43:
4696:
181:
sign for NOT YET, which requires that the tongue touch the lower lip and that the head rotate from side to side, in addition to the manual part of the sign. Without these features the sign would be interpreted as LATE. Mouthings can also be contrastive, as in the manually identical signs for DOCTOR
281:
From Stokoe's writings until the 1990s, facial expressions were discussed in some studies on signed languages, and awareness of them as a grammaticised aspect of signed languages began to grow. In the 21st century, discussion of nonmanual signs in both research on individual languages and sign
193:, a sign is used to express that the user wishes to self-correct or rephrase an utterance, perhaps best translated as I MEAN. The sign is made by closing the eyes and shaking the head. Because it does not use the hands, this can be used simultaneously as the user rephrases their statement.
260:
are largely regulated through head movement and eye gaze. Since the addressee in a signed conversation must be watching the signer, a signer can avoid letting the other person have a turn by not looking at them, or can indicate that the other person may have a turn by making eye contact.
196:
Intensifiers can be expressed through nonmanual features, as they have the benefit of being expressed at the same time as manual signs. In Auslan, puffed cheeks can be used simultaneously with the manual sign LARGE to translate the sign better as GIGANTIC.
247:
Adjective phrases can be formed using nonmanual features. For instance, in ASL a slightly open mouth with the tongue relaxed and visible in the corner of the mouth means 'carelessly', but a similar nonmanual in BSL means 'boring' or 'unpleasant'.
114:, not all signs that use other body parts are nonmanual features of the language, and it generally refers to information expressed in the upper half of the body such as the head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth in various postures or movements.
74:
may understand spoken utterances without the need for visual aides). Conversely, nonmanual features are needed to understand the full meaning of many signs, and they can drastically change the meaning of individual signs. For example, in
5049:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
141:
refers to the state it is in. For example, the Auslan sign for WHY has nonmanual features necessary to distinguish it from the sign BECAUSE. One of these nonmanual features can be described as having the place of and the setting of .
239:
Nonmanual features are frequently used to grammatically signify role shift, which is when the signer switches between two or more individuals they are quoting. For example, in German Sign
Language this can be done by the signer using
391:
277:
and was one of the first researchers to discuss nonmanual features in his writings when he used diacritics in his writings to signify six different facial expressions based on their meanings in
English.
31:
that do not use the hands. Nonmanual features are grammaticised and a necessary component in many signs, in the same way that manual features are. Nonmanual features serve a similar function to
668:
Boudreault, Patrick; Mayberry, Rachel I. (2006). "Grammatical processing in
American Sign Language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure".
4951:
1012:
987:
66:
do in spoken ones. In spoken languages, they can give extra information but are not necessary for the receiver to understand the meaning of the utterance (for example, an
309:
166:
Many lexical signs use nonmanual features in addition to the manual articulation. For instance, facial expressions may accompany verbs of emotion, as in the sign for
4966:
2250:
4956:
4140:
4095:
1117:
4987:
4152:
1203:
1198:
2480:
347:
Aran, Oya; Burger, Thomas; Caplier, Alice; Akarun, Lale (2008). "A belief-based sequential fusion approach for fusing manual and non-manual signs".
4864:
4761:
980:
1503:
953:
784:
485:
1038:
5006:
4413:
1617:
236:—they are shown through raised eyebrows and a forward head tilt. which functions similarly to English's pitch raise in these questions.
4832:
4459:
4037:
2201:
4408:
2886:
973:
845:
611:
4905:
4515:
4484:
4403:
4052:
2855:
4206:
3255:
2516:
2490:
1357:
5011:
4505:
4398:
4085:
3671:
2725:
1564:
1369:
1281:
149:
is not always considered a nonmanual feature, as it is not a natural feature of signed languages, being taken from the local
532:"Manual and Spoken Cues in French Sign Language's Lexical Access: Evidence From Mouthing in a Sign-Picture Priming Paradigm"
4925:
3888:
3883:
2795:
2152:
1417:
269:
In early studies of signed languages done by hearing researchers, nonmanual features were largely ignored. In the 1960s,
5001:
4859:
4147:
4003:
3753:
3504:
3208:
2106:
1995:
1636:
1404:
1244:
1164:
1141:
940:
Mukushev, Medet; Sabyrov, Arman; Imashev, Alfarabi; Koishybay, Kenessary; Kimmelman, Vadim; Sandygulova, Anara (2020).
4574:
4528:
4211:
4201:
3791:
3123:
2844:
2832:
2775:
2633:
2296:
2078:
2005:
1774:
1532:
1394:
122:
189:
In some languages, there are a small amount of words that are formed entirely by nonmanual features. For example, in
4961:
4649:
4536:
3745:
3393:
1700:
1549:
5071:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
3990:
4644:
4614:
4604:
4589:
4479:
4469:
4178:
4110:
4047:
3904:
3491:
3456:
3433:
3401:
2987:
2970:
2785:
2663:
2598:
2553:
2268:
2189:
2041:
1384:
1217:
1177:
1101:
153:. Because of this, there is debate as to whether mouthing is a sign language feature or a form of codeswitching.
4920:
4771:
4634:
4569:
4532:
4524:
4464:
4449:
4345:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4157:
3985:
3977:
3964:
3941:
3912:
3864:
3695:
3663:
3639:
3270:
3221:
3131:
2981:
2960:
2901:
2861:
2838:
2825:
2790:
2780:
2730:
2690:
2628:
2608:
2526:
2495:
2278:
1716:
1599:
1576:
1422:
1149:
1084:
217:
130:
126:
32:
4274:
2680:
2645:
1791:
5016:
4837:
4741:
4670:
4639:
4629:
4584:
4579:
4489:
4371:
4337:
4290:
4264:
4248:
4120:
4115:
3799:
3771:
3729:
3679:
3599:
3591:
3438:
3346:
3320:
3190:
3174:
3052:
2975:
2914:
2750:
2563:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2258:
2023:
2018:
1872:
1852:
1676:
1586:
1571:
1462:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1090:
5058:
both originated in
English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3533:
2463:
2455:
836:
Baker, Charlotte (1977). Regulators and turn-taking in
American Sign Language discourse, in Lynn Friedman,
717:
5104:
5051:
5031:
4756:
4624:
4619:
4599:
4594:
4454:
4390:
4324:
4256:
4216:
4170:
4162:
4105:
4100:
4059:
4027:
3998:
3972:
3933:
3838:
3833:
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3711:
3623:
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3541:
3520:
3483:
3475:
3448:
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3354:
3338:
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3036:
3031:
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2820:
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2765:
2639:
2623:
2618:
2541:
2521:
2425:
2286:
2263:
2160:
2049:
2013:
1974:
1953:
1907:
1893:
1857:
1687:
1631:
1607:
1554:
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1513:
1412:
1379:
1229:
1154:
1107:
1071:
1061:
1007:
274:
178:
107:
76:
117:
Nonmanual features have two main aspects—place and setting. These are the nonmanual equivalents to HOLM (
110:. Extra meaning however is created through the use of nonmanual features. Despite the literal meaning of
79:
the signs HERE and NOT HERE have the same manual sign, and are distinguished only by nonmanual features.
5055:
4811:
4751:
4609:
4474:
4444:
4282:
4125:
4090:
4032:
3956:
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3631:
3615:
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3512:
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3417:
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3203:
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3147:
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2717:
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2096:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1932:
1877:
1867:
1821:
1651:
1581:
1518:
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1454:
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1432:
1427:
1364:
1316:
1234:
1182:
1095:
1077:
1066:
866:
317:
257:
70:
person may not use any facial expressions but still get their meaning across clearly, and people with
5109:
5059:
4766:
4510:
4269:
4229:
4191:
4135:
3878:
3873:
3843:
3758:
3687:
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3528:
3409:
3325:
3304:
3296:
3283:
3198:
3115:
3086:
3073:
3044:
2955:
2934:
2810:
2745:
2710:
2705:
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2583:
2578:
2573:
2531:
2511:
2170:
2165:
2136:
2091:
2086:
2059:
2028:
1862:
1808:
1754:
1695:
1593:
1389:
1249:
1239:
1172:
1112:
229:
190:
233:
4991:
4935:
4851:
4439:
4329:
4221:
4196:
4130:
3951:
3917:
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3655:
3607:
3583:
3567:
3385:
3364:
3242:
3107:
3099:
3081:
2906:
2881:
2871:
2760:
2755:
2740:
2675:
2658:
2603:
2593:
2214:
2054:
1927:
1816:
1559:
1326:
1321:
1271:
1055:
183:
171:
4982:
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4361:
4186:
3443:
3213:
3094:
2994:
2919:
2613:
2064:
755:
685:
446:
419:
348:
4885:
949:
922:
914:
895:"Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf"
841:
780:
774:
747:
617:
607:
571:
553:
481:
411:
360:
244:
to tie quoted speech to pronouns. It can also be expressed by gaze-shifting or head-shifting.
71:
63:
42:
392:"The acquisition of conditionals in American Sign Language: Grammaticized facial expressions"
5084:
4895:
4890:
4726:
4707:
906:
737:
729:
677:
648:
561:
543:
403:
5021:
4816:
4796:
4675:
879:
373:
330:
221:
150:
67:
36:
4930:
4915:
4806:
4791:
4561:
566:
531:
282:
language education has become more common, partially due to the increased awareness of
270:
225:
28:
5098:
4900:
4801:
4786:
4781:
4418:
996:
858:
475:
423:
310:"Analysing British sign language through the lens of systemic functional linguistics"
241:
213:
59:
759:
689:
506:
4776:
4721:
352:
283:
800:
58:
Nonmanual features in signed languages do not function the same way that general
4910:
4680:
477:
Not by the hands alone: Functions of non-manual features in Polish Sign
Language
91:
602:
Josep Quer i
Carbonell; Carlo Cecchetto; Rannveig Sverrisd Ãttir, eds. (2017).
5026:
4665:
4008:
3817:
3226:
2700:
1641:
942:"Evaluation of Manual and Non-manual Components for Sign Language Recognition"
681:
621:
548:
450:
438:
407:
111:
918:
751:
557:
415:
86:(which exist in both spoken and signed languages), as nonmanual features are
4551:
4520:
4376:
3812:
910:
201:
118:
941:
926:
575:
4731:
4690:
4541:
4295:
948:. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association: 6073–6078.
733:
704:
American Sign
Language: A teacher's resource text on grammar and culture.
146:
894:
4366:
742:
103:
87:
83:
47:
4995:
4080:
1352:
1340:
653:
636:
445:, A Cross-Linguistic Study (1 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 33–52,
4695:
946:
Proceedings of the 12th
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
177:
Nonmanual elements can be lexically contrastive. An example is the
857:
Filhol, Michael; Choisier, Annick; Hadjadj, Mohamed (1982-05-31).
102:
In sign languages, the hands do the majority of the work, forming
4685:
965:
776:
Quotatives: Cross-linguistic and cross-disciplinary perspectives
390:
Reilly, Judy Snitzer; Mcintire, Marina; Bellugi, Ursula (1990).
3014:
1030:
969:
212:
Many grammatical functions are produced nonmanually, including
838:
On the other hand: New perspectives on American Sign Language.
90:. For this reason, nonmanual features need to be included in
604:
SignGram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing
773:
Buchstaller, Isabelle; Alphen, Ingrid van (2012-05-01).
590:
Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language.
82:
Nonmanual features also do not function the same way as
718:"On categorizing types of role shift in Sign languages"
4952:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
801:"How to use role shifting in American Sign Language"
273:
established a system of sign language phonology for
4975:
4944:
4873:
4850:
4825:
4740:
4706:
4658:
4560:
4498:
4427:
4389:
4354:
4238:
4070:
3780:
3465:
3156:
3021:
3007:
2948:
2504:
2479:
2440:
2423:
2295:
2277:
2249:
2213:
2179:
2151:
2105:
2077:
2040:
2004:
1983:
1962:
1941:
1920:
1886:
1845:
1836:
1806:
1789:
1772:
1733:
1709:
1616:
1531:
1502:
1480:
1445:
1403:
1339:
1309:
1280:
1258:
1216:
1191:
1163:
1037:
1021:
286:in automatic sign language recognition technology.
637:"Scope-taking strategies in German Sign Language"
27:or sign language expression, are the features of
859:"Non-manual features: the right to indifference"
232:. ASL and BSL use similar nonmanual marking for
4967:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
823:Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Bencie Woll (1998).
899:The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
4957:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
981:
8:
702:Baker, Charlotte, and Dennis Cokely (1980).
530:Bogliotti, Caroline; Isel, Frederic (2021).
443:Modal and Focus Particles in Sign Languages
200:Nonmanual features are also a part of many
137:refers to the part of the body used, while
4714:
3011:
2301:
1842:
1624:
1537:
1486:
1345:
1264:
1222:
1160:
1027:
988:
974:
966:
825:The linguistics of British Sign Language.
741:
652:
565:
547:
41:
4762:Manually coded language in South Africa
295:
46:ASL sign for "angry"—note the furrowed
875:
864:
827:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
592:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
369:
358:
326:
315:
893:Stokoe, William C. Jr. (2005-01-01).
7:
469:
467:
465:
385:
383:
342:
340:
303:
301:
299:
145:Although it is done using the face,
1799:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
706:Silver Spring, MD: T.J. Publishers.
3112:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2726:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
14:
474:Tomaszewski, Piotr (2010-01-01),
4694:
4485:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
670:Language and Cognitive Processes
184:Sign Language of the Netherlands
5075:
5066:
5044:
5012:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4096:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2718:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
4833:Bilingual–bicultural education
4153:Western Torres Strait Islander
3227:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1204:Western Torres Strait Islander
439:"Nonmanuals in sign languages"
1:
3905:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3053:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2915:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2664:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2171:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
779:. John Benjamins Publishing.
635:Bross, Fabian; Hole, Daniel.
308:Rudge, Luke A. (2018-08-03).
133:) in manual sign components.
2491:Providence Island (Provisle)
2141:North West Frontier Province
480:, Matrix, pp. 289–320,
256:Discourse functions such as
4091:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
5126:
4962:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4171:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4101:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2887:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2741:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2161:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1555:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
840:New York: Academic Press.
716:Quer, Josep (2018-10-01).
588:Liddell, Scott K. (2003).
5040:
4717:
4207:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2646:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2456:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2304:
1863:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1627:
1540:
1489:
1358:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1348:
1267:
1225:
1013:List by number of signers
1003:
682:10.1080/01690960500139363
549:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655168
437:Herrmann, Annika (2013),
408:10.1017/S0142716400009632
396:Applied Psycholinguistics
4772:Paget Gorman Sign System
4226:Samoa and American Samoa
3016:Sign languages by region
2801:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2527:Albarradas Sign Language
2517:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2350:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2202:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2166:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1418:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1032:Sign languages by family
23:, also sometimes called
5017:Monastic sign languages
4865:Television shows (list)
4838:Manually coded language
4671:Hamburg Notation System
2464:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1710:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1433:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1370:Northern Ireland (NISL)
722:Theoretical Linguistics
536:Frontiers in Psychology
265:Recognition in academia
4988:CHCI chimpanzee center
4757:Manually coded English
4455:Henniker Sign Language
4121:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4106:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3100:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1008:List of sign languages
874:Cite journal requires
325:Cite journal requires
275:American Sign Language
50:
4812:Signing Exact English
4752:Indian Signing System
4475:Plateau Sign Language
3849:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3426:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2956:Amami Shuwa languages
2629:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2569:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2548:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2496:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2024:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
1996:French Belgian (LSFB)
1428:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
911:10.1093/deafed/eni001
606:. De Gruyter Mouton.
45:
5060:French Sign Language
4767:Manually Coded Malay
4575:British (two-handed)
4511:Bimodal bilingualism
4141:Far North Queensland
3449:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2971:Sri Lankan languages
2902:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2806:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2317:Chaticks si Chaticks
2297:Plains Sign Language
2215:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1717:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1395:South African (SASL)
1118:Far North Queensland
734:10.1515/tl-2018-0020
191:Polish Sign Language
108:denotational meaning
16:Sign language syntax
2982:Tanzanian languages
2961:Ethiopian languages
2928:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2019:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1734:Francophone African
1692:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1550:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1481:Chilean-Paraguayan-
230:conditional clauses
172:Czech Sign Language
4983:Baby sign language
4881:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4362:International Sign
4265:Brazilian (Libras)
4179:New Zealand (NZSL)
4126:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4054:Sandy River Valley
4033:Keresan (Keresign)
3624:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2995:International Sign
2976:Sudanese languages
2599:Navajo/Diné Family
2413:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2251:Original Thai Sign
2029:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1572:Brazilian (Libras)
1385:New Zealand (NZSL)
72:visual impairments
64:facial expressions
51:
5092:
5091:
5085:extinct languages
5007:Legal recognition
4886:Jeanette Berglind
4846:
4845:
4547:Nonmanual feature
4460:Martha's Vineyard
4385:
4384:
4039:Martha's Vineyard
3534:Faroese (Teknmál)
3256:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3066:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3003:
3002:
2988:Zimsign languages
2966:Laotian languages
2850:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2609:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2554:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2475:
2474:
2073:
2072:
1916:
1915:
1832:
1831:
1822:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1527:
1526:
1455:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1441:
1440:
1335:
1334:
1305:
1304:
1212:
1211:
1067:Eltye eltyarrenke
1047:
1046:multiple families
955:979-10-95546-34-4
805:www.handspeak.com
786:978-90-272-7479-3
487:978-83-932212-0-2
368:Missing or empty
151:spoken language/s
21:nonmanual feature
5117:
5079:
5070:
5048:
4936:Pierre Pélissier
4921:Thomas Gallaudet
4896:Thomas Braidwood
4727:Initialized sign
4715:
4698:
4183:Papua New Guinea
4086:Australian-Irish
3792:Plains Sign Talk
3672:Northern Ireland
3668:Northern Ireland
3191:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3012:
2791:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2706:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2522:Albanian (AlbSL)
2302:
2116:Bangalore-Madras
2097:Israeli (Shassi)
2065:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1975:Honduran (LESHO)
1843:
1701:Singapore (SgSL)
1637:Black ASL (BASL)
1625:
1565:Australian-Irish
1538:
1487:
1463:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1423:Portuguese (LGP)
1413:Eritrean (EriSL)
1346:
1265:
1223:
1161:
1045:
1028:
990:
983:
976:
967:
960:
959:
937:
931:
930:
890:
884:
883:
877:
872:
870:
862:
854:
848:
834:
828:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
797:
791:
790:
770:
764:
763:
745:
728:(3–4): 277–282.
713:
707:
700:
694:
693:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:10.5334/gjgl.106
632:
626:
625:
599:
593:
586:
580:
579:
569:
551:
527:
521:
520:
518:
517:
503:
497:
496:
495:
494:
471:
460:
459:
458:
457:
434:
428:
427:
387:
378:
377:
371:
366:
364:
356:
344:
335:
334:
328:
323:
321:
313:
305:
234:yes–no questions
222:relative clauses
37:spoken languages
29:signed languages
25:nonmanual signal
5125:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5073:
5064:
5042:
5036:
5022:Tactile signing
4971:
4940:
4869:
4842:
4821:
4797:Signed Japanese
4743:
4736:
4709:
4702:
4676:Stokoe notation
4654:
4556:
4516:Phonology (ASL)
4494:
4429:
4423:
4381:
4350:
4249:Argentine (LSA)
4234:
4066:
3889:New Costa Rican
3884:Old Costa Rican
3784:
3782:
3776:
3660:North Macedonia
3461:
3152:
3087:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3017:
2999:
2949:Other groupings
2944:
2796:Old Costa Rican
2771:Burkina (Mossi)
2751:Mauritian (MSL)
2624:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2537:Argentine (LSA)
2500:
2482:
2471:
2436:
2419:
2291:
2273:
2245:
2209:
2175:
2147:
2108:
2101:
2069:
2036:
2006:Danish (Tegnic)
2000:
1979:
1958:
1937:
1912:
1887:Yugoslavic Sign
1882:
1853:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1838:
1828:
1817:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1802:
1792:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1785:
1768:
1755:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1736:(Françafrosign)
1735:
1729:
1705:
1677:Malaysian (BIM)
1619:
1612:
1587:Valencian (LSV)
1523:
1514:Paraguay (LSPY)
1505:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1437:
1399:
1331:
1301:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1218:Arab (Ishaaric)
1208:
1187:
1159:
1072:Iltyeme iltyeme
1043:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1017:
999:
994:
964:
963:
956:
939:
938:
934:
892:
891:
887:
873:
863:
856:
855:
851:
835:
831:
822:
818:
809:
807:
799:
798:
794:
787:
772:
771:
767:
715:
714:
710:
701:
697:
667:
666:
662:
634:
633:
629:
614:
601:
600:
596:
587:
583:
529:
528:
524:
515:
513:
505:
504:
500:
492:
490:
488:
473:
472:
463:
455:
453:
436:
435:
431:
389:
388:
381:
367:
357:
346:
345:
338:
324:
314:
307:
306:
297:
292:
267:
254:
210:
182:and BATTERY in
164:
159:
100:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5123:
5121:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5097:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4931:William Stokoe
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Valerie Sutton
4913:
4908:
4906:Abbé de l'Épée
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4817:Signed Swedish
4814:
4809:
4807:Signed Spanish
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:Signed Italian
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Serbo-Croatian
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4562:Fingerspelling
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4148:Western Desert
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3999:American (ASL)
3996:
3993:
3991:Old Salvadoran
3988:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3839:Maritime (MSL)
3836:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3808:American (ASL)
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:Central Taurus
3751:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3509:United Kingdom
3507:
3505:French Belgian
3502:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3305:Kazakh-Russian
3302:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3209:Indo-Pakistani
3206:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2821:Peruvian (LSP)
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Miyakubo Shuwa
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Dogon/Douentza
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:American (ASL)
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2287:Namibian (NSL)
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:Indo-Pakistani
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1954:Tunisian (TSL)
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1908:Yugoslav (YSL)
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:Croatian (HZJ)
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:Sierra Leonean
1763:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1688:Filipino (FSL)
1685:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1632:American (ASL)
1628:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1608:Romanian (LSR)
1605:
1604:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Algerian (LSA)
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:Uruguayan Sign
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1494:Chilean (LSCh)
1490:
1484:
1483:Uruguayan Sign
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Maritime (MSL)
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:Qatari Unified
1242:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1192:Zendath Kesign
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1165:Western Desert
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:Worora Kinship
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
992:
985:
978:
970:
962:
961:
954:
932:
885:
876:|journal=
849:
829:
816:
792:
785:
765:
708:
695:
676:(5): 608–635.
660:
627:
612:
594:
581:
522:
498:
486:
461:
451:j.ctvbkk221.10
429:
402:(4): 369–392.
379:
336:
327:|journal=
294:
293:
291:
288:
271:William Stokoe
266:
263:
253:
250:
226:topicalisation
209:
206:
163:
160:
158:
155:
99:
96:
55:
52:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5122:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Sign language
5103:
5102:
5100:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:Miscellaneous
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:Organisations
4943:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Laurent Clerc
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Pär Aron Borg
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Signed Polish
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4787:Signed German
4785:
4783:
4782:Signed French
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4697:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Grammar (ASL)
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:International
4353:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:South America
4237:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Rossel Island
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Mount Avejaha
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:Navajo Family
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:United States
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:South African
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Yoruban (YSL)
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:Bura (Burasl)
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:West African
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Ugandan (USL)
2895:
2893:
2892:Turkish (TİD)
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Spanish (LSE)
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Rossel Island
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:Qahveh Khaneh
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Mount Avejaha
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Maltese (LSM)
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Atgangmuurniq
2657:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:Guinea-Bissau
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2240:Cepeda Peraza
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:Highland Maya
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2153:Japanese Sign
2150:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Flemish (VGT)
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Mexican (LSM)
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Italian (LIS)
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1878:Russian (РЖЯ)
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1868:Latvian (LSL)
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:Catalan (LSC)
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:Uruguay (LSU)
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:British (BSL)
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1183:Ngaatjatjarra
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:Sign language
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
968:
957:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
868:
860:
853:
850:
847:
846:9780122678509
843:
839:
833:
830:
826:
820:
817:
806:
802:
796:
793:
788:
782:
778:
777:
769:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
709:
705:
699:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
613:9781501511806
609:
605:
598:
595:
591:
585:
582:
577:
573:
568:
563:
559:
555:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
523:
512:
511:auslan.org.au
508:
502:
499:
489:
483:
479:
478:
470:
468:
466:
462:
452:
448:
444:
440:
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430:
425:
421:
417:
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405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
384:
380:
375:
362:
354:
350:
343:
341:
337:
332:
319:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
289:
287:
285:
284:minimal pairs
279:
276:
272:
264:
262:
259:
251:
249:
245:
243:
242:signing space
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:interrogation
207:
205:
203:
198:
194:
192:
187:
185:
180:
175:
173:
169:
161:
156:
154:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
97:
95:
93:
89:
88:grammaticised
85:
80:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:body language
53:
49:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5080:
5074:
5065:
5063:
5043:
4860:Films (list)
4777:Signed Dutch
4722:Contact sign
4546:
4167:Hawaii (USA)
4060:
4053:
4038:
3863:
3854:
3746:Swiss-German
3382:Saudi Arabia
3120:South Africa
2854:
2837:
2711:Somali (SSL)
2638:
2546:
2481:Providencia–
2460:Nesilextcl'n
2433:Oneida (OSL)
2395:Tickanwa•tic
2383:Schitsu'umsh
2365:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2279:Paget Gorman
2200:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2144:Punjab-Sindh
2092:Polish (PJM)
2087:German (DGS)
1963:Mexican Sign
1942:Italian Sign
1846:Russian Sign
1809:French (LSF)
1782:Oneida (OSL)
1696:Quebec (LSQ)
1681:Oneida (OSL)
1598:
1594:French (LSF)
1447:Chinese Sign
1405:Swedish Sign
1129:
1100:
1083:
1076:
1054:
945:
935:
902:
898:
888:
867:cite journal
852:
837:
832:
824:
819:
808:. Retrieved
804:
795:
775:
768:
725:
721:
711:
703:
698:
673:
669:
663:
644:
640:
630:
603:
597:
589:
584:
539:
535:
525:
514:. Retrieved
510:
501:
491:, retrieved
476:
454:, retrieved
442:
432:
399:
395:
318:cite journal
280:
268:
255:
246:
238:
211:
199:
195:
188:
176:
167:
165:
144:
138:
134:
116:
101:
81:
57:
24:
20:
18:
5110:Linguistics
5002:Open Outcry
4926:Abbé Sicard
4911:Roger Fouts
4742:Signed Oral
4681:SignWriting
4529:Orientation
4499:Linguistics
4480:Pitha Pitha
4175:New Zealand
4111:Manjiljarra
3982:El Salvador
3742:Switzerland
3652:Netherlands
3492:Azerbaijani
3434:Old Bangkok
3374:Philippines
3062:Ivory Coast
2856:Sandy River
2594:Cuban (LSC)
2483:Cayman Sign
2332:Hinono'eino
2323:Coahuilteco
2308:Anishinaabe
2269:Old Bangkok
2190:Old Kentish
2119:Beluchistan
2079:German Sign
2060:Ho Chi Minh
1984:Old Belgian
1928:Dutch (NGT)
1667:Costa Rican
1560:Irish (ISL)
1504:Paraguayan-
1295:Palestinian
1178:Manjiljarra
1173:Kartutjarra
1108:Rdaka rdaka
1102:Pitha Pitha
905:(1): 3–37.
743:10230/36020
647:(1): 1–30.
258:turn taking
123:orientation
106:and giving
92:signwriting
5099:Categories
5027:Protactile
4666:ASL-phabet
4650:Portuguese
4552:Sign names
4537:Expression
4465:Old French
4450:Kalkutungu
4419:Name signs
4409:Literature
4346:Venezuelan
4320:Inmaculada
4312:Paraguayan
4304:Ecuadorian
4158:Yir Yoront
4009:Protactile
3986:Salvadoran
3978:Panamanian
3965:Nicaraguan
3942:Albarradas
3913:Guatemalan
3870:Costa Rica
3865:Old Cayman
3818:Protactile
3696:Portuguese
3664:Macedonian
3640:Lithuanian
3488:Azerbaijan
3457:Vietnamese
3414:Tajikistan
3402:Sri Lankan
3301:Kazakhstan
3271:Kafr Qasem
3222:Indonesian
2924:Mofu-Gudur
2862:Salvadoran
2839:Rennellese
2826:Inmaculada
2781:Mozambican
2731:Macedonian
2701:Kata Kolok
2691:Kafr Qasim
2650:Creole HSL
2401:Tsuu T'ina
2362:Niitsítapi
2356:Ni Mii Puu
2347:Maagiadawa
2311:Apsáalooke
2237:Trascorral
1921:Dutch Sign
1724:Yogyakarta
1684:Panamanian
1642:Protactile
1600:Old French
1577:Lithuanian
1533:Francosign
1150:Yir Yoront
1137:Warramunga
1085:Kalkutungu
1041:Aboriginal
1039:Australian
810:2022-04-14
622:1012688117
542:: 655168.
516:2022-04-02
507:"Signbank"
493:2022-04-04
456:2022-04-02
370:|url=
290:References
202:sign names
33:intonation
5083:indicate
4744:Languages
4645:Ukrainian
4605:Hungarian
4590:Esperanto
4521:Handshape
4490:Warluwara
4430:languages
4414:Profanity
4377:Signalong
4342:Venezuela
4338:Uruguayan
4291:Colombian
4245:Argentina
4116:Warlmanpa
4077:Australia
4015:Blackfeet
4004:Black ASL
3961:Nicaragua
3909:Guatemala
3901:Greenland
3824:Blackfoot
3813:Black ASL
3781:North and
3772:Ukrainian
3730:Valencian
3712:Slovenian
3680:Norwegian
3636:Lithuania
3600:Icelandic
3592:Hungarian
3439:Chiangmai
3410:Taiwanese
3398:Sri Lanka
3394:Singapore
3390:Singapore
3347:Mongolian
3321:Malaysian
3218:Indonesia
3187:Hong Kong
3175:Cambodian
3132:Tanzanian
3008:By region
2564:Bhutanese
2359:Niimíipuu
2341:Karankawa
2264:Hai Phong
2259:Chiangmai
2050:Hai Phong
2042:Viet-Thai
1904:Slovenian
1873:Mongolian
1839:Hungarian
1775:Hand Talk
1742:Ethiopian
1670:Dominican
1664:Cambodian
1459:Shanghai
1289:Jordanian
1282:Levantine
1261:Levantine
1146:Yan-nhaŋu
1131:Warluwara
1125:Warlmanpa
1091:Miriwoong
919:1081-4159
752:1613-4060
558:1664-1078
424:146327328
416:1469-1817
252:Discourse
119:handshape
94:systems.
4732:Mouthing
4708:Language
4691:ASLwrite
4615:Japanese
4570:American
4542:Mouthing
4533:Movement
4525:Location
4470:Old Kent
4436:Chilmark
4372:Monastic
4325:Peruvian
4308:Paraguay
4296:Provisle
4287:Colombia
4257:Bolivian
4217:Sinasina
4061:Henniker
4021:Cheyenne
3973:Chiriqui
3934:Honduran
3930:Honduras
3800:Belizean
3708:Slovenia
3692:Portugal
3558:Ghardaia
3542:Estonian
3521:Croatian
3484:Austrian
3476:Armenian
3430:Thailand
3378:Filipino
3370:Nepalese
3355:Ghandruk
3343:Mongolia
3339:Maldives
3335:Maldives
3331:Selangor
3317:Malaysia
3289:Miyakubo
3279:Japanese
3261:Ghardaia
3171:Cambodia
3128:Tanzania
3041:Cameroon
3037:Ghardaia
3032:Algerian
2867:Sinasina
2640:Henniker
2619:Ghandruk
2559:Belizean
2542:Armenian
2505:Isolates
2452:Kalispel
2449:A'aninin
2407:Wazhazhe
2404:Umatilla
2386:Shiwinna
2377:Piipaash
2326:Dane-zaa
2320:Cheyenne
2225:Yucatec
2196:Chilmark
2130:Calcutta
2014:Malagasy
1858:Georgian
1762:Nigerian
1759:Moroccan
1748:Ghanaian
1673:Jamaican
1659:Mandalay
1648:Bolivian
1618:American
1310:Possible
1292:Lebanese
1230:Egyptian
1096:Mudburra
1062:Djingili
1024:families
1022:Language
927:15585746
760:69448938
690:13572435
576:34113290
361:cite web
218:negation
147:mouthing
131:movement
127:location
104:phonemes
84:gestures
68:autistic
48:eyebrows
5081:Italics
5032:Tic-tac
4874:Persons
4710:contact
4659:Writing
4640:Spanish
4630:Russian
4585:Chilean
4580:Catalan
4445:Jaralde
4428:Extinct
4399:Grammar
4367:Makaton
4334:Uruguay
4300:Ecuador
4283:Chilean
4275:Ka'apor
4253:Bolivia
4071:Oceania
3957:Mexican
3947:Chatino
3926:Haitian
3855:Plateau
3785:America
3783:Central
3768:Ukraine
3764:Turkish
3738:Swedish
3725:Spanish
3720:Catalan
3704:Russian
3648:Russian
3644:Moldova
3632:Latvian
3616:Italian
3604:Ireland
3596:Iceland
3588:Hungary
3572:Germany
3550:Finnish
3546:Finland
3538:Estonia
3525:Denmark
3517:Croatia
3513:British
3500:Flemish
3496:Belgium
3480:Austria
3472:Armenia
3453:Vietnam
3418:Russian
3360:Jhankot
3313:Laotian
3266:Israeli
3248:Kurdish
3235:Persian
3204:Bengali
3183:Chinese
3167:Bengali
3148:Zambian
3140:Ugandan
3104:Senegal
3091:Nigeria
3058:Nanabin
3028:Algeria
2940:Zambian
2816:Persian
2722:Kisindo
2681:Ka'apor
2671:Jhankot
2589:Chatino
2442:Plateau
2424:Mixed,
2416:Wyandot
2410:Wichita
2398:Tháumgá
2380:Ppáⁿkka
2368:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2344:Liksiyu
2335:Hiraacá
2314:Arikara
2181:Kentish
2123:Bengali
2033:Teknmál
1933:Gambian
1901:Serbian
1898:Kosovar
1837:Austro-
1807:Mixed,
1790:Mixed,
1773:Mixed,
1751:Guinean
1745:Chadian
1721:Jakarta
1652:Burmese
1620:(ASLic)
1317:Emirati
1235:Kuwaiti
1078:Jaralde
567:8185165
353:2971052
208:Phrasal
162:Lexical
139:setting
54:Purpose
4996:Loulis
4992:Washoe
4826:Others
4625:Polish
4620:Korean
4600:German
4595:French
4440:Diyari
4404:Idioms
4261:Brazil
4230:Samoan
4192:Kailge
4136:Umpila
4081:Auslan
4044:Navajo
4028:Oneida
4024:Ojibwa
3969:Panama
3938:Mexico
3879:Brunca
3874:Bribri
3860:Cayman
3844:Quebec
3834:Oneida
3830:Ojibwa
3804:Canada
3796:Belize
3759:Mardin
3750:Turkey
3734:Sweden
3700:Russia
3688:Polish
3684:Poland
3676:Norway
3628:Latvia
3620:Kosovo
3580:Greece
3576:German
3563:French
3554:France
3529:Danish
3466:Europe
3406:Taiwan
3326:Penang
3297:Korean
3284:Koniya
3252:Israel
3199:Alipur
3163:Bengal
3144:Zambia
3136:Uganda
3116:Somali
3074:Kenyan
3045:Maroua
3022:Africa
2978:(~150)
2811:Penang
2756:M'bour
2746:Mardin
2696:Kailge
2686:Kajana
2655:Inuit
2579:Brunca
2574:Bribri
2532:Alipur
2512:Afghan
2468:Sqeliz
2353:Nakota
2231:Nohkop
2228:Chicán
2137:Nepali
2127:Bombay
1656:Yangon
1390:Samoan
1376:Fijian
1353:Auslan
1341:BANZSL
1298:Syrian
1259:Iraqi–
1250:Yemeni
1240:Libyan
1199:Meriam
1113:Umpila
1056:Diyari
952:
925:
917:
844:
783:
758:
750:
688:
641:Glossa
620:
610:
574:
564:
556:
484:
449:
422:
414:
351:
228:, and
129:, and
112:manual
4852:Media
4610:Irish
4330:Sivia
4279:Chile
4222:Wanib
4197:Mehek
4163:Yolŋu
4131:Ngada
3952:Mayan
3922:Haiti
3918:Mayan
3897:Cuban
3716:Spain
3656:Dutch
3612:Italy
3608:Irish
3584:Greek
3568:Lyons
3422:Tibet
3386:Saudi
3365:Jumla
3351:Nepal
3293:Korea
3275:Japan
3243:Iraqi
3195:India
3179:China
3108:Mbour
3082:Tebul
3070:Kenya
3049:Ghana
2907:Wanib
2882:Tebul
2872:Sivia
2761:Mehek
2676:Jumla
2389:Sioux
2374:Palus
2371:Omaha
2234:Nohya
2133:Delhi
2055:Hanoi
1467:Macau
1327:Omani
1322:Saudi
1272:Iraqi
1155:Yolŋu
756:S2CID
686:S2CID
447:JSTOR
420:S2CID
349:S2CID
168:angry
157:Types
135:Place
5054:and
4686:si5s
4316:Peru
4270:Cena
4187:Enga
4018:Cree
3893:Cuba
3827:Cree
3444:Thai
3309:Laos
3239:Iraq
3231:Iran
3214:Naga
3157:Asia
3095:Bura
3078:Mali
2984:(7+)
2786:Naga
2614:Enga
2584:Cena
2392:Taos
2338:Icāk
2329:Diné
2109:Sign
950:ISBN
923:PMID
915:ISSN
880:help
842:ISBN
781:ISBN
748:ISSN
618:OCLC
608:ISBN
572:PMID
554:ISSN
482:ISBN
412:ISSN
374:help
331:help
224:and
98:Form
62:and
5056:BSL
5052:ASL
4391:ASL
907:doi
738:hdl
730:doi
678:doi
649:doi
562:PMC
544:doi
404:doi
179:ASL
170:in
77:ASL
35:in
5101::
5076:^c
5067:^b
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5045:^a
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
