396:
522:
563:
389:
58:
329:
578:. Adjustable valves allow fine-tuning of CSF drainage. NPH symptoms reportedly improve in 70–90% of patients with CSF shunt. Risk-benefit analyses have shown beyond any doubt that surgery for NPH is far better than conservative treatment or the natural course. VP shunt is less likely to be recommended in those who have severe dementia at time of NPH diagnosis, regardless of findings found on MRI or CT.
490:
203:. Initial deficits involve planning, organization, attention, and concentration. Further deficits include difficulty managing finances, taking medications, driving, keeping track of appointments, daytime sleeping, short-term memory impairments, and psychomotor slowing. Late-stage features include apathy, reduced drive, slowed thinking, and reduced speech.
189:. The gait deviation can be classified as mild, marked, or severe: "marked" is when the patient has difficulty walking because of considerable instability; "severe" is when it is not possible for the patient to walk without aids (such as a cane or a wheeled walker). An associated tremor of the hands, legs, or feet can be seen in up to 40% of NPH patients.
448:
626:
The prognosis for patients with NPH varies depending on cause, severity of symptoms, and time to diagnosis. If left untreated, symptoms of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence may continue to worsen and ultimately lead to death. Patients with a successful VP shunt can live
581:
Gait symptoms improve in ≥ 85% patients. Cognitive symptoms improve in up to 80% of patients when surgery is performed early in the disease course. Urgency and incontinence improve in up to 80% of patients, but only in ≤ 50–60% of patients with shunt implanted late in disease course. The most likely
336:
Patients with suspected idiopathic NPH should have at least one of the symptoms in Hakim's triad (gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment) in addition to ventricular enlargement on neuroimaging. An extensive and detailed patient history is required in order to exclude other
635:
Approximately half of all cases are primary (or idiopathic) NPH. Incidence is estimated to 0.3–3% in patients older than 60 years and raising with older age. Its prevalence is reported to be less than 1% in persons under the age of 65, and up to 3% for persons aged 65 or older. No difference in
513:
is difficult to ascertain. Up to 80% of cases are unrecognized and untreated due to difficulty of diagnosis. Imaging should also reveal the absence of any cerebral mass lesions or any signs of obstructions. Although all patients with NPH have enlarged ventricles, not all elderly patients with
242:
O. Measurements of ICP, therefore, are not usually elevated. Because of this, patients do not exhibit the classic signs that accompany increased intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, vomiting, or altered consciousness, although some studies have shown pressure elevations to occur
537:(LP) with removal of 30–50 ml of CSF. Gait and cognitive function are typically tested just before and within 2–3 hours after the LP to assess for signs of symptomatic improvement. The CSF infusion test can also be used to aid in diagnosis of NPH. During the CSF infusion test, a
1520:
Nakajima, Madoka; Yamada, Shigeki; Miyajima, Masakazu; Ishii, Kazunari; Kuriyama, Nagato; Kazui, Hiroaki; Kanemoto, Hideki; Suehiro, Takashi; Yoshiyama, Kenji; Kameda, Masahiro; Kajimoto, Yoshinaga; Mase, Mitsuhito; Murai, Hisayuki; Kita, Daisuke; Kimura, Teruo (2021-02-15).
652:
in 1957 at the
Hospital San Juan de Dios, located in Bogotá, Colombia. Hakim was contacted by the family of a 16-year-old male patient who, after suffering from severe head trauma in a motor vehicle accident, remained semi-comatose after surgery to relieve pressure from a
169:
triad). The triad consists of walking difficulty, reduced attention span, and urinary frequency or incontinence. Symptoms present insidiously over the course of 3–6 months. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnostic purposes and newer guidelines are available.
1987:
Poca MA, MatarĂł M, Del Mar MatarĂn M, Arikan F, JunquĂ© C, Sahuquillo J (May 2004). "Is the placement of shunts in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus worth the risk? Results of a study based on continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure".
696:
Pyykkö, Okko T.; Nerg, Ossi; Niskasaari, Hanna-Mari; Niskasaari, Timo; Koivisto, Anne M.; Hiltunen, Mikko; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Rauramaa, Tuomas; Kojoukhova, Maria; Alafuzoff, Irina; Soininen, Hilkka; Jääskeläinen, Juha E.; Leinonen, Ville (April 2018).
744:
Kuriyama, Nagato; Miyajima, Masakazu; Nakajima, Madoka; Kurosawa, Michiko; Fukushima, Wakaba; Watanabe, Yoshiyuki; Ozaki, Etsuko; Hirota, Yoshio; Tamakoshi, Akiko; Mori, Etsuro; Kato, Takeo; Tokuda, Takahiko; Urae, Akinori; Arai, Hajime (March 2017).
272:, based on cause. The underlying etiology of primary NPH has not yet been identified. Primary NPH affects adults age 40 years or older, most commonly in adults over 60. Secondary NPH can affect persons of any age and occurs due to conditions such as
291:
Symptoms of gait deviation, neurological impairment, and urinary incontinence seen in NPH are due to compression of the corresponding regions of the brain that control these functions. Gait abnormalities are thought to be due to compression of the
229:
is caused by an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. Enlarged ventricles put increased pressure on the adjacent cortical tissue and cause myriad effects in the patient, including distortion of the fibers in the
2661:
2646:
657:. Hakim soon discovered ventricular enlargement on imaging of the patient, however, the patient's intracranial pressure remained within normal limits. Hakim decided to remove CSF for laboratory testing and later implanted a
582:
patients to show improvement are those who show only gait deviation, mild or no incontinence, and mild dementia. The risk of adverse events related to shunt placement is 11%, including shunt failure, infections such as
2297:
Wu, Eva M.; El
Ahmadieh, Tarek Y.; Kafka, Benjamin; Caruso, James; Aoun, Salah G.; Plitt, Aaron R.; Neeley, Om; Olson, Daiwai M.; Ruchinskas, Robert A.; Cullum, Munro; Batjer, Hunt; White, Jonathan A. (2019-03-04).
627:
a typically normal life with no restrictions to activities of daily living. According to a recent study, gait imbalance appears to be the symptom that improves the most for patients after placement of a VP shunt.
184:
motor fibers. The typical gait abnormality in NPH is a broad-based, slow, short-stepped, "stuck to the floor", or "magnetic" movement. The gait abnormalities in NPH may bear resemblance to a gait associated with
3230:
613:
have demonstrated decreased production of CSF in animal studies on healthy rabbits and dogs, however further testing is required to determine if this is an effective treatment option in humans. A trial of
667:. Hakim continued to research and work with patients found to have NPH and later published his findings detailing the classic triad of gait disturbance, neurological impairment, and urinary incontinence.
1040:
Krauss JK, Faist M, Schubert M, Borremans JJ, Lucking CH, Berger W (2001). "Evaluation of Gait in Normal
Pressure Hydrocephalus Before and After Shunting". In Ruzicka E, Hallett M, Jankovic J (eds.).
3616:
3611:
541:
solution is infused into a spinal needle while another spinal needle is used to record numerous CSF pressure variables including ICP, outflow resistance, and CSF formation rate. The tests have a
3628:
3606:
1944:
Vanneste J, Augustijn P, Dirven C, Tan WF, Goedhart ZD (January 1992). "Shunting normal-pressure hydrocephalus: do the benefits outweigh the risks? A multicenter study and literature review".
320:. Lastly, urinary incontinence is thought to be caused by stretching of the periventricular sacral fibers of the corticospinal tract fibers leading to loss of voluntary bladder contraction.
337:
diseases that may explain the patient's symptoms. Known causes of secondary NPH (head injury, meningitis, hemorrhage) should be ruled out prior to further investigation of idiopathic NPH.
2779:
2608:
618:
in adults with chronic hydrocephalus has also shown improvement of symptoms within 12 weeks, however further research is needed to support this as a non-surgical option for NPH.
1818:
332:
Evan's index is the ratio of maximum width of the frontal horns to the maximum width of the inner table of the cranium. An Evan's index more than 0.31 indicates hydrocephalus.
2483:
Tanaka N, Yamaguchi S, Ishikawa H, Ishii H, Meguro K (1 January 2009). "Prevalence of possible idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: the Osaki-Tajiri project".
355:(CT) is needed to demonstrate enlarged ventricles and no macroscopic obstruction to cerebrospinal fluid flow. Imaging should show an enlargement to at least one of the
344:
Gradual onset after age 40 years, symptoms duration of ≥ 3–6 months, clinical evidence of gait or balance impairment, and impairment of cognition or urinary incontinence
2975:
2244:"Five-year outcome of normal pressure hydrocephalus with or without a shunt: predictive value of the clinical signs, neuropsychological evaluation and infusion test"
2970:
110:
remains unclear, it has been associated with various co-morbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and hyperlipidemia. Causes of
1775:, Relkin N, Black PM (September 2005). "The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus".
2772:
1523:"Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (Third Edition): Endorsed by the Japanese Society of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
928:"Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (Third Edition): Endorsed by the Japanese Society of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
195:
presents as progressive cognitive impairment which is present in 60% of patients at time of treatment. This is caused by distortions predominantly at the
1365:
Passos-Neto, Carlos
Eduardo Borges; Lopes, Cesar Castello Branco; Teixeira, Mauricio Silva; Studart Neto, Adalberto; Spera, Raphael Ribeiro (May 2022).
661:, after which the patient showed significant improvement to Hakim's surprise. These findings were later published as a case report by Hakim in 1964 in
3598:
1736:
Tarnaris A, Toma AK, Kitchen ND, Watkins LD (December 2009). "Ongoing search for diagnostic biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus".
549:
less than 50%. The LP should show normal or mildly elevated CSF pressure. CSF should have normal cell contents, glucose levels, and protein levels.
98:
and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. Although the cause of
3588:
2765:
3568:
3241:
3593:
3225:
1905:"Estimated incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus and shunt outcome in patients residing in assisted-living and extended-care facilities"
1349:
1005:
Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH (July 1965). "Symptomatic Occult
Hydrocephalus with Normal Cerebrospinal-Fluid Pressure".
525:
Image of patient receiving lumbar puncture (LP). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from an LP can be tested to aid in the diagnosis of NPH.
3431:
3419:
2881:
2588:
356:
312:
are also thought to contribute to gait deviations in NPH. Dementia in NPH is most likely caused by ventricular enlargement compressing the
663:
3650:
3583:
3138:
2142:"Corticosteroid action on choroid plexus: Reduction in Na+?K+-ATPase activity, choline transport capacity, and rate of CSF formation"
1826:
747:"Nationwide hospital-based survey of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in Japan: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics"
3353:
3156:
238:(ICP). The ICP gradually falls but remains slightly elevated, and the CSF pressure reaches a high normal level of 15 to 20 cm H
514:
enlarged ventricles have primary NPH. Cerebral atrophy can cause enlarged ventricles, as well, and is referred to as hydrocephalus
1471:"Parkinsonian Symptomatology May Correlate with CT Findings before and after Shunting in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
3472:
2987:
2963:
2793:
3179:
209:
appears late in the illness and is present in 50% of patients at time of treatment. Urinary dysfunction begins as increased
2430:
Brean A, Eide PK (July 2008). "Prevalence of probable idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in a
Norwegian population".
388:
3666:
3551:
3467:
2958:
395:
367:
view, showing evidence of altered brain water content, or normal active flow (which is referred to as "flow void") at the
176:
are present in nearly all NPH patients and are typically the first presenting symptom. This is caused by expansion of the
2619:
2406:
3635:
3009:
538:
91:
2603:
2584:
802:
Liew, Boon Seng; Takagi, Kiyoshi; Kato, Yoko; Duvuru, Shyam; Thanapal, Sengottuvel; Mangaleswaran, Balamurugan (2019).
3707:
3145:
3623:
3173:
2845:
676:
521:
438:
348:
225:
Every day, the body makes roughly 600–700 ml of CSF, and about the same amount is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
138:
3515:
2623:
3573:
3541:
3493:
3342:
2921:
2025:"Diamox ® Challenge Test to Decide Indications for Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
546:
542:
570:
For suspected cases of NPH, CSF shunting is the first-line treatment. The most common type used to treat NPH is
3697:
3640:
3414:
2828:
2680:
3645:
3712:
3578:
3334:
3152:
3004:
2994:
2838:
606:
bolus has been shown to be a positive predictor for good response after VP shunt placement in NPH patients.
562:
273:
3510:
3502:
3457:
3133:
3105:
2953:
281:
186:
154:
150:
114:
include trauma, hemorrhage, or infection. The disease presents in a classic triad of symptoms, which are
3525:
3399:
3217:
3195:
3110:
3033:
2943:
2930:
2855:
598:
No medications are effective for primary NPH. Lasting reductions in ICP have not been demonstrated with
285:
235:
3462:
3279:
3168:
2300:"Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Outcomes of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Case Series of 116 Patients"
2196:
509:
MRI scans are the preferred imaging. The distinction between normal and enlarged ventricular size by
422:
206:
146:
609:
Research is currently aimed at finding other medication options for the management of NPH symptoms.
57:
3702:
3391:
3038:
2893:
2833:
2665:
497:
352:
293:
181:
145:
where the CSF will eventually be absorbed. NPH is often misdiagnosed as other conditions including
83:
3561:
3546:
3534:
3284:
3235:
3072:
2935:
2823:
2563:
2508:
2465:
2279:
2177:
2060:
1969:
1885:
1800:
1187:
636:
incidence is seen between men and women or amongst differing ethnicities. Among individuals with
530:
177:
87:
2757:
256:
The disease is not caused by overproduction of CSF or obstruction of CSF flow at the ventricles.
3324:
3290:
3262:
3253:
3185:
3161:
3028:
2876:
2720:
2691:
2555:
2547:
2500:
2457:
2388:
2339:
2321:
2271:
2263:
2224:
2216:
2169:
2161:
2122:
2104:
2052:
2044:
2005:
1961:
1926:
1877:
1869:
1792:
1753:
1718:
1700:
1661:
1609:
1560:
1542:
1502:
1451:
1443:
1404:
1386:
1345:
1322:
1304:
1257:
1214:
1179:
1171:
1112:
1094:
1022:
957:
905:
887:
843:
825:
784:
766:
726:
718:
654:
587:
575:
368:
309:
214:
210:
119:
115:
46:
288:, which further leads to decreased CSF reabsorption and therefore enlargement of ventricles.
17:
3447:
3318:
3313:
3098:
3093:
2745:
2597:
2539:
2492:
2447:
2439:
2378:
2370:
2329:
2311:
2255:
2208:
2153:
2112:
2094:
2036:
1997:
1953:
1916:
1861:
1784:
1745:
1708:
1692:
1651:
1643:
1599:
1591:
1550:
1534:
1492:
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1435:
1394:
1378:
1312:
1296:
1163:
1102:
1086:
1014:
947:
939:
895:
879:
833:
815:
774:
758:
710:
649:
510:
372:
313:
173:
166:
131:
123:
95:
340:
The international evidenced-based diagnostic criteria for primary, or idiopathic, NPH are:
3369:
3060:
534:
200:
127:
1469:
Ishii M, Kawamata T, Akiguchi I, Yagi H, Watanabe Y, Watanabe T, Mashimo H (March 2010).
2593:
2242:
Savolainen, S.; Hurskainen, H.; Paljärvi, L.; Alafuzoff, I.; Vapalahti, M. (June 2002).
3426:
3375:
3203:
2912:
2789:
2543:
2383:
2358:
2334:
2299:
2117:
2082:
1788:
1713:
1680:
1656:
1631:
1604:
1579:
1555:
1522:
1497:
1470:
1399:
1366:
1317:
1284:
1107:
1074:
952:
927:
900:
867:
838:
803:
779:
746:
658:
571:
297:
231:
2674:
2670:
1439:
3691:
3452:
3404:
3274:
3043:
2999:
2850:
2443:
1300:
1139:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 581–84.
699:"Incidence, Comorbidities, and Mortality in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
603:
599:
583:
484:
418:
408:
364:
226:
79:
2731:
2567:
2527:
2512:
2469:
2283:
2181:
1973:
1889:
1595:
1382:
1191:
328:
2948:
2818:
2801:
2064:
1804:
1772:
476:
360:
305:
196:
2685:
2374:
2024:
1696:
883:
2907:
2868:
2810:
2734:
2715:
2001:
1018:
615:
471:
380:
Typical imaging findings in normal pressure hydrocephalus versus brain atrophy.
2212:
1249:
1206:
1135:
Younger DS (2005). "Adult Normal
Pressure Hydrocephalus". In Younger DS (ed.).
714:
165:
NPH exhibits a classic triad of clinical findings (known as the Adams triad or
3018:
2888:
2740:
2696:
2655:
2259:
2141:
2099:
1647:
1090:
978:
277:
130:(note: this diagnosis method is obsolete). The disease was first described by
2551:
2325:
2267:
2220:
2165:
2108:
2048:
1873:
1704:
1546:
1538:
1447:
1390:
1344:(8th ed.). New York: Thiem e Medical Publishers, Inc. pp. 404–405.
1308:
1175:
1098:
943:
891:
829:
770:
722:
246:
The exact pathogenesis is unknown, but consensus on some mechanisms include:
3128:
3079:
3067:
3050:
2982:
2726:
2083:"Nonsurgical therapy for hydrocephalus: a comprehensive and critical review"
1921:
1904:
820:
301:
51:
2613:
2559:
2504:
2461:
2392:
2343:
2275:
2243:
2126:
2056:
2009:
1930:
1881:
1849:
1796:
1757:
1722:
1665:
1632:"The differential diagnosis and treatment of normal-pressure hydrocephalus"
1613:
1564:
1506:
1408:
1326:
1261:
1218:
1183:
1151:
1116:
1026:
961:
909:
847:
788:
730:
698:
489:
2228:
2173:
2040:
1965:
1865:
1487:
1455:
1423:
1167:
566:
Diagram demonstrating surgical placement of a VP shunt used to manage NPH.
3308:
3300:
3266:
3120:
3023:
2357:
Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkelsø C (April 2014).
637:
503:
Vascular encephalopathy, in this case suggested by unilateral occurrence
192:
2638:
2316:
1957:
447:
284:. These conditions are thought to lead to increased inflammation of the
2452:
2157:
1044:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 301–09.
983:
610:
433:
142:
2496:
1749:
1625:
1623:
1283:
Oliveira, Louise
Makarem; Nitrini, Ricardo; Román, Gustavo C. (2019).
3347:
3088:
3055:
2650:
1681:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
868:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
762:
3603:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
586:, shunt obstruction, over- or under-drainage, and development of a
2528:"SalomĂłn Hakim and the Discovery of Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus"
1073:
Shprecher, David; Schwalb, Jason; Kurlan, Roger (September 2008).
520:
317:
1152:"When do common symptoms indicate normal pressure hydrocephalus?"
454:
Narrowed convexity ("tight convexity") as well as medial cisterns
300:
that coordinate motor movements of the legs. Compression of the
2761:
2407:"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH): Symptoms & Treatment"
2023:
Miyake, H.; Ohta, T.; Kajimoto, Y.; Deguchi, J. (1999-11-15).
2140:
Lindvall-Axelsson, M.; Hedner, P.; Owman, C. (October 1989).
1205:
Pinto, Venessa L.; Tadi, Prasanna; Adeyinka, Adebayo (2024),
804:"Current Updates on Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
457:
Widened vertex (red arrow) and medial cisterns (green arrow)
250:
An imbalance exists between production and resorption of CSF.
979:"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: a neurologist's perspective"
1850:"Diagnosis and management of normal-pressure hydrocephalus"
1422:
Gleason, P. L.; Black, P. M.; Matsumae, M. (October 1993).
445:
CSF spaces over the convexity near the vertex (red ellipse
316:, which further leads to tearing of currently unidentified
640:, the incidence of NPH is thought to be between 2 and 6%.
2081:
Del Bigio, Marc R.; Di Curzio, Domenico L. (2016-02-05).
2359:"Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus"
1075:"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment"
602:. Transient reduction in ICP after administration of an
1823:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
2526:
Wallenstein, Matthew B.; McKhann, Guy M. (July 2010).
1819:"NINDS Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Information Page"
2628:
3524:
3501:
3492:
3485:
3440:
3390:
3362:
3333:
3299:
3261:
3250:
3216:
3194:
3119:
2929:
2920:
2906:
2866:
2809:
2800:
2706:
2632:
2197:"The Effect of Glucocorticoids on CSF Flow in Dogs"
1424:"The neurobiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus"
45:
37:
32:
1285:"Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: A critical review"
973:
971:
2195:Weiss, Martin H.; Nulsen, Frank E. (April 1970).
487:(periventricular signal alterations, blue arrows
304:as well as poor perfusion of the periventricular
253:The resistance to CSF outflow is often elevated.
1580:"Neuroimaging in normal pressure hydrocephalus"
1256:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1213:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
921:
919:
260:The syndrome is often divided into two groups,
1679:Williams, Michael A.; Malm, Jan (April 2016).
1059:(9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical.
866:Williams, Michael A.; Malm, Jan (April 2016).
2773:
1903:Marmarou A, Young HF, Aygok GA (April 2007).
1278:
1276:
8:
363:resulting in a callosal angle ≤ 90° on the
141:to drain excess CSF into the lining of the
3498:
3489:
3258:
2926:
2917:
2806:
2780:
2766:
2758:
2629:
1367:"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: an update"
1130:
1128:
1126:
1079:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
1057:Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology
926:Nakajima, Madoka; et al. (Feb 2021).
56:
29:
2451:
2382:
2333:
2315:
2116:
2098:
1920:
1712:
1655:
1603:
1554:
1496:
1486:
1398:
1316:
1106:
951:
899:
837:
819:
778:
137:The treatment is surgical placement of a
90:, leading to normal or slightly elevated
2585:The Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Center
1248:M Das, Joe; Biagioni, Milton C. (2023),
648:NPH was first described by neurosurgeon
561:
378:
327:
688:
3569:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3242:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1630:Kiefer M, Unterberg A (January 2012).
2076:
2074:
1428:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1068:
1066:
280:, brain surgery, brain radiation, or
7:
3420:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
2589:Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
1783:(3 Suppl): S17–28, discussion ii–v.
1156:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
932:Neurologia Medico-chirurgica (Tokyo)
861:
859:
857:
357:temporal horns of lateral ventricles
1162:(5): 447–450, 452, 455–456 passim.
1007:The New England Journal of Medicine
664:The New England Journal of Medicine
3651:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2544:10.1227/01.NEU.0000370058.12120.0E
1789:10.1227/01.neu.0000168184.01002.60
1636:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
25:
3354:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3157:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
1207:"Increased Intracranial Pressure"
213:often at night and progresses to
3374:For more detailed coverage, see
3352:For more detailed coverage, see
3323:For more detailed coverage, see
3289:For more detailed coverage, see
3240:For more detailed coverage, see
2444:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00982.x
1848:Vanneste, J. A. (January 2000).
1301:10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020001
572:ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts
488:
446:
394:
387:
174:Gait deviations/balance problems
157:(due to cognitive dysfunction).
94:. The fluid build-up causes the
1825:. 29 April 2011. Archived from
1596:10.1590/1980-57642015DN94000350
1584:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
1383:10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2022-S118
1289:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
1250:"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"
574:, which drain CSF fluid to the
234:. This leads to an increase in
2254:(6): 515–523, discussion 523.
2087:Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
1685:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
1055:Ropper AH, Samuels MA (2009).
872:Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
359:, and impingement against the
1:
3667:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3552:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3410:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
2746:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
2604:Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
2594:Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
2432:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
1440:10.1016/S1042-3680(18)30558-8
1371:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
808:Asian Journal of Neurosurgery
405:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
78:, is a form of communicating
68:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
33:Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
18:Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
3636:Progressive muscular atrophy
2624:Spina Bifida Resource Center
2375:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000342
1697:10.1212/CON.0000000000000305
1527:Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica
884:10.1212/CON.0000000000000305
393:
386:
217:and permanent incontinence.
92:cerebrospinal fluid pressure
3146:Primary progressive aphasia
2146:Experimental Brain Research
2002:10.3171/jns.2004.100.5.0855
1771:Marmarou A, Bergsneider M,
1150:Factora, Ronan (May 2006).
1019:10.1056/NEJM196507152730301
558:Ventriculoperitoneal shunts
180:, which can impinge on the
149:(due to balance problems),
134:and Raymond Adams in 1965.
76:malresorptive hydrocephalus
41:Malresorptive hydrocephalus
3729:
3468:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3174:Posterior cortical atrophy
2995:Striatonigral degeneration
2846:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
2213:10.3171/jns.1970.32.4.0452
715:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.107
677:Low pressure hydrocephalus
349:magnetic resonance imaging
139:ventriculoperitoneal shunt
3574:Spinal muscular atrophies
3542:Primary lateral sclerosis
3400:Intracranial hypertension
3180:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2260:10.1007/s00701-002-0936-3
2100:10.1186/s12987-016-0025-2
1648:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0015
1091:10.1007/s11910-008-0058-2
547:negative predictive value
543:positive predictive value
417:
3641:Progressive bulbar palsy
3432:Intracranial hypotension
3415:Choroid plexus papilloma
2829:Herpesviral encephalitis
1539:10.2176/nmc.st.2020-0292
1342:Handbook of Neurosurgery
1340:Greenberg, Mark (2016).
944:10.2176/nmc.st.2020-0292
430:Modality in this example
3153:Frontotemporal dementia
2839:Encephalitis lethargica
2620:Hydrocephalus in Adults
2201:Journal of Neurosurgery
1990:Journal of Neurosurgery
1922:10.3171/foc.2007.22.4.2
1691:(2 Dementia): 579–599.
1642:(1–2): 15–25, quiz 26.
878:(2 Dementia): 579–599.
821:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_14_19
533:involves a high-volume
274:subarachnoid hemorrhage
86:(CSF) builds up in the
3458:Hepatic encephalopathy
1738:Biomarkers in Medicine
659:ventriculoatrial shunt
622:Outcomes and Prognosis
567:
526:
333:
286:arachnoid granulations
282:traumatic brain injury
3516:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3473:Static encephalopathy
3196:Mitochondrial disease
3034:Spasmodic torticollis
2944:Basal ganglia disease
2614:When it really is NPH
2041:10.1007/s007010050417
1866:10.1007/s004150050003
1578:Damasceno BP (2015).
1168:10.3949/ccjm.73.5.447
565:
524:
483:Most likely cause of
462:Callosal angle (blue
415:Preferable projection
331:
236:intracranial pressure
102:(also referred to as
96:ventricles to enlarge
3463:Toxic encephalopathy
3169:Lewy bodies dementia
2248:Acta Neurochirurgica
2029:Acta Neurochirurgica
1854:Journal of Neurology
1377:(5 Suppl 1): 42–52.
423:posterior commissure
421:at the level of the
207:Urinary incontinence
3511:Friedreich's ataxia
2894:Meningoencephalitis
2834:Limbic encephalitis
2317:10.7759/cureus.4170
1958:10.1212/wnl.42.1.54
1909:Neurosurgical Focus
1829:on 11 December 2016
1488:10.4061/2010/201089
1475:Parkinson's Disease
498:cerebrospinal fluid
381:
353:computed tomography
294:corticospinal tract
187:Parkinson's disease
182:corticospinal tract
155:Alzheimer's disease
151:Parkinson's disease
84:cerebrospinal fluid
3708:Ventricular system
3547:Pseudobulbar palsy
3285:Status epilepticus
3236:Multiple sclerosis
3073:Myoclonic epilepsy
2936:movement disorders
2882:Acute disseminated
2824:Viral encephalitis
2707:External resources
2158:10.1007/BF00249613
751:Brain and Behavior
703:World Neurosurgery
568:
531:Miller Fisher test
527:
379:
334:
178:lateral ventricles
161:Signs and symptoms
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3481:
3480:
3386:
3385:
3325:Template:Headache
3291:Template:Epilepsy
3212:
3211:
3186:Vascular dementia
3029:Status dystonicus
2902:
2901:
2877:Encephalomyelitis
2755:
2754:
2497:10.1159/000186501
2485:Neuroepidemiology
2035:(11): 1187–1193.
1750:10.2217/bmm.09.37
1351:978-1-62623-241-9
655:subdural hematoma
588:subdural hematoma
576:peritoneal cavity
507:
506:
369:cerebral aqueduct
310:prefrontal cortex
215:urge incontinence
153:(due to gait) or
147:Meniere's disease
120:urinary frequency
116:memory impairment
65:
64:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3720:
3499:
3490:
3448:Brain herniation
3259:
3099:Intention tremor
3094:Essential tremor
2959:Postencephalitic
2927:
2918:
2807:
2788:Diseases of the
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2630:
2598:Cleveland Clinic
2572:
2571:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:Cleveland Clinic
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2319:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2102:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1245:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
975:
966:
965:
955:
923:
914:
913:
903:
863:
852:
851:
841:
823:
799:
793:
792:
782:
763:10.1002/brb3.635
741:
735:
734:
693:
545:over 90%, but a
511:cerebral atrophy
492:
467:
450:
398:
391:
382:
373:fourth ventricle
243:intermittently.
124:balance problems
82:in which excess
61:
60:
30:
21:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3698:Brain disorders
3688:
3687:
3686:
3673:
3599:Congenital DSMA
3520:
3477:
3436:
3382:
3370:Sleep disorders
3358:
3335:Cerebrovascular
3329:
3295:
3252:
3246:
3208:
3190:
3115:
3061:Choreoathetosis
2934:
2911:
2898:
2862:
2796:
2786:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2702:
2701:
2641:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2369:(16): 1449–54.
2356:
2355:
2351:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1137:Motor Disorders
1134:
1133:
1124:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
977:
976:
969:
925:
924:
917:
865:
864:
855:
801:
800:
796:
743:
742:
738:
695:
694:
690:
685:
673:
646:
633:
624:
596:
560:
555:
535:lumbar puncture
496:Transependymal
463:
326:
241:
223:
163:
128:gait deviations
74:), also called
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3713:Medical triads
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3427:Cerebral edema
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:Template:Sleep
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3204:Leigh syndrome
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2940:
2938:
2931:Extrapyramidal
2924:
2915:
2913:encephalopathy
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2790:nervous system
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2677:
2658:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:Classification
2627:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2580:
2579:External links
2577:
2574:
2573:
2538:(1): 155–159.
2518:
2475:
2422:
2398:
2349:
2289:
2234:
2207:(4): 452–458.
2187:
2152:(3): 605–610.
2132:
2070:
2015:
1979:
1936:
1895:
1840:
1810:
1763:
1744:(6): 787–805.
1728:
1671:
1619:
1590:(4): 350–355.
1570:
1512:
1461:
1434:(4): 667–675.
1414:
1357:
1350:
1332:
1295:(2): 133–143.
1272:
1229:
1197:
1142:
1122:
1085:(5): 371–376.
1062:
1047:
1042:Gait Disorders
1032:
997:
967:
915:
853:
814:(3): 648–656.
794:
736:
687:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
672:
669:
645:
642:
632:
629:
623:
620:
595:
592:
559:
556:
554:
551:
539:ringer lactate
505:
504:
501:
494:
480:
479:
474:
469:
459:
458:
455:
452:
442:
441:
436:
431:
427:
426:
425:of the brain.
416:
412:
411:
406:
403:
400:
399:
392:
385:
377:
376:
345:
325:
322:
298:corona radiata
296:fibers in the
258:
257:
254:
251:
239:
232:corona radiata
222:
219:
162:
159:
63:
62:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3725:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Reye syndrome
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Hydrocephalus
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:Demyelinating
3215:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Restless legs
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:Blepharospasm
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Hemiballismus
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:Brain abscess
2849:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
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2202:
2198:
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2110:
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2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:(5): 855–66.
1995:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
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1899:
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1036:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:(3): 117–26.
1012:
1008:
1001:
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986:
985:
980:
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968:
963:
959:
954:
949:
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854:
849:
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840:
835:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:(3): e00635.
756:
752:
748:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:: e624–e631.
708:
704:
700:
692:
689:
682:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
666:
665:
660:
656:
651:
650:SalomĂłn Hakim
643:
641:
639:
630:
628:
621:
619:
617:
612:
607:
605:
604:acetazolamide
601:
600:acetazolamide
593:
591:
589:
585:
584:ventriculitis
579:
577:
573:
564:
557:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
523:
519:
517:
512:
502:
499:
495:
491:
486:
485:leucoaraiosis
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
470:
466:
461:
460:
456:
453:
449:
444:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
429:
428:
424:
420:
419:Coronal plane
414:
413:
410:
409:Brain atrophy
407:
404:
402:
401:
397:
390:
384:
383:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:Imaging from
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:(also called
263:
255:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
237:
233:
228:
227:Hydrocephalus
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
132:SalomĂłn Hakim
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:secondary NPH
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:hydrocephalus
77:
73:
69:
59:
53:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3661:
3560:
3533:
3494:Degenerative
3409:
3231:Inflammatory
3178:
3111:Stiff-person
2949:Parkinsonism
2922:Degenerative
2819:Encephalitis
2802:Inflammation
2792:, primarily
2739:
2725:
2714:
2690:
2679:
2660:
2645:
2602:
2535:
2532:Neurosurgery
2531:
2521:
2491:(3): 171–5.
2488:
2484:
2478:
2438:(1): 48–53.
2435:
2431:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:
2401:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2310:(3): e4170.
2307:
2303:
2292:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2090:
2086:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1952:(1): 54–59.
1949:
1945:
1939:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1813:
1780:
1777:Neurosurgery
1776:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1533:(2): 63–97.
1530:
1526:
1515:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1341:
1335:
1292:
1288:
1265:, retrieved
1253:
1222:, retrieved
1210:
1200:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1082:
1078:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1010:
1006:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
987:. 2022-11-01
982:
938:(2): 63–97.
935:
931:
875:
871:
811:
807:
797:
754:
750:
739:
706:
702:
691:
662:
647:
634:
631:Epidemiology
625:
608:
597:
580:
569:
528:
515:
508:
477:Obtuse angle
464:
361:falx cerebri
339:
335:
318:nerve fibers
306:white matter
290:
269:
265:
261:
259:
245:
224:
221:Pathogenesis
205:
197:frontal lobe
191:
172:
164:
136:
111:
107:
103:
99:
75:
71:
67:
66:
3646:Fazio–Londe
3486:Both/either
3280:Generalised
3139:Early-onset
3134:Alzheimer's
2869:spinal cord
2716:MedlinePlus
2453:10852/27953
1860:(1): 5–14.
616:triamterene
594:Medications
500:diapedesis
472:Acute angle
38:Other names
3703:Geriatrics
3692:Categories
3254:paroxysmal
3226:Autoimmune
3019:Dyskinesia
2889:Meningitis
2867:Brain and
2741:Patient UK
2692:DiseasesDB
2416:2024-01-22
1267:2024-01-22
1254:StatPearls
1224:2024-01-25
1211:StatPearls
991:2022-08-10
683:References
278:meningitis
266:idiopathic
100:idiopathic
88:ventricles
3251:Episodic/
3129:Tauopathy
3080:Akathisia
3068:Myoclonus
3051:Athetosis
2983:Tauopathy
2735:radio/479
2732:neuro/277
2727:eMedicine
2616:at Likvor
2552:0148-396X
2363:Neurology
2326:2168-8184
2268:0001-6268
2221:0022-3085
2166:0014-4819
2109:2045-8118
2049:0001-6268
1946:Neurology
1915:(4): E1.
1874:0340-5354
1705:1538-6899
1547:1349-8029
1448:1042-3680
1391:1678-4227
1309:1980-5764
1176:0891-1150
1099:1534-6293
892:1538-6899
830:1793-5482
771:2162-3279
723:1878-8769
553:Treatment
351:(MRI) or
324:Diagnosis
314:calvarium
302:brainstem
270:secondary
211:frequency
201:subcortex
52:Neurology
47:Specialty
3617:SMALED2B
3612:SMALED2A
3309:Migraine
3301:Headache
3267:epilepsy
3263:Seizures
3121:Dementia
3024:Dystonia
2568:34287029
2560:20568668
2513:39139263
2505:19096225
2470:25605575
2462:18205881
2393:24682964
2344:31093469
2284:24582223
2276:12111484
2182:44019348
2127:26846184
2057:10592119
2010:15137605
1974:29656326
1931:17613187
1890:12790649
1882:10701891
1797:16160426
1773:Klinge P
1758:20477715
1723:27042909
1666:22282714
1614:29213984
1565:33455998
1507:20948890
1409:35976308
1327:31285787
1262:31194404
1219:29489250
1192:38707248
1184:16708712
1117:18713572
1027:14303656
962:33455998
910:27042909
848:31497081
789:28293475
731:29374607
671:See also
638:dementia
611:Steroids
516:ex vacuo
199:and the
193:Dementia
3629:SMA-PME
3624:SMA-PCH
3607:SMALED1
3319:Tension
3314:Cluster
3039:Meige's
2856:Amoebic
2686:D006850
2384:4001197
2335:6502283
2229:5417941
2174:2553468
2118:4743412
2065:2819074
1966:1734324
1805:7566152
1714:5390935
1657:3265984
1605:5619317
1556:7905302
1498:2951141
1481:: 1–7.
1456:8241789
1400:9491444
1318:6601311
1108:2674287
984:YouTube
953:7905302
901:5390935
839:6703007
780:5346522
644:History
365:coronal
308:in the
262:primary
167:Hakim's
143:abdomen
104:primary
3348:Stroke
3162:Pick's
3089:Tremor
3056:Chorea
2721:000752
2566:
2558:
2550:
2511:
2503:
2468:
2460:
2391:
2381:
2342:
2332:
2324:
2304:Cureus
2282:
2274:
2266:
2227:
2219:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2125:
2115:
2107:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2008:
1972:
1964:
1929:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1833:13 May
1803:
1795:
1756:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1664:
1654:
1612:
1602:
1563:
1553:
1545:
1505:
1495:
1454:
1446:
1407:
1397:
1389:
1348:
1325:
1315:
1307:
1260:
1217:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1115:
1105:
1097:
1025:
960:
950:
908:
898:
890:
846:
836:
828:
787:
777:
769:
729:
721:
268:) and
122:, and
54:
3662:both:
3594:DSMA1
3589:SMAX2
3584:SMAX1
3564:only:
3537:only:
3441:Other
3363:Other
3275:Focal
2908:Brain
2811:Brain
2675:331.5
2671:331.9
2656:G91.2
2609:NINDS
2564:S2CID
2509:S2CID
2466:S2CID
2280:S2CID
2178:S2CID
2093:: 3.
2061:S2CID
1970:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1801:S2CID
1188:S2CID
3265:and
2976:PKAN
2971:NBIA
2697:9089
2681:MeSH
2666:9-CM
2556:PMID
2548:ISSN
2501:PMID
2458:PMID
2389:PMID
2340:PMID
2322:ISSN
2272:PMID
2264:ISSN
2225:PMID
2217:ISSN
2170:PMID
2162:ISSN
2123:PMID
2105:ISSN
2053:PMID
2045:ISSN
2006:PMID
1962:PMID
1927:PMID
1878:PMID
1870:ISSN
1835:2011
1793:PMID
1754:PMID
1719:PMID
1701:ISSN
1662:PMID
1610:PMID
1561:PMID
1543:ISSN
1503:PMID
1479:2010
1452:PMID
1444:ISSN
1405:PMID
1387:ISSN
1346:ISBN
1323:PMID
1305:ISSN
1258:PMID
1215:PMID
1180:PMID
1172:ISSN
1113:PMID
1095:ISSN
1023:PMID
958:PMID
906:PMID
888:ISSN
844:PMID
826:ISSN
785:PMID
767:ISSN
727:PMID
719:ISSN
529:The
371:and
3579:SMA
3562:LMN
3535:UMN
3526:MND
3392:CSF
3343:TIA
2988:PSP
2964:NMS
2933:and
2794:CNS
2662:ICD
2647:ICD
2622:at
2607:at
2596:at
2587:at
2540:doi
2493:doi
2448:hdl
2440:doi
2436:118
2379:PMC
2371:doi
2330:PMC
2312:doi
2256:doi
2252:144
2209:doi
2154:doi
2113:PMC
2095:doi
2037:doi
2033:141
1998:doi
1994:100
1954:doi
1917:doi
1862:doi
1858:247
1785:doi
1746:doi
1709:PMC
1693:doi
1652:PMC
1644:doi
1640:109
1600:PMC
1592:doi
1551:PMC
1535:doi
1493:PMC
1483:doi
1436:doi
1395:PMC
1379:doi
1313:PMC
1297:doi
1164:doi
1103:PMC
1087:doi
1015:doi
1011:273
948:PMC
940:doi
896:PMC
880:doi
834:PMC
816:doi
775:PMC
759:doi
711:doi
707:112
439:MRI
108:NPH
72:NPH
3694::
3503:SA
3010:OA
3005:HD
2954:PD
2744::
2730::
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2051:.
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2031:.
2027:.
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