449:("Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review") is a method of taking notes from written material, though it might be better classified as a method of reading and gaining understanding. The reader skims the written material to produce a list of headings (Survey), which are then converted into questions (Question). The reader then considers the questions while reading to provide motivation for what is being covered (Read). The reader writes notes in sections headed by the questions (Recite), then writes a summary from memory and reviews the notes (Review).
438:. It is commonly used at universities today. The Cornell method consists of dividing a single page into three sections: a right-hand column for notes, a left-hand column for cues, and a strip at the bottom for a summary. Cues are key words or questions that help evoke key aspects of the topic. Cornell notes may be more effective for understanding concepts or producing readable notes, but studies have found that they had no significant effect on student performance.
20:
128:. Studies comparing the performance of students who took handwritten notes to students who typed their notes found that students who took handwritten notes performed better on examinations, hypothetically due to the deeper processing of learned material through selective rephrasing instead of word-for-word transcription which is common when typing notes.
1151:
for Staff
Development at Oxford Brookes University.; Gruneberg, M. M. & Mathieson, M. (1997). The perceived value of minds maps (spider diagrams) as learning and memory aids. Cognitive Technology, 2, 21–24.; Hartley, J. (2002). Note-taking in non-academic settings: a review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 559–574.
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take notes on paper, and the digital note-takers have more difficulty remembering what they've written. Electronic note-taking has created computer-aided distractions in class as multitasking on laptops is very easy to accomplish. However, this research only applies to typing notes on laptops, not writing on tablets.
388:
136:
Note-taking is a good strategy to enhance learning and memory, as it allows the notetaker to be selective and reorganize ideas during a lecture. These notes can be reworded in an easier way that will facilitate the understanding of the content taught in class. Afterward, the notes can be used to help
123:
Note-taking is a central aspect of a complex human behavior related to information management involving a range of underlying mental processes and their interactions with other cognitive functions. The person taking notes must acquire and filter the incoming sources, organize and restructure existing
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1071:
Canas, A. J., Coffey, J. W., Carnot, M. J., Feltovich, P., Hoffman, R. R., Feltovich, J. et al. (2003). A summary of literature pertaining to the use of concept mapping techniques and technologies for education and performance support. Report to the Chief of Naval
Education and Training Pensacola FL
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Electronic note-taking may be less effective than traditional methods of note-taking. A study done by Pam A. Mueller of
Princeton University and Daniel M. Oppenheimer of the University of California, Los Angeles showed that students who take notes digitally retain less information than students who
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Sometimes lecturers may provide handouts of guided notes, which provide a "map" of the lecture content with key points or ideas missing. Students then fill in missing items as the lecture progresses. Guided notes may assist students in following lectures and identifying the most important ideas from
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Buzan, T. (2000). Use your head. Harlow, England: BBC Active.; Catchpole, R. & Garland, N. (1996). Mind maps: using research to improve the student learning experience. In G. Gibbs (Ed.), Improving student learning: using research to improve student learning (pp. 211–222). Oxford: Oxford Centre
334:
Sentence note-taking is simply writing down each topic as a short, simple sentence. This method works well for fast-paced lesson where a lot of information is being covered. The note-taker records every new thought, fact, or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded but is not organized
180:
The note taker usually has to work fast, and different note-taking styles and techniques try to make the best use of time. The average rate of speech is 2–3 words per second (which is 120-180 words per minute), but the average handwriting speed as only 0.2–0.3 words per second (which is 12-18 words
314:
However, this sort of structure has limitations in non-digital form since it is difficult to go back and insert more information. Adaptive systems are used for paper-and-pen insertions, such as using the reverse side of the preceding page in a spiral notebook to make insertions. Or one can simply
208:
Outlining is a common note-taking system. Notes and thoughts are organized in a structured, logical manner, reducing the time needed to edit and review, allowing a lot of information to be digested in a short period of time. For classes that involve many formulas and graphs, like mathematics or
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Research suggests that guided notes improve student recording of critical points in lecture, as well as quiz scores on related content. In addition, an investigation carried out on students with learning problems showed that the use of the guided notes is an effective strategy to improve the
403:
from a central point, purpose, or goal in the center of the page and then branch outward to identify all the ideas connected to that goal. Colors, small graphics, and symbols are often used to help to visualize the information more easily. It is also used for planning and writing essays.
379:, is useful for subject matter that can be broken into categories, such as similarities, differences, date, event, impact, etc. Students may use charting to identify categories and draw a table prior to a lecture or may review and rewrite notes using the charting method.
548:. Online applications are receiving growing attention from students who can forward notes using email, or otherwise make use of collaborative features in these applications and can also download the texts as a file on a local computer. It has also become common for
94:, students learned to take notes in schools, academies and universities, often producing beautiful volumes that served as reference works after they finished their studies. In pre-digital times, people used many kinds of notebooks, including
199:
are typically chronological outlines of a lecture or a text. Linear note taking is a common means of taking notes, however, the potential to just transcribe everything that is being said or on the presentation slide is quite high.
148:
Many different formats are used to structure information and make it easier to find and to understand later. The format of the initial record may often be informal and/or unstructured. One common format for such notes is
110:
developed and published a popular indexing system which served as a model for commonplace books and inspired at least ten different published editions of commonplace book templates in Europe and the
Americas as well as
1576:
Hamilton, Sheri L.; Seibert, Marilyn A.; Gardner, Ralph; Talbert-Johnson, Carolyn (May 2000). "Using Guided Notes to
Improve the Academic Achievement of Incarcerated Adolescents with Learning and Behavior Problems".
1409:
Proceedings: 4th Annual
Symposium: Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects Conference proceedings held at the Eugene Hughes Metropolitan Complex, Wichita State University, April 25, 2008. Symposium Chair: David M.
468:
a lecture. This format provides students with a framework, yet requires active listening (as opposed to providing copies of presentation slides in their entirety), and promotes active engagement during lecture or
1421:
124:
knowledge structures, comprehend and write down their explanation of the information, and ultimately store and integrate the freshly processed material. The result is a knowledge representation, and a
1432:
1099:
Nast, J. (2006). Idea mapping: how to access your hidden brain power, learn faster, remember more, and achieve success in business. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1915:
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The effects of
Cornell note-taking and review strategies on recall and comprehension of lecture content for middle school students with and without disabilities
1141:
Rose, C. & Nicholl, M. J. (1997). Accelerated learning for the 21st century: the six-step plan to unlock your master mind. London: Judy
Piatkus Publishers.
46:
everything. Notes are commonly drawn from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting are usually called
395:
Mapping uses spatial organization and diagrams to assemble information. Ideas are written in a node–link structure, with lines connecting ideas together.
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leave large spaces in between items, to enable more material to be inserted. (For information about application software that supports outlining, see
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Taking notes on different words used in lectures fosters vocabulary learning and stimulates autonomous learning of actively engaged individuals.
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from different sources and platforms. By taking notes, the writer records the essence of the information, freeing their mind from having to
1160:
Caviglioli, O. & Harris, I. (2000). Mapwise accelerated learning through visible thinking. Strafford, NH: Network
Educational Press.
524:
The growing use of laptops in universities and colleges has led to a rise in electronic note-taking. Many students write their notes in
867:
1062:
Rico, G. L. (1983). Writing the natural way: using right-brain techniques to release your expressive powers. New York: Penguin Putnam.
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326:, outliner software, or a digital notebook program, allows note-takers to revise easily and add more entries or rows to the outline.
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Piolat, A., Olive, T. & Kellogg, R. T. (2005). Cognitive effort during note-taking. Applied
Cognitive Psychology, 19, 291–312.
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1998:
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1458:"The Impact of the Cornell Note-Taking Method on Students' Performance in a High School Family and Consumer Sciences Class"
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Regardless of the medium, note-taking can be broadly divided into linear and nonlinear methods, which can be combined.
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O'Donnell, A. M., Dansereau, D. F. & Hall, R. F. (2002). Knowledge maps as scaffolds for cognitive processing.
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Note-taking has been an important part of human history and scientific development. The Ancient Greeks developed
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Professional note-takers provide access to information for people who cannot take their own notes, such as some
452:
Research shows that students who use the SQ3R strategy retain more information and achieve higher test scores.
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into major and minor topics. Notes can be numbered or set off with bullets showing where a new thought begins.
1108:
Turley, J. (1989). Speed-reading in business. An action plan for success. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.
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Regardless of the system used, it can be best to focus on writing down the most important information first.
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Minto, B. (1987). The pyramid principle. Harlow, England: Financial Times, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education.
635:
561:
1552:
557:
519:
1677:"Academic Freedom and Faculty Intellectual Property in the Era of Zoom and Learning Management Systems"
901:
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1944:
841:
Commonplace Books: A History of Manuscripts and Printed Books from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century
1081:
Novak, J. D. & Gowin, D. B. (1984). Learning how to learn. New York: Cambridge University Press.
459:, which adds a "Relate" step before "Review", has been used by some students since the early 1960s.
113:
Bell's Common-Place Book, Form'd Generally upon the Principles Recommended and Practised by Mr Locke
1988:
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372:
224:
91:
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Linear note-taking is the process of recording information in the order in which you receive it.
1456:
Quintus, Lori; Borr, Mari; Duffield, Stacy; Napoleon, Larry; Welch, Anita (Spring–Summer 2012).
1338:
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1241:
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1181:
1031:
1018:
740:"The Interactive Notebook: How Students Learned to Keep Notes during the Scottish Enlightenment"
23:
President Jimmy Carter's Notes from his private meeting with Pope John Paul II, October 6, 1979.
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599:, but are also used in workplace meetings, appointments, conferences, and training sessions.
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process, recall, and use information that has been rapidly gone through during the lecture.
125:
95:
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has made digital notetaking possible and widespread. Note-taking is a foundational skill in
820:. London: Printed for J. Greenwood, Bookseller, at the end of Cornhil, next Stocks-Market.
2028:
1964:
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1190:
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Ishikawa, K. (1984). Guide to quality control (2nd revised English ed.). New York: Unipub.
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344:
240:
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43:
19:
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674:"Optimising the use of note-taking as an external cognitive aid for increasing learning"
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1814:
944:"College students' theory of note-taking derived from their perceptions of note-taking"
707:"The Nature of Notebooks: How Enlightenment Schoolchildren Transformed the Tabula Rasa"
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50:), in which case the notes may be the only record of the event. Since the advent of
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875:, Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching, Harvard University, archived from
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Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors
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Online note-taking has created problems for teachers who must balance educational
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Carlston, David L. (2011-06-14). "Benefits of Student-Generated Note Packets".
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472:. The student ends up with full and accurate notes for use as a study guide.
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with copyright and intellectual property concerns regarding course content.
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902:"An integrative review of the cognitive costs and benefits of note-taking"
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very quickly. Historically, note-taking was an analog process, written in
1954:
1928:
900:
Jansen, Renée S.; Lakens, Daniel; IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A. (2017-11-01).
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A Comparison of Two Note Taking Methods in a Secondary English Classroom
1830:
1090:
Pauk, W. (2001). How to study in college. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
553:
498:(or their digital equivalent) that may be linked to each other through
162:
51:
47:
1983:
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537:
942:
Van Meter, Peggy; Yokoi, Linda; Pressley, Michael (September 1994).
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The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus
739:
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1959:
417:
386:
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The charting method of note taking, which includes the drawing of
154:
18:
1706:"Remote Teaching, Recording of Classes and Intellectual Property"
983:"Does writing words in notes contribute to vocabulary learning?"
584:
456:
446:
1897:
422:
A diagram showing the three sections of a page of Cornell notes
1422:"The Effects of Teaching Cornell Notes on Student Achievement"
1490:(Thesis). Rutgers University - Graduate School of Education.
1867:"For More Effective Studying, Take Notes With Pen and Paper"
1281:
Academic Reading and Study Skills: A Theme-Centered Approach
153:, which can allow large amounts of information to be put on
426:
The Cornell Notes method of note-taking was developed by
343:
Approaches to non-linear note-taking include clustering,
1815:"Mobile computing initiatives within pharmacy education"
779:. Harvard University Library Open Collections Program.
672:
Makany, Tamas; Kemp, Jonathan; Dror, Itiel E. (2009).
227:
to structure information. A common system consists of
243:
at different levels. A typical structure would be:
1734:"My Teaching Materials have been posted online FAQ"
1324:
1274:
1227:
1180:
1017:
223:generally proceed down a page, using headings and
86:, personal records on important subjects. In the
556:using these and similar technologies, including
1331:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1187:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1024:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1623:(2015) . "The Work Plan and the Index Cards".
1368:
1366:
1226:Nist-Olejnik, Sherrie; Holschuh, Jodi (2014).
528:or prepare digital hand-written notes using a
391:A mind map connects ideas together graphically
1909:
8:
1790:"Attention, Students: Put Your Laptops Away"
1323:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
1179:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
1016:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
1916:
1902:
1894:
1318:
1316:
619:List of concept- and mind-mapping software
434:and promoted in his bestselling 1974 book
1838:
1375:"Brain Friendly Techniques: Mind Mapping"
981:Jin, Zhouhan; Webb, Stuart (2021-12-14).
817:A new method of making common-place-books
722:
679:British Journal of Educational Technology
363:, model maps, and the pyramid principle.
322:Computerized note-taking, whether with a
58:, notes traditionally were almost always
866:Michael C. Friedman (October 15, 2014),
852:
850:
1742:Toronto Metropolitan University Library
1379:School Library Media Activities Monthly
661:
667:
665:
1883:"Taking notes on philosophical texts"
1813:Cain, J; Bird, ER; Jones, MK (2008).
937:
935:
591:people. They most frequently work in
7:
1373:Cristine, Goldberg (November 2004).
843:. Yale University. pp. 55, 58.
1704:Nisenson, Aaron; Sinclair, Chris.
614:Comparison of note-taking software
165:notes. In the digital age, use of
14:
948:Journal of Educational Psychology
351:, idea mapping, instant replays,
16:Practice of recording information
692:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00906.x
1637:10.7551/mitpress/10029.003.0008
476:performance of these students.
38:) is the practice of recording
1579:Remedial and Special Education
789:Gingerich, Owen (2004-03-01).
544:, with the aid of note-taking
514:Electronic note-taking methods
161:, or other paper methods like
1:
1865:Eck, Allison (June 3, 2014).
1129:Educational Psychology Review
738:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2016).
705:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2018).
72:personal knowledge management
918:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.10.001
1685:Modern Language Association
1420:Broe, Duane (Summer 2013).
906:Educational Research Review
175:personal digital assistants
66:), but the introduction of
2083:
1591:10.1177/074193250002100302
1285:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1283:(1st ed.). New York:
1236:(4th ed.). New York:
1234:College Success Strategies
987:Language Teaching Research
960:10.1037/0022-0663.86.3.323
711:Journal of British Studies
517:
483:
455:An updated version called
411:
1940:
1715:(PowerPoint presentation)
1484:Zulejka, Baharev (2016).
1276:"Charts and Study Frames"
995:10.1177/13621688211062184
641:List of graphical methods
609:Category:Learning methods
494:uses individual notes on
1523:10.1177/0098628311411786
562:institutes of technology
636:Handwriting recognition
436:How to Study in College
132:Reasons for note-taking
2065:Educational psychology
1511:Teaching of Psychology
1273:Pacheco, Beth (1985).
839:Havens, Earle (2001).
558:electronic whiteboards
423:
392:
339:Non-linear note-taking
280:II. Second main topic
30:(sometimes written as
24:
1625:How to Write a Thesis
1553:"SQ4R Reading Method"
1429:www.minotstateu.edu/#
579:Professional services
520:Electronic notetaking
421:
390:
22:
1945:AllMyNotes Organizer
1738:library.torontomu.ca
1631:. pp. 107–144.
882:on February 18, 2018
814:Locke, John (1706).
756:10.1353/bh.2016.0002
724:10.1017/jbr.2017.239
506:such as numbers and
247:I. First main topic
119:Cognitive psychology
1989:Obsidian (software)
1762:Flaherty, Colleen.
989:: 136216882110621.
470:independent reading
213:, a system such as
92:early modern period
68:notetaking software
1831:10.5688/ajpe797107
432:Cornell University
424:
393:
359:, learning maps,
317:Category:Outliners
191:Linear note-taking
177:(PDAs) is common.
25:
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2041:
2009:Personal Knowbase
1744:. 6 February 2018
1627:. Cambridge, MA:
1238:Pearson Education
777:Commonplace Books
375:sometimes called
353:Ishikawa diagrams
235:, letters of the
96:commonplace books
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589:hearing impaired
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115:(London, 1770).
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217:may be better.
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1681:www.mla.org
1337:. pp.
1287:. pp.
1193:. pp.
1030:. pp.
1019:"Outlining"
912:: 223–233.
886:January 31,
626:Florilegium
552:to deliver
496:index cards
428:Walter Pauk
100:waste books
88:Renaissance
60:handwritten
40:information
36:note taking
28:Note-taking
2049:Categories
2019:TiddlyWiki
1933:comparison
1931:software (
1799:2018-04-18
1775:2024-06-08
1748:2024-06-08
1719:2024-06-08
1690:2024-06-08
1562:2018-03-26
1470:2018-10-10
1442:2017-05-12
1348:0205191525
1333:. Boston:
1298:0030620341
1240:. p.
1229:"Charting"
1204:0205191525
1189:. Boston:
1182:"Charting"
1041:0205191525
1026:. Boston:
750:: 87–131.
657:References
646:Memorandum
518:See also:
171:tablet PCs
108:John Locke
104:marginalia
62:(often in
32:notetaking
1950:A.nnotate
1871:Nova Next
1825:(7): 72.
1663:897401730
1629:MIT Press
1607:143857611
1599:0741-9325
1539:145306500
1531:0098-6283
1391:0889-9371
1326:"Mapping"
1260:740250682
1003:1362-1688
968:1939-2176
926:1747-938X
764:151427109
550:lecturers
502:or other
492:card file
486:Card file
480:Card file
397:Mind maps
231:that use
211:chemistry
204:Outlining
167:computers
159:notebooks
151:shorthand
84:hypomnema
64:notebooks
1955:Evernote
1929:outliner
1849:27168620
1410:Eichhorn
1357:35184071
1307:10429683
1213:35184071
1050:35184071
603:See also
593:colleges
554:lectures
546:software
504:metadata
367:Charting
237:alphabet
229:headings
221:Outlines
56:literacy
2060:Writing
2004:OneNote
1979:Keynote
1840:4812780
1794:NPR.org
1339:135–141
1195:145–153
1032:141–145
826:3173495
569:freedom
383:Mapping
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78:History
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