427:General American
6400:African-American
6253:
6187:
6176:
5878:
5869:
5858:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5806:
5764:
5748:
5728:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5696:, archived from
5682:
5655:
5654:
5633:
5616:
5595:
5577:
5557:
5538:
5516:
5507:
5489:
5476:
5458:
5438:
5429:
5407:Neuropsychologia
5401:
5365:
5345:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5309:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5261:
5255:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5180:
5179:
5172:
5163:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5057:. Archived from
5051:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4965:
4953:Martin Russell,
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4844:
4829:
4828:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4748:. Archived from
4737:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4687:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4336:
4330:
4317:
4311:
4298:
4292:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4129:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4049:Accent reduction
4034:
4005:
3997:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3965:
3957:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3879:
3871:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3738:
3730:
3715:
3707:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3664:
3656:
3645:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3607:Ho Chi Minh City
3521:
3513:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3436:In Spanish, the
3428:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3342:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3291:
3283:
3272:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3213:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3163:
3151:
3144:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3098:
3090:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3028:
3020:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2857:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2790:
2782:
2767:
2764:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2716:
2712:
2699:
2640:, often merging
2639:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2525:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2389:
2386:. The Brazilian
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2254:
2251:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2117:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2063:
2055:
2042:
2034:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1888:are homophones);
1879:
1871:
1863:
1854:are homophones);
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1808:are homophones);
1799:
1791:
1783:
1774:are homophones);
1765:
1757:
1749:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1619:
1616:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1571:
1563:
1548:
1536:
1502:
1499:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1359:
1347:
1333:German features
1318:
1300:
1297:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1252:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1168:
1165:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:French phonology
1093:
1076:
1072:
1057:
1053:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1010:
1000:
997:and a following
996:
978:may be strongly
977:
971:
967:
963:
959:
945:
934:
930:
919:
908:
878:
874:
870:
858:
824:
820:
810:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
765:
761:
754:
747:
743:
691:
573:
566:
548:
545:
541:
538:
531:
528:
521:
518:
511:
508:
501:
498:
495:
481:
477:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
420:
412:
404:
389:
381:
365:
353:
346:
338:
330:
318:
310:
303:
295:
287:
279:
272:
268:
261:
234:Arabic phonology
220:
217:
199:
192:
175:Highland English
81:
77:
54:
50:
21:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6823:
6780:
6735:
6715:
6623:
6619:Solomon Islands
6588:
6532:
6514:
6446:
6437:New York Latino
6412:American Indian
6392:
6386:
6247:
6240:
6181:
6163:
6149:Channel Islands
6140:
6108:
6075:
6048:
5991:
5953:
5863:
5847:
5833:
5800:Wayback Machine
5788:Wayback Machine
5771:
5758:
5755:
5753:Further reading
5731:
5725:
5710:
5703:
5701:
5685:
5680:
5658:
5636:
5614:10.1.1.596.8071
5598:
5593:
5580:
5560:
5554:
5541:
5536:
5519:
5510:
5505:
5492:
5479:
5474:
5461:
5441:
5432:
5404:
5368:
5348:
5343:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5299:
5296:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5229:
5225:
5219:MacDonald (1989
5217:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5102:Thompson (1991)
5100:
5096:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5073:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4962:Wayback Machine
4952:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4931:"CUBE: dropped"
4929:
4928:
4924:
4907:
4895:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4832:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4764:
4755:
4753:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4389:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4320:
4312:
4301:
4293:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4212:
4205:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4180:MacDonald (1989
4178:
4174:
4165:
4161:
4155:MacDonald (1989
4153:
4149:
4141:
4132:
4124:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4080:MacDonald (1989
4078:
4071:
4067:
4032:
4022:
3588:
3582:
3544:the black bird.
3227:
3207:
3205:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2332:
2326:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2230:
2224:
2210:
1872:are pronounced
1834:are pronounced
1792:are pronounced
1758:are pronounced
1711:
1705:
1698:as instead of
1682:: substituting
1680:hypercorrection
1620:
1614:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1407:
1397:
1376:
1372:
1328:vowel reduction
1301:
1295:
1292:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1025:is replaced by
948:alveolo-palatal
931:is replaced by
913:is pronounced .
844:
842:Dutch phonology
838:
774:
745:
727:
725:Czech phonology
721:
686:
680:
644:the black bird.
434:
428:
252:
230:
221:
215:
212:
205:needs expansion
190:
121:
111:rules of their
79:
75:
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6993:
6991:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6947:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6881:
6879:Englishisation
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6786:Southeast Asia
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6701:South Atlantic
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6553:
6551:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6483:Cayman Islands
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6396:
6394:
6393:ethno-cultural
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6184:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5985:Stoke-on-Trent
5982:
5977:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5844:Modern English
5834:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5790:
5778:
5770:
5769:External links
5767:
5766:
5765:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5740:(2): 177–204,
5729:
5723:
5708:
5683:
5678:
5656:
5645:(11): 97–126,
5634:
5607:(2): 255–300,
5596:
5591:
5578:
5569:(3): 311–341,
5558:
5552:
5539:
5534:
5517:
5508:
5503:
5490:
5477:
5472:
5459:
5450:(3): 281–306,
5439:
5430:
5413:(3): 317–323,
5402:
5377:(3): 201–218,
5366:
5357:(3): 264–273,
5346:
5341:
5328:
5310:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5262:
5247:
5235:
5223:
5200:
5181:
5164:
5155:
5124:
5115::400–401, 423)
5105:
5094:
5082:
5071:
5046:
5034:
5022:
5008:
4994:
4980:
4966:
4946:
4922:
4893:
4873:
4861:
4858:Nádasdy (2006)
4850:
4830:
4783:
4762:
4732:
4707:
4675:
4664:
4652:
4635:
4630::257), citing
4620:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 288.
4581:
4579:, p. 289.
4560:
4548:
4536:
4534:, p. 287.
4521:
4509:
4507:, p. 285.
4490:
4478:
4476:, p. 286.
4457:
4445:
4433:
4418:
4400:
4398:, 29, 148–149.
4387:
4352:
4337:
4318:
4299:
4248:
4236:
4218:
4203:
4184:
4172:
4159:
4147:
4130:
4115:
4096:
4084:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:Koiné language
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:tonal language
4009:
4008:
4007:
3989:
3967:
3949:
3935:
3917:
3903:
3881:
3863:
3849:
3835:
3817:
3796:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3721:
3698:
3666:
3647:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3540:the blackbird.
3533:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3500:
3457:
3434:
3411:
3344:
3330:
3299:
3293:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3231:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3165:
3135:
3100:
3081:
3055:
3030:
3011:
2996:
2933:
2866:
2859:
2850:speakers, and
2796:
2792:
2770:
2769:
2749:
2747:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2700:
2681:
2665:
2630:
2625:( rather than
2615:
2610:( rather than
2598:( rather than
2584:
2581:
2554:
2543:
2520:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2429:
2418:
2376:
2340:
2339:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2234:
2209:
2206:
2186:
2185:
2150:
2143:
2108:
2077:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2025:
1995:
1964:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1916:
1889:
1855:
1809:
1775:
1738:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1652:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1599:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1554:
1527:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1482:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1419:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1365:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1321:coda positions
1303:
1302:
1282:
1280:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1239:
1212:
1201:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1089:
1086:
1067:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1020:
1006:
980:pharyngealized
973:
955:
940:
925:
914:
903:
880:
852:
851:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
826:
815:
812:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
756:
749:
738:
720:
717:
716:
715:
706:There is less
704:
697:
682:Main article:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
654:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
623:
622:
609:
608:
600:
599:
598:
597:
583:
582:
568:
558:
533:
523:
513:
503:
490:
486:
485:
484:
483:
461:
460:
427:
424:
423:
422:
397:and pronounce
391:
348:
305:
229:
226:
223:
222:
202:
200:
189:
186:
150:, motivation,
120:
117:
113:first language
107:processes and
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6992:
6981:
6978:
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6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
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6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
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6897:
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6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6877:
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6872:
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6857:
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6852:
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6845:
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6837:
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6834:
6830:
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6817:
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6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
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6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6774:
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6767:
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6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
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6744:
6742:
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6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
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6690:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
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6672:
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6662:
6660:
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6640:
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6620:
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6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6579:Torres Strait
6577:
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6572:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:
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6485:
6484:
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6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6314:North-Central
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:New York City
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:Ottawa Valley
6224:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6020:Multicultural
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Black Country
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:West Midlands
5968:
5966:
5965:East Midlands
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5920:
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5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5850:
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5837:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5724:9780521779395
5720:
5716:
5715:
5709:
5700:on 2013-11-06
5699:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5648:
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5640:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5537:
5535:9780878404933
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5466:, MIT press,
5465:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5178:. 2017-10-20.
5177:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5072:
5061:on 2009-10-15
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4936:
4935:seas3.elte.hu
4932:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4894:0-87840-177-6
4890:
4886:
4885:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:Cheung (2015)
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4752:on 2017-05-15
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4653:
4649:. 2013-12-06.
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4558:, p. 10.
4557:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4419:9781783096848
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4362:English Today
4356:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4335:, p. 94.
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:, p. 93.
4315:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4297:, p. 91.
4296:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:Khattab (2002
4240:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4216:, p. 48.
4215:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3981:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3955:
3950:
3941:
3936:
3918:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3855:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3823:
3818:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3331:
3326:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3275:
3266:Confusion of
3265:
3256:Confusion of
3255:
3246:Confusion of
3245:
3233:Confusion of
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2750:This list is
2748:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2401:
2397:
2377:
2372:
2356:
2343:Confusion of
2342:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:moraic timing
2310:
2307:
2304:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2274:has only one
2273:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2237:This list is
2235:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1651:respectively.
1648:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1602:This list is
1600:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1485:This list is
1483:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1283:This list is
1281:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1151:This list is
1149:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1001:, leading to
992:
989:
985:
981:
974:
956:
953:
949:
941:
938:
926:
923:
915:
912:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
866:
862:
854:
853:
849:
848:
847:
843:
835:
830:
827:
816:
813:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
757:
750:
739:
736:
732:
731:
730:
726:
718:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
688:
687:
685:
677:
670:
666:
664:
658:
657:
656:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
640:the blackbird
637:
636:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:
610:
606:
602:
601:
595:
591:
587:
586:
585:
584:
580:
577:
569:
562:
559:
556:
552:
535:Confusion of
534:
525:Confusion of
524:
515:Confusion of
514:
505:Confusion of
504:
492:Confusion of
491:
488:
487:
473:
469:
465:
464:
463:
462:
436:
435:
433:
425:
418:
410:
402:
396:
395:rhotic accent
392:
387:
379:
373:
369:
361:
357:
349:
344:
336:
328:
322:
314:
306:
301:
293:
285:
276:
265:
257:
256:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
219:
210:
206:
203:This section
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:
185:
183:
180:
176:
172:
171:Irish English
166:
162:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
118:
116:
114:
110:
109:pronunciation
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
83:
71:
66:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
6923:
6684:South Africa
6679:Sierra Leone
6432:Miami Latino
6321:Philadelphia
6309:Inland North
6214:Newfoundland
6032:West Country
5846:by continent
5760:
5737:
5733:
5713:
5702:, retrieved
5698:the original
5691:
5664:
5660:Ravid, Dorit
5642:
5638:
5604:
5600:
5582:
5566:
5562:
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5410:
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5374:
5370:
5354:
5350:
5332:
5322:, retrieved
5318:
5305:
5301:
5294:Bibliography
5280:
5238:
5226:
5158:
5108:
5097:
5085:
5074:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5049:
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4969:
4949:
4938:. Retrieved
4934:
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4883:
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4864:
4853:
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4754:. Retrieved
4750:the original
4745:
4735:
4726:
4699:. Retrieved
4697:. 2016-04-04
4694:
4667:
4655:
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4606:, p. ?.
4599:
4551:
4539:
4512:
4481:
4448:
4436:
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4395:
4390:
4368:(1): 37–43.
4365:
4361:
4355:
4239:
4221:
4197:
4187:
4175:
4162:
4150:
4099:
4087:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3717:
3590:
3589:
3570:
3569:(the second
3562:
3560:
3543:
3539:
3503:
3430:
3413:In Spanish,
3198:by speakers.
3051:[nɡ]
2775:There is no
2760:
2721:
2718:
2703:
2693:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2622:
2618:
2607:
2606:sounds like
2603:
2595:
2591:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2460:
2457:/læst~lɑːst/
2452:
2448:
2425:
2399:
2395:
2333:
2317:pitch accent
2286:and lateral
2247:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2073:
2069:
2066:dental stops
1971:
1970:with , e.g.
1960:
1885:
1881:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1805:
1801:
1771:
1767:
1712:
1695:
1612:
1550:
1538:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1386:touches the
1361:
1349:
1293:
1254:
1246:
1161:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1059:
1017:West Flemish
1002:
951:
936:
911:good morning
910:
899:
895:
891:
887:
864:
860:
845:
728:
711:
700:
693:
668:
667:(the second
662:
660:
643:
639:
619:
615:
593:
589:
578:
471:
467:
371:
367:
359:
355:
320:
312:
274:
263:
253:
213:
209:adding to it
204:
167:
163:
156:
140:
132:speech rules
122:
105:phonological
88:
87:
69:
51:and ⟨
33:
6809:Philippines
6602:New Zealand
6488:Bay Islands
6468:The Bahamas
6391:Social and
6348:New Orleans
6265:New England
6159:Isle of Man
6104:Port Talbot
6005:East Anglia
5922:Northumbria
5113:Zsiga (2003
4746:esl.fis.edu
4441:Melen (2010
4104:Zsiga (2003
2763:August 2016
2250:August 2016
2132:intelligent
2105:unaspirated
1615:August 2016
1498:August 2016
1296:August 2016
1164:August 2016
766:as , since
748:is written.
574:, where an
6949:Categories
6749:Bangladesh
6741:South Asia
6694:Cape Flats
6644:The Gambia
6569:Aboriginal
6405:vernacular
6370:California
6343:High Tider
6338:Appalachia
6199:Aboriginal
6131:South-West
5975:Birmingham
5932:Sunderland
5917:Manchester
5907:Lancashire
5704:2008-05-19
5324:2021-12-17
5308:(2): 46–56
5065:2009-10-15
5030:Goto (1971
4940:2022-10-08
4903:1171902116
4756:2017-03-04
4701:2017-03-04
4672:Gut (2009)
4065:References
4059:Shibboleth
3746:epenthetic
3595:Vietnamese
3584:See also:
3580:Vietnamese
3491:, because
3429:) to make
3419:epenthetic
3219:See also:
3013:Likewise,
2752:incomplete
2733:See also:
2704:I love you
2698:/ðɪsˈstɒp/
2590:, so that
2485:guttural r
2328:See also:
2324:Portuguese
2239:incomplete
2212:See also:
2124:television
2000:Voiceless
1707:See also:
1604:incomplete
1585:See also:
1526:difficult.
1487:incomplete
1468:See also:
1455:t) and (b
1399:See also:
1285:incomplete
1266:See also:
1153:incomplete
1134:See also:
1077:, so that
1058:, so that
988:epenthetic
935:such that
922:aspiration
840:See also:
803:/p,t,tʃ,k/
723:See also:
576:epenthetic
482:phonemes).
430:See also:
232:See also:
182:substratum
101:intonation
93:linguistic
70:decolation
6814:Singapore
6776:Sri Lanka
6731:Hong Kong
6557:variation
6549:Australia
6460:Caribbean
6326:Baltimore
6209:Lunenburg
6154:Gibraltar
6071:Highlands
5949:Yorkshire
5912:Liverpool
5609:CiteSeerX
5601:Phonology
4911:cite book
4825:150229377
4817:0388-0001
4348:Swan 2001
4333:Swan 2001
4314:Swan 2001
4295:Swan 2001
4106::400–401)
3221:Spanglish
3196:geminated
3154:affricate
2694:this stop
2608:lightchie
2359:, and of
2196:is , and
1656:Hungarian
1581:Hungarian
1371:(written
1253:. (as in
1013:Zeelandic
999:/p,f,m,k/
712:chocolate
678:Cantonese
551:Valencian
216:June 2024
6934:Standard
6904:Learning
6892:Nerrière
6883:Globish
6799:Malaysia
6771:Pakistan
6711:Zimbabwe
6639:Cameroon
6473:Barbados
6204:Atlantic
6172:Americas
6089:Abercraf
6058:Scotland
6037:Cornwall
5958:Midlands
5942:Teesside
5937:Tyneside
5927:Pitmatic
5890:Cheshire
5836:Dialects
5796:Archived
5784:Archived
5662:(1995),
5631:61325971
5399:15933169
5391:16175884
5092:Page 68.
4958:Archived
4803:: 1–12.
4382:54170922
4020:See also
3054:instead.
2998:English
2662:pleasure
2403:/ˈkɔːld/
2208:Japanese
1576:English.
1549:(as in "
1541:e") and
1537:(as in "
1352:e") nor
1310:velarize
993:between
944:/tʃdʒʃʒ/
555:Balearic
188:Examples
179:Goidelic
119:Overview
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
6864:Engrish
6859:E-Prime
6832:Related
6819:Vietnam
6804:Myanmar
6674:Nigeria
6669:Namibia
6659:Liberia
6541:Oceania
6523:Bermuda
6495:Jamaica
6422:Chicano
6260:Midland
6246:United
6182:America
6118:Ireland
6094:Cardiff
6066:Glasgow
6015:Cockney
5895:Cumbria
5873:England
5864:Britain
5840:accents
5427:5149302
4443::71–75)
3504:welcome
3203:Spanish
2908:and as
2729:Russian
2687:-style
2685:liaison
2658:pledger
2627:/ˈsɪti/
2600:/ˈnaɪt/
2596:nightch
2315:and/or
2218:Engrish
2027:Voiced
1992:Italian
1703:Italian
1696:dropped
1245:(as in
1100:nothing
927:Medial
896:iceberg
701:whether
616:instant
563:, with
426:Catalan
37:in the
6887:Gogate
6794:Brunei
6706:Uganda
6689:accent
6664:Malawi
6632:Africa
6607:accent
6562:accent
6505:Samaná
6478:Bequia
6297:accent
6270:Boston
6248:States
6231:Quebec
6191:Canada
6180:North
6136:Ulster
6126:Dublin
6042:Dorset
5900:Barrow
5862:Great
5853:Europe
5721:
5676:
5629:
5611:
5589:
5550:
5532:
5501:
5470:
5425:
5397:
5389:
5339:
4901:
4891:
4823:
4815:
4426:
4416:
4380:
3723:Final
3700:Final
3668:Final
3649:Final
3616:Final
3319:/dʒ,ʒ/
3317:, and
3268:/ɔ(ː)/
3261:/u(ː)/
3251:/i(ː)/
3238:/ɑ(ː)/
2967:, and
2722:really
2689:sandhi
2656:, and
2634:/tʃdʒ/
2612:/laɪt/
2602:) and
2588:/ɪ~iː/
2576:, and
2562:/tʃdʒ/
2534:, and
2519:, etc.
2513:height
2400:called
2276:liquid
2220:, and
2198:boiled
2128:parrot
2110:Schwa
2107:stops.
2048:Since
1961:bottle
1930:, and
1850:, and
1826:, and
1654:Since
1464:Hebrew
1384:tongue
1262:German
1249:) and
1130:French
1123:fortis
1104:lovely
1096:wonder
984:dark l
937:better
740:Czech
620:instan
527:/ɔ(ː)/
520:/u(ː)/
510:/i(ː)/
497:/ɑ(ː)/
366:as in
360:caught
356:called
354:as in
319:as in
311:as in
273:as in
262:as in
248:, and
228:Arabic
82:sounds
53:
6929:Plain
6844:Basic
6766:Nepal
6754:India
6654:Kenya
6649:Ghana
6614:Palau
6574:South
6417:Cajun
6358:Texas
6353:Older
6333:South
6304:North
6280:Maine
6099:Gower
6081:Wales
5997:South
5882:North
5627:S2CID
5395:S2CID
5287::265)
5275::271)
5260::267)
5245::269)
5233::139)
5221::219)
5044::284)
4821:S2CID
4723:(PDF)
4618::294)
4424:JSTOR
4378:S2CID
4246::101)
4182::215)
4170::283)
4157::223)
4145::203)
4128::140)
4094::311)
4082::224)
3998:with
3976:with
3958:with
3944:with
3930:, or
3922:with
3912:with
3890:with
3872:with
3858:with
3844:with
3826:with
3808:with
3599:Hanoi
3571:sugar
3563:sugar
3559:E.g.
3538:E.g.
3520:]
3516:[
3512:]
3508:[
3444:with
3431:stomp
3427:]
3423:[
3321:with
3309:with
3189:]
3185:[
3181:]
3177:[
3078:]
3074:[
3071:]
3067:[
3046:]
3042:[
3027:]
3023:[
3008:]
3004:[
2930:]
2926:[
2922:]
2918:[
2914:]
2910:[
2906:]
2902:[
2898:]
2894:[
2890:]
2886:[
2789:]
2785:[
2711:/s~z/
2654:sheep
2650:cheap
2623:sitch
2604:light
2592:night
2574:/juː/
2551:/bdg/
2547:/ptk/
2532:saint
2524:/mnŋ/
2517:right
2489:trill
2449:can't
2435:over
2373:]
2369:[
2357:]
2353:[
2292:]
2288:[
2284:]
2280:[
2202:water
2194:guide
2192:is ,
2182:]
2178:[
2174:]
2170:[
2166:]
2162:[
2140:sugar
2136:water
2120:lemon
2116:]
2112:[
2070:there
2041:]
2037:[
2022:]
2018:[
2014:]
2010:[
1972:small
1948:]
1944:[
1940:]
1936:[
1913:]
1909:[
1905:]
1901:[
1878:]
1874:[
1840:]
1836:[
1798:]
1794:[
1772:sheep
1764:]
1760:[
1731:]
1727:[
1649:]
1645:[
1446:house
1432:/ptk/
1395:Greek
1388:uvula
1255:sheep
1031:]
1027:[
991:schwa
968:with
920:lack
918:/ptk/
907:/ptk/
836:Dutch
735:Czech
719:Czech
669:sugar
663:sugar
659:E.g.
638:E.g.
614:E.g.
594:estop
588:E.g.
468:phase
466:E.g.
419:]
415:[
411:]
407:[
388:]
384:[
380:]
376:[
362:with
345:]
341:[
339:, or
337:]
333:[
329:]
325:[
302:]
298:[
296:, or
294:]
290:[
286:]
282:[
278:/sɛt/
267:/sɪt/
41:(IPA)
6720:Asia
6597:Fiji
6584:West
6500:Saba
6365:West
6285:West
6275:East
5838:and
5719:ISBN
5674:ISBN
5587:ISBN
5548:ISBN
5530:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5468:ISBN
5423:PMID
5387:PMID
5337:ISBN
5119:help
4917:link
4899:OCLC
4889:ISBN
4813:ISSN
4414:ISBN
4231:help
4110:help
3928:/tʃ/
3924:/dʒ/
3920:/tr/
3900:/dʒ/
3775:and
3765:/tʃ/
3763:and
3720:as .
3718:bell
3591:Note
3542:vs.
3483:and
3467:and
3386:and
3335:and
3284:and
3223:and
3126:and
3110:and
2975:and
2959:and
2943:and
2876:and
2680:/s/.
2675:and
2673:hiss
2669:He's
2660:and
2652:and
2646:ship
2644:and
2642:chip
2638:/ʃʒ/
2619:city
2566:/iː/
2558:/td/
2540:sown
2538:and
2536:song
2530:and
2528:sent
2515:and
2509:head
2507:and
2499:and
2476:and
2461:last
2459:for
2453:Kent
2437:/ɑː/
2422:/əʊ/
2411:/oʊ/
2407:/əʊ/
2396:cold
2382:and
2380:/əʊ/
2365:/uː/
2363:and
2349:/iː/
2347:and
2266:and
2190:walk
2074:dare
2072:and
2056:and
1980:/sn/
1978:and
1976:/sl/
1968:/sm/
1957:/əl/
1955:The
1932:/oʊ/
1928:/əʊ/
1886:kook
1884:and
1882:cook
1864:and
1852:bath
1804:and
1770:and
1768:ship
1750:and
1686:for
1674:for
1635:and
1564:and
1524:kook
1520:cook
1518:and
1516:heat
1426:/dʒ/
1424:and
1422:/tʃ/
1414:and
1403:and
1251:/iː/
1247:ship
1234:and
1226:and
1218:and
1196:and
1102:and
1083:pull
1081:and
1079:pool
1073:and
1071:/uː/
1062:and
1054:and
1015:and
1003:milk
964:and
952:wish
902:as .
900:if I
892:feet
890:and
888:feed
875:and
863:and
861:then
762:and
753:/ɜː/
703:is .
696:is ,
694:this
642:vs.
590:stop
553:and
478:and
472:face
459:to .
372:coat
370:and
368:cold
364:/oʊ/
358:and
352:/ɔː/
321:balm
317:/ɑː/
315:and
269:and
173:and
78:and
5842:of
5742:doi
5647:doi
5619:doi
5571:doi
5452:doi
5415:doi
5379:doi
5359:doi
5032::?)
4871::?)
4805:doi
4370:doi
3986:/ʌ/
3984:or
3946:/j/
3932:/t/
3914:/ʃ/
3898:or
3860:/k/
3846:/b/
3832:/z/
3828:/d/
3814:/s/
3810:/t/
3793:dye
3791:or
3789:die
3785:tie
3761:/k/
3757:/t/
3753:/p/
3603:Huế
3454:/s/
3452:or
3442:/θ/
3438:/θ/
3415:/s/
3408:/ŋ/
3406:or
3404:/n/
3402:to
3333:/j/
3271:/ɒ/
3258:/ʊ/
3248:/ɪ/
3241:/ʌ/
3235:/æ/
3179:l̪ˠ
3160:t͡s
3095:t͡ɕ
3087:t͡ʃ
3061:d͡ʒ
3048:or
3000:/r/
2993:/æ/
2924:or
2916:or
2900:or
2892:or
2838:,
2830:,
2814:,
2806:,
2758:.
2719:not
2715:/r/
2677:his
2578:/ɨ/
2570:/ɪ/
2505:red
2501:hay
2497:ray
2493:/h/
2478:/ð/
2474:/θ/
2445:/ɛ/
2441:/æ/
2433:/æ/
2428:, .
2415:/ʌ/
2392:/ɒ/
2388:/ɔ/
2384:/ɒ/
2361:/ʊ/
2345:/ɪ/
2300:/w/
2296:/r/
2268:/r/
2264:/l/
2245:.
2160:as
2147:dog
2103:as
2016:or
1942:or
1907:or
1848:but
1844:bat
1806:bed
1802:bad
1735:/n/
1688:/v/
1684:/w/
1676:/w/
1610:.
1512:hit
1493:.
1442:/h/
1416:/ʃ/
1412:/s/
1369:/w/
1319:in
1291:.
1243:/ɪ/
1236:/d/
1232:/t/
1228:/z/
1224:/s/
1220:/ð/
1216:/θ/
1198:/w/
1194:/r/
1159:.
1092:/ʌ/
1075:/ʊ/
1064:men
1060:man
1056:/ɛ/
1052:/æ/
1035:/v/
1023:/w/
1009:/h/
995:/l/
976:/l/
970:/f/
966:/v/
962:/k/
958:/ɡ/
933:/d/
929:/t/
877:/ð/
873:/θ/
869:/θ/
865:den
857:/ð/
823:/n/
819:/ŋ/
809:/æ/
796:/h/
789:/ð/
782:/θ/
768:/w/
764:/w/
760:/v/
742:/r/
690:/ð/
572:/s/
565:/r/
547:/v/
544:/b/
540:/v/
537:/b/
530:/ɒ/
517:/ʊ/
507:/ɪ/
500:/ʌ/
494:/æ/
480:/z/
476:/s/
413:or
405:as
386:o̞ː
382:or
313:bam
309:/æ/
275:set
271:/ɛ/
264:sit
260:/ɪ/
211:.
6951::
5738:41
5736:,
5690:,
5672:,
5668:,
5643:11
5641:,
5625:,
5617:,
5605:18
5603:,
5567:26
5565:,
5448:27
5446:,
5421:,
5409:,
5393:,
5385:,
5375:36
5373:,
5355:11
5353:,
5317:,
5304:,
5265:^
5250:^
5203:^
5184:^
5167:^
5127:^
4933:.
4913:}}
4909:{{
4897:.
4833:^
4819:.
4811:.
4801:72
4799:.
4795:.
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4638:^
4584:^
4563:^
4524:^
4493:^
4460:^
4422:.
4376:.
4366:25
4364:.
4340:^
4321:^
4302:^
4251:^
4206:^
4196:.
4133:^
4118:^
4072:^
4002:ɑː
3980:uː
3962:iː
3926:,
3868:dʒ
3830:,
3812:,
3759:,
3755:,
3693:tʃ
3609:.
3410:).
3378:,
3370:,
3362:,
3354:,
3305:tʃ
3156:,
2987:ɑː
2971:uː
2951:,
2939:iː
2724:).
2671:,
2648:,
2629:).
2614:).
2572:,
2568:,
2511:,
2503:,
2426:eu
2409:,
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