529:
produces progesterone. The increased progesterone starts to induce the production of estrogen. The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself. The level of FSH and LH fall quickly, and the corpus luteum atrophies. Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle at 10 to 16 days (average 14 days).
637:
821:
research is weak, but there appears to be a very small increase in mood fluctuations during the luteal and menstrual phases, and a corresponding decrease during the rest of the cycle. Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle exert systemic effects on aspects of physiology including the brain, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. The result can be subtle physiological and observable changes to women's athletic performance including strength, aerobic, and anaerobic performance.
446:, about 10–12 hours after the peak in LH surge. Typically only one of the 15–20 stimulated follicles reaches full maturity, and just one egg is released. Ovulation only occurs in around 10% of cycles during the first two years following menarche, and by the age of 40–50, the number of ovarian follicles is depleted. LH initiates ovulation at around day 14 and stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum. Following further stimulation by LH, the corpus luteum produces and releases estrogen, progesterone,
997:
new blood supply, hormones and tissue differentiation. In non-menstruating mammals, decidualization is driven by the embryo, not the mother. According to this theory, menstruation is an unintended consequence of the decidualization process and the body uses spontaneous decidualization to identify and reject defective embryos early on. This process happens because the decidual cells of the stroma can recognize and respond to defects in a developing embryo by stopping the secretion of
736:) are common in girls who have just begun menstruating and in women around menopause. During the first two years following menarche, ovulation is absent in around half of cycles. Five years after menarche, ovulation occurs in around 75% of cycles and this reaches 80% in the following years. Anovulatory cycles are often overtly identical to normally ovulatory cycles. Any alteration to balance of hormones can lead to anovulation. Stress, anxiety and
5505:
754:
6648:
46:
1008:. In the process leading to the formation of a placenta, maternal tissues are invaded. This hypothesis holds that menstruation was not evolutionary, rather the result of a coincidental pre-conditioning of the uterus to protect uterine tissue from the deeply rooting placenta, in which a thicker endometrium develops. Hypothesis 4 does not explain menstruation in non-primates.
6672:
538:
6660:
4484:
6700:
431:
372:(cell division) remains incomplete in the egg cells until the antral follicle is formed. During this phase usually only one ovarian follicle fully matures and gets ready to release an egg. The follicular phase shortens significantly with age, lasting around 14 days in women aged 18–24 compared with 10 days in women aged 40–44.
969:. The cycles are the same as in humans apart from the length, which ranges from 9 to 37 days. The lack of immediate relationship between these groups suggests that four distinct evolutionary events have caused menstruation to arise. There are four theories on the evolutionary significance of menstruation:
731:
Only two-thirds of overtly normal menstrual cycles are ovulatory, that is, cycles in which ovulation occurs. The other third lack ovulation or have a short luteal phase (less than ten days) in which progesterone production is insufficient for normal physiology and fertility. Cycles in which ovulation
868:
may be due to a drop in progesterone if it occurs during the luteal phase or around menstruation, or a surge in estrogen if it occurs at ovulation. Women who have regular periods can take medication just before and during menstruation. Options include progesterone supplements, increasing the dose of
644:
The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow and proliferate. The latter part of the follicular phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts
269:
in the follicular phase, discharges of blood flow stop and the uterine lining thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one, or occasionally two, become dominant, while non-dominant follicles shrink and die. About
996:
A theory based on spontaneous decidualization (a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in preparation for, and during, pregnancy). Decidualization leads to the differentiation of the endometrial stroma, which involves cells of the immune system, the formation of a
820:
There are common culturally communicated misbeliefs that the menstrual cycle affects women's moods, causes depression or irritability, or that menstruation is a painful, shameful or unclean experience. Often a woman's normal mood variation is falsely attributed to the menstrual cycle. Much of the
528:
Lasting about 14 days, the luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. During the luteal phase, the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which
740:
can cause a fall in GnRH, and a disruption of the menstrual cycle. Chronic anovulation occurs in 6–15% of women during their reproductive years. Around menopause, hormone feedback dysregulation leads to anovulatory cycles. Although anovulation is not considered a disease, it can be a sign of an
351:
some 7 million immature eggs have already formed in an ovary. This decreases to around 2 million by the time a girl is born, and 300,000 by the time she has her first period. On average, one egg matures and is released during ovulation each month after menarche. Beginning at puberty, these
610:. Menstruation occurs on average once a month from menarche to menopause, which corresponds with a woman's fertile years. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, and it typically occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Menopause is preceded by a stage of hormonal changes called
587:, contract and break up. The blood supply to the endometrium is cut off and the cells of the top layer of the endometrium (the stratum functionalis) become deprived of oxygen and die. Later the whole layer is lost and only the bottom layer, the stratum basalis, is left in place. An
559:
Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses or a period) is the first and most evident phase of the uterine cycle and first occurs at puberty. Called menarche, the first period occurs at the age of around twelve or thirteen years. The average age is generally later in the
509:(hCG), which is very similar to LH and preserves the corpus luteum. During the first few months of pregnancy, the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogens at slightly higher levels than those at ovulation. After this and for the rest of the pregnancy, the
911:(COCPs), stop the development of the dominant follicle and the mid-cycle LH surge and thus ovulation. Sequential dosing and discontinuation of the COCP can mimic the uterine cycle and produce bleeding that resembles a period. In some cases, this bleeding is lighter.
664:
than usual, rendering it more friendly to sperm. This increases the chances of fertilization, which occurs around day 11 to day 14. This cervical mucus can be detected as a vaginal discharge that is copious and resembles raw egg whites. For women who are practicing
513:
secretes high levels of these hormones – along with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete more progesterone and estrogens, blocking the menstrual cycle. These hormones also prepare the mammary glands for milk production.
312:
In an ovulatory menstrual cycle, the ovarian and uterine cycles are concurrent and coordinated and last between 21 and 35 days, with a population average of 27–29 days. Although the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the
745:. Anovulatory cycles or short luteal phases are normal when women are under stress or athletes increasing the intensity of training. These changes are reversible as the stressors decrease or, in the case of the athlete, as she adapts to the training.
305:(a mature ovarian follicle) into the blood circulation. Peak levels of estrogen are reached at around day thirteen of the cycle and coincide with ovulation. If implantation does not occur within about two weeks, the corpus luteum degenerates into the
992:
Energy conservation. This hypothesis claimed that it took less energy to rebuild a uterine lining than to maintain it if pregnancy did not occur. Hypothesis 2 does not explain other species that also do not maintain a uterine lining but do not
809:(menstrual cramps or period pain) is felt as painful cramps in the abdomen that can spread to the back and upper thighs during the first few days of menstruation. Debilitating period pain is not normal and can be a sign of something severe such as
183:
147:; the uterine cycle consists of the menstrual, proliferative and secretory phases. Day one of the menstrual cycle is the first day of the period, which lasts for about five days. Around day fourteen, an egg is usually released from the ovary.
677:
The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium
383:, compete with each other for dominance. All but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle – the one that has the most FSH receptors – will continue to maturity. The remaining follicles die in a process called
6514:
309:, which does not produce hormones, causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. This drop causes the uterus to lose its lining in menstruation; it is around this time that the lowest levels of estrogen are reached.
914:
Progestin-only methods of hormonal contraception do not always prevent ovulation but instead work by stopping the cervical mucus from becoming sperm-friendly. Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills,
415:
signal, which makes the pituitary secrete more FSH and LH. This surge of FSH and LH usually occurs one to two days before ovulation and is responsible for stimulating the rupture of the antral follicle and release of the oocyte.
824:
Changes to the brain have also been observed throughout the menstrual cycle but do not translate into measurable changes in intellectual achievement – including academic performance, problem-solving, and memory. Improvements in
410:
regulates levels of FSH and LH. The dominant follicle continues to secrete estrogen, and the rising estrogen levels make the pituitary more responsive to GnRH from the hypothalamus. As estrogen increases this becomes a
238:, GnRH is released in low steady quantities and at a steady rate. After puberty, GnRH is released in large pulses, and the frequency and magnitude of these determine how much FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary.
482:– a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg disintegrates or dissolves in the fallopian tube, and a fertilized egg reaches the uterus in three to five days.
461:
The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the follicle wall in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its oocyte. If it is fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte promptly matures into an
473:
Which of the two ovaries – left or right – ovulates appears random; no left and right coordinating process is known. Occasionally both ovaries release an egg; if both eggs are fertilized, the result is
402:. At the same time the granulosa cells surrounding the maturing follicle develop receptors that bind FSH, and in response start secreting androstenedione, which is converted to estrogen by the enzyme
470:
and becomes a mature egg. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the oocyte degenerates. The mature egg has a diameter of about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in), and is the largest human cell.
6519:
4517:
265:
Between menarche and menopause the ovaries regularly alternate between luteal and follicular phases during the monthly menstrual cycle. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of
245:
length of 28 days. The cycle is often less regular at the beginning and end of a woman's reproductive life. At puberty, a child's body begins to mature into an adult body capable of
2124:
379:(FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated. These follicles, which have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as
1004:
Uterine pre-conditioning. This hypothesis claims that a monthly pre-conditioning of the uterus is needed in species, such as humans, that have deeply invasive (deep-rooted)
2610:
2062:
5178:
4888:
3625:"Altered exploratory behaviour and increased food intake in the spiny mouse before menstruation: a unique pre-clinical model for examining premenstrual syndrome"
907:
Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the hormones, FSH, LH and GnRH. Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as
4883:
881:. If this is ineffective, or when a woman's menstrual cycle is irregular, then treatment is to stop the menstrual cycle occurring. This may be achieved using
5494:
4510:
4100:
Brosens JJ, Parker MG, McIndoe A, Pijnenborg R, Brosens IA (June 2009). "A role for menstruation in preconditioning the uterus for successful pregnancy".
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in the menstrual fluid, which eases the flow of blood and broken down lining from the uterus. The flow of blood continues for 2–6 days and around 30–60
6676:
1037:
women can experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation, or resumption of normal menstrual cycles.
6750:
5033:
606:
The flow of blood normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant, but this cannot be taken as certainty, as several factors can cause
301:
to establish a pregnancy. The thickness of the endometrium continues to increase in response to mounting levels of estrogen, which is released by the
6629:
135:
Each cycle occurs in phases based on events either in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the
391:(LH) stimulates further development of the ovarian follicle. The follicle that reaches maturity is called an antral follicle, and it contains the
6552:
636:
6730:
6590:
4762:
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3774:
3735:"The evolution of menstruation: a new model for genetic assimilation: explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness"
3167:"The cycling brain: menstrual cycle related fluctuations in hippocampal and fronto-striatal activation and connectivity during cognitive tasks"
1047:
501:
stage at the time of implantation: this is when pregnancy begins. The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The
497:. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus, and another three days to implant into the endometrium. It has reached the
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1204:
2307:"Women's reproductive system as balanced estradiol and progesterone actions—A revolutionary, paradigm-shifting concept in women's health"
702:
are secreted into the uterus and the cervical mucus thickens. In early pregnancy, progesterone also increases blood flow and reduces the
6524:
5302:
6634:
4255:(2020). "The menstrual cycle: its biology in the context of silent ovulatory disturbances". In Ussher JM, Chrisler JC, Perz J (eds.).
6529:
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908:
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During the menstrual cycle, levels of estradiol (an estrogen) vary by 200 percent. Levels of progesterone vary by over 1200 percent.
4032:"Natural Selection of Human Embryos: Decidualizing Endometrial Stromal Cells Serve as Sensors of Embryo Quality upon Implantation"
5862:
4772:
2638:
Liu AY, Petit MA, Prior JC (2020). "Exercise and the
Hypothalamus: Ovulatory Adaptations". In Hackney AC, Constantini NW (eds.).
364:, which cannot be fertilized. The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle and it ends with the completion of the
270:
mid-cycle, some 10–12 hours after the increase in luteinizing hormone, known as the LH surge, the dominant follicle releases an
128:
embryo. If implantation does not occur, the lining breaks down and blood is released. Triggered by falling progesterone levels,
6231:
6054:
5828:
5487:
5325:
802:
241:
Measured from the first day of one menstruation to the first day of the next, the length of a menstrual cycle varies but has a
163:
32:
This article is about biological aspects of the reproductive cycle in humans. For information specific to monthly periods, see
2561:
5517:
5312:
223:
3313:
649:, an estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus with the spiral arterioles.
505:(the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing blastocyst that later becomes the outer layer of the placenta) produces
101:(the onset of the first period) usually occurs around the age of 12 years; menstrual cycles continue for about 30–45 years.
845:
Even when normal, the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle can increase the incidence of disorders such as
6612:
6580:
6478:
5026:
3286:
2070:
1651:
6690:
2005:"Early menarche: A systematic review of its effect on sexual and reproductive health in low- and middle-income countries"
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6473:
5811:
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376:
227:
132:(a "period", in common parlance) is the cyclical shedding of the lining, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred.
105:
6664:
6740:
6086:
6029:
5593:
494:
190:
The menstrual cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the
6745:
829:
during the menstruation phase of the cycle are probably caused by decreases in levels of estrogen and progesterone.
6652:
6617:
6607:
5647:
5529:
5480:
4954:
4488:
625:
70:
1942:
Alvergne A, Högqvist Tabor V (June 2018). "Is female health cyclical? Evolutionary perspectives on menstruation".
6410:
6280:
6238:
6099:
5241:
5151:
4941:
4732:
3509:"There might be blood: a scoping review on women's responses to contraceptive-induced menstrual bleeding changes"
742:
683:
679:
294:
125:
669:, it is a sign that ovulation may be about to take place, but it does not mean ovulation will definitely occur.
6725:
6622:
6146:
5962:
5929:
5821:
5456:
5436:
5398:
5019:
4949:
620:
denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for around the first 5 days of the cycle. Women who experience
219:
4140:
Else-Quest N, Hyde JS (2021). "Psychology, gender, and health: psychological aspects of the menstrual cycle".
3452:
Sveinsson O, Tomson T (September 2014). "Epilepsy and menopause: potential implications for pharmacotherapy".
2525:
Han L, Taub R, Jensen JT (November 2017). "Cervical mucus and contraception: what we know and what we don't".
442:, this occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the pelvic cavity and enters the
89:. The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive an
6575:
6429:
6221:
5914:
4423:
1279:
Papadimitriou A (December 2016). "The evolution of the age at menarche from prehistorical to modern times".
486:
3574:
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6356:
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5934:
5867:
5842:
5778:
5652:
5226:
5183:
5115:
4782:
902:
711:
171:
842:). The cause of the pain is associated with the ruptured follicle, causing a small amount of blood loss.
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6270:
6074:
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5411:
5388:
5320:
5170:
4995:
4990:
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966:
936:
786:
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mature to primary follicles independently of the menstrual cycle. The development of the egg is called
166:, and are experienced by 3–8% of women. During the first few days of menstruation some women experience
151:
37:
973:
Control of sperm-borne pathogens. This hypothesis held that menstruation protected the uterus against
575:
Menstruation is initiated each month by falling levels of estrogen and progesterone and the release of
478:. After release from the ovary into the pelvic cavity, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the
3677:"Characteristics of the endometrium in menstruating species: lessons learned from the animal kingdom†"
170:
that can spread from the abdomen to the back and upper thighs. The menstrual cycle can be modified by
6483:
6434:
5754:
5744:
5672:
5667:
5642:
5627:
5622:
4985:
4043:
2589:
2016:
1961:
1794:"Safety of the progesterone-releasing vaginal ring (PVR) among lactating women: A systematic review"
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5944:
5909:
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5330:
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4752:
4723:
4388:
916:
882:
865:
666:
502:
388:
282:
246:
231:
202:
of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into phases. The ovarian cycle consists of alternating
117:
3056:
Matteson KA, Zaluski KM (September 2019). "Menstrual health as a part of preventive health care".
2264:
Harvey LJ, Armah CN, Dainty JR, Foxall RJ, John Lewis D, Langford NJ, et al. (October 2005).
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4030:
Teklenburg G, Salker M, Molokhia M, Lavery S, Trew G, Aojanepong T, et al. (21 April 2010).
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3907:
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3477:
3081:
2987:
2850:
2661:
2602:
1985:
1951:
982:
846:
703:
569:
384:
253:) occurs at around 12 years of age and continues for about 30–45 years. Menstrual cycles end at
3882:
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2507:
2466:
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2246:
2217:"Why do women stop reproducing before menopause? A life-history approach to age at last birth"
2197:
2116:
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1977:
1924:
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958:
814:
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412:
407:
344:
155:
2562:"Autonomic control of body temperature and blood pressure: influences of female sex hormones"
214:, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase. The menstrual cycle is controlled by the
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Appleton SM (March 2018). "Premenstrual syndrome: evidence-based evaluation and treatment".
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2034:
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1969:
1914:
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758:
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380:
365:
330:
203:
191:
136:
93:. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days, with a
4223:
The
Concise Human Body Book: An Illustrated Guide to its Structures, Function and Disorders
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293:. Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential
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Bellofiore N, Ellery SJ, Mamrot J, Walker DW, Temple-Smith P, Dickinson H (January 2017).
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The theca cells develop receptors that bind LH, and in response secrete large amounts of
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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3575:"First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)"
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2004:
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406:. The estrogen inhibits further production of FSH and LH by the pituitary gland. This
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6458:
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5992:
5896:
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3970:"The Role of Decidual Subpopulations in Implantation, Menstruation and Miscarriage"
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and quality of life and timely interventions can improve the lives of these women.
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86:
33:
3116:"The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes' performance: a narrative review"
2356:
2339:
2266:"Impact of menstrual blood loss and diet on iron deficiency among women in the UK"
2112:
778:
4056:
3609:
2886:
2869:
2838:
2486:"The microenvironment of human implantation: determinant of reproductive success"
2029:
104:
Naturally occurring hormones drive the cycles; the cyclical rise and fall of the
6363:
6299:
6136:
6079:
6019:
6014:
5852:
5801:
5662:
5472:
5236:
5206:
4980:
4975:
4706:
3340:
2948:
2811:
2647:
2323:
2306:
1051:
886:
733:
726:
621:
600:
467:
314:
199:
113:
4113:
3593:
3266:
2975:
1973:
1633:
1292:
17:
6515:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
5761:
5701:
5632:
5461:
5201:
5000:
4970:
4863:
4824:
4819:
4799:
4526:
4468:
4344:
4313:
4282:
4244:
3525:
3465:
3371:
3182:
3069:
3023:
2580:
2069:. US Department of Health and Human Services. 23 December 2014. Archived from
1113:
774:
762:
687:
498:
451:
361:
289:– a body with the primary function of producing large amounts of the hormone
186:
Progression of the menstrual cycle and some of the hormones contributing to it
182:
45:
4441:
4410:
4375:
4065:
3995:
3986:
3692:
3650:
3232:
2909:
717:
If pregnancy does not occur the ovarian and uterine cycles start over again.
6151:
6024:
5884:
5874:
5709:
5687:
5614:
5406:
5092:
5066:
4926:
4916:
4893:
4840:
4737:
4727:
4638:
4611:
4599:
4561:
4264:
4190:
3641:
1067:
Uncharacteristic mid-cycle pain may be caused by medical conditions such as
890:
661:
646:
439:
425:
403:
353:
348:
275:
254:
140:
74:
4121:
4083:
4013:
3814:
3768:
3750:
3710:
3658:
3601:
3544:
3473:
3438:
3389:
3336:
3282:
3251:
3200:
3151:
3132:
3077:
3042:
2983:
2944:
2895:
2846:
2807:
2726:
2598:
2546:
2511:
2470:
2429:
2365:
2291:
2250:
2232:
2201:
2120:
2048:
1981:
1928:
1872:
1819:
1700:
1497:
1300:
1247:
1200:
1131:
1025:
Progesterone levels exceed those of estrogen (estradiol) by a hundred-fold.
4483:
4257:
Routledge
International Handbook of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health
3946:
3903:
3860:
572:, it can occur as early as age eight years, and this can still be normal.
6534:
6351:
6265:
6243:
6163:
6064:
5972:
5879:
5806:
5724:
5544:
5087:
4858:
4814:
4809:
4686:
4643:
4631:
4616:
4546:
1903:"Women in reproductive science: Understanding human endometrial function"
1005:
998:
985:
can take place weeks before menstruation and that potentially infectious
974:
874:
857:
691:
545:
The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative and secretory.
510:
357:
336:
266:
250:
121:
112:(immature egg cells). The hormone estrogen stimulates the uterus lining (
98:
82:
78:
2282:
2265:
1919:
1902:
537:
6453:
6424:
6400:
6382:
6178:
6158:
4898:
4794:
4357:
3805:
3788:
2962:
Baker FC, Lee KA (September 2018). "Menstrual cycle effects on sleep".
2708:
2411:
1691:
1674:
864:
occur more frequently at certain phases of their menstrual cycle. This
861:
798:
699:
592:
455:
447:
369:
235:
159:
66:
58:
4420:
Basic
Sciences for Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Core Material for MRCOG
3216:"Cognition, the menstrual cycle, and premenstrual disorders: a review"
2502:
2485:
1479:
430:
6291:
6173:
5997:
5919:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5446:
5366:
5120:
4908:
4698:
4648:
4621:
3165:
Pletzer B, Harris TA, Scheuringer A, Hidalgo-Lopez E (October 2019).
766:
588:
490:
298:
271:
242:
109:
94:
90:
62:
3623:
Bellofiore N, Cousins F, Temple-Smith P, Evans J (1 February 2019).
3405:"Treatments for seizures in catamenial (menstrual-related) epilepsy"
3097:
3095:
1464:"Polar bodies – more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect"
347:, which together form primordial follicles. At around 20 weeks into
3938:
3895:
3852:
3789:"The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective"
3114:
Carmichael MA, Thomson RL, Moran LJ, Wycherley TP (February 2021).
2344:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
2101:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
1956:
1632:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
652:
As estrogen levels increase, cells in the cervix produce a type of
285:, while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a
77:
possible. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of
5588:
5539:
5011:
4604:
1238:
Lacroix AE, Gondal H, Langaker MD (2020). "Physiology, menarche".
986:
978:
752:
695:
635:
584:
536:
463:
429:
195:
181:
44:
2396:"Detection of ovulation, a review of currently available methods"
1863:
1846:
1675:"A brief history of oocyte cryopreservation: Arguments and facts"
603:
of blood is lost, and is a sign that pregnancy has not occurred.
438:
Around day fourteen, the egg is released from the ovary. Called
6258:
1792:
Carr SL, Gaffield ME, Dragoman MV, Phillips S (September 2016).
801:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as
392:
5476:
5015:
4499:
4142:
The
Psychology of Women and Gender: Half the Human Experience +
2092:
Sultan C, Gaspari L, Maimoun L, Kalfa N, Paris F (April 2018).
832:
In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called
281:
After ovulation, the oocyte lives for 24 hours or less without
162:. More severe symptoms that affect daily living are classed as
6069:
4850:
1259:
1257:
950:
226:(GnRH), which causes the nearby anterior pituitary to release
1383:
1381:
1379:
785:
Although a normal and natural process, some women experience
450:(which relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the
2484:
Salamonsen LA, Evans J, Nguyen HP, Edgell TA (March 2016).
2394:
Su HW, Yi YC, Wei TY, Chang TC, Cheng CM (September 2017).
657:
2560:
Charkoudian N, Hart EC, Barnes JN, Joyner MJ (June 2017).
1884:
1882:
2798:
Gudipally PR, Sharma GK (2022). "Premenstrual
Syndrome".
2159:
2157:
1775:
1773:
1567:
1565:
1540:
1538:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1312:
1310:
1189:"The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation"
360:
to await fertilization. The other cells are discarded as
120:
occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides
6520:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
1712:
1710:
1445:
1443:
1240:
StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
1145:
1143:
1141:
2697:
Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology
849:, which might be caused by estrogen enhancement of the
150:
The menstrual cycle can cause some women to experience
27:
Natural changes in the human female reproductive system
2340:"Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning"
1847:"Gonadal transactivation of STARD1, CYP11A1 and HSD3B"
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
873:
drug, or temporarily adding an anticonvulsant such as
769:
stained red in the center is surrounded by a layer of
6688:
198:, whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the
2868:
Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Archer JS (November 2020).
222:
at the base of the brain. The hypothalamus releases
6599:
6543:
6505:
6496:
6445:
6290:
6279:
6210:
6201:
6053:
6044:
5953:
5895:
5841:
5700:
5613:
5602:
5528:
5515:
5397:
5339:
5311:
5280:
5192:
5169:
5134:
5108:
5101:
5080:
5049:
4963:
4940:
4907:
4872:
4849:
4761:
4659:
4575:
4537:
3005:Maddern J, Grundy L, Castro J, Brierley SM (2020).
1187:Reed BF, Carr BR, Feingold KR, et al. (2018).
989:
is not controlled by menstruation in other species.
773:, which are enveloped by the basement membrane and
624:(heavy menstrual bleeding) are more susceptible to
257:, which is usually between 45 and 55 years of age.
3058:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
2003:Ibitoye M, Choi C, Tai H, Lee G, Sommer M (2017).
3968:Muter J, Kong CS, Brosens JJ (23 December 2021).
2188:Breeze C (May 2016). "Early pregnancy bleeding".
2063:"Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet"
4451:Zero to Finals : Obstetrics and Gynaecology
4385:Tortora's Principles of Anatomy & Physiology
4095:
4093:
3670:
3668:
2793:
2791:
1263:
981:. Hypothesis 1 does not take into account that
489:, the widest section of the fallopian tubes. A
5179:Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
3834:
3832:
3101:
1281:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
1274:
1272:
893:, or by sustained use of oral contraceptives.
5488:
5027:
4511:
4102:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3582:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3568:
3566:
3310:Acute and Emergency Care in Athletic Training
2870:"Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy"
1679:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
690:(a fertilized egg, which has begun to grow).
116:) to thicken to accommodate an embryo should
8:
3733:Emera D, Romero R, Wagner G (January 2012).
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
2640:Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport
2215:Towner MC, Nenko I, Walton SE (April 2016).
3409:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2490:American Journal of Reproductive Immunology
1640:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
777:. The magnification is around 1000 times. (
458:(which inhibits further secretion of FSH).
6571:International Center for Research on Women
6502:
6287:
6207:
6050:
5610:
5525:
5495:
5481:
5473:
5105:
5034:
5020:
5012:
4518:
4504:
4496:
3507:Polis CB, Hussain R, Berry A (June 2018).
3360:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
3267:"Evaluation of acute pelvic pain in women"
2693:"Abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents"
2445:"What exactly is endometrial receptivity?"
1851:Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
1418:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
813:. These issues can significantly affect a
805:and are experienced by 3 to 8% of women.
721:Anovulatory cycles and short luteal phases
4073:
4055:
4003:
3985:
3804:
3793:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3758:
3700:
3640:
3534:
3524:
3428:
3379:
3327:Brott NR, Le JK (2022). "Mittelschmerz".
3241:
3231:
3190:
3141:
3131:
3032:
3022:
2885:
2716:
2590:1983/c0c1058c-553b-4563-8dd1-b047d9b672c1
2588:
2501:
2460:
2419:
2389:
2387:
2355:
2322:
2281:
2240:
2038:
2028:
1955:
1918:
1862:
1809:
1690:
1487:
1100:Richards JS (2018). "The ovarian cycle".
485:Fertilization usually takes place in the
3403:Maguire MJ, Nevitt SJ (September 2021).
3214:Le J, Thomas N, Gurvich C (March 2020).
2935:Nagy H, Khan MA (2022). "Dysmenorrhea".
1888:
1619:
1556:
1449:
1434:
1328:
1316:
6695:
4354:Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems
3557:
3494:
2378:
2175:
2163:
2148:
1832:
1779:
1764:
1740:
1728:
1607:
1595:
1571:
1544:
1529:
1517:
1462:Schmerler S, Wessel GM (January 2011).
1387:
1358:
1343:
1149:
1092:
1018:
335:The ovaries contain a finite number of
4025:
4023:
2633:
2631:
1752:
1716:
1583:
1468:Molecular Reproduction and Development
1048:cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
4889:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
4292:A Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause
2782:
2739:
2691:Elmaoğulları S, Aycan Z (July 2018).
2678:
1654:from the original on 16 December 2019
1406:
1370:
1225:
1161:
1058:, which is converted to progesterone.
949:, but only ten primate species, four
108:prompts the production and growth of
61:production and the structures of the
7:
6659:
6553:Office of Research on Women's Health
3354:Talsania M, Scofield RH (May 2017).
3289:from the original on 27 January 2021
3265:Kruszka PS, Kruszka SJ (July 2010).
2338:Simmons RG, Jennings V (July 2020).
2311:Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models
210:, and the uterine cycle consists of
6671:
6591:Society for Women's Health Research
6525:International Day of the Girl Child
4884:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
2752:Hernandez-Rey, AE (2 August 2018).
2539:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.168
1845:King SR, LaVoie HA (January 2012).
1811:10.1016/j.contraception.2015.04.001
375:Through the influence of a rise in
6635:Birth control in the United States
3011:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
2827:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
2764:from the original on 20 March 2021
2443:Lessey BA, Young SL (April 2019).
493:immediately starts the process of
57:is a series of natural changes in
25:
6530:Commission on the Status of Women
5540:External female genitalia (vulva)
3675:Catalini L, Fedder J (May 2020).
3356:"Menopause and rheumatic disease"
1944:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1001:needed for the embryo to implant.
909:combined oral contraceptive pills
6751:Human female reproductive system
6698:
6670:
6658:
6647:
6646:
5863:Assisted reproductive technology
5503:
4482:
3974:Frontiers in Reproductive Health
2616:from the original on 10 May 2020
2462:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.009
2270:The British Journal of Nutrition
2130:from the original on 1 July 2020
1207:from the original on 28 May 2021
434:An ovary about to release an egg
154:with symptoms that may include
5829:Breastfeeding and mental health
5326:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
3927:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3884:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3841:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3120:Int J Environ Res Public Health
1901:Salamonsen LA (December 2019).
803:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
789:with symptoms that may include
356:and only one cell survives the
164:premenstrual dysphoric disorder
4453:. Manchester: Zero to Finals.
4144:(10th ed.). Los Angeles:
3421:10.1002/14651858.CD013225.pub3
3308:Cleary M, Flanagan KW (2019).
224:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1:
6731:Human female endocrine system
6479:Social determinants of health
2357:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.12.003
2113:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.004
1638:Molecular Biology of the Cell
925:hormonal intrauterine devices
741:underlying condition such as
6721:Gynaecological endocrinology
6474:Gender disparities in health
5812:Mother-to-child transmission
5347:Menstrual hygiene management
5298:Premenstrual water retention
5272:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
5237:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
4323:Langman's Medical Embryology
4057:10.1371/journal.pone.0010258
2887:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004096
2839:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000339
2030:10.1371/journal.pone.0178884
507:human chorionic gonadotropin
377:follicle stimulating hormone
228:follicle-stimulating hormone
106:follicle stimulating hormone
6087:Pelvic inflammatory disease
6030:Hormone replacement therapy
5594:Reproductive system disease
4198:Norris DA, Carr JA (2013).
2648:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_8
2569:Clinical Autonomic Research
2324:10.1016/j.ddmod.2020.11.005
2190:Australian Family Physician
931:Evolution and other species
249:; the first period (called
6767:
6581:Black Women's Health Study
5648:Complications of pregnancy
4874:Reproductive endocrinology
4393:John Wiley & Sons, Inc
4290:Rodriguez-Landa J (2017).
4114:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.037
3594:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.041
3312:. Human Kinetics. p.
3102:Else-Quest & Hyde 2021
2976:10.1016/j.jsmc.2018.04.002
1974:10.1016/j.tree.2018.03.006
1293:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002
934:
900:
724:
552:
521:
423:
328:
81:and the cyclic release of
71:female reproductive system
31:
6642:
6558:Women's Health Initiative
6411:Major depressive disorder
6239:Intimate partner violence
6100:Female genital mutilation
6095:
5787:
5242:Metropathia haemorrhagica
5152:Billings Ovulation Method
4942:Human reproductive system
4356:. Boston, Massachusetts:
3526:10.1186/s12978-018-0561-0
3466:10.1007/s40266-014-0201-5
3372:10.1016/j.rdc.2016.12.011
3331:. StatPearls Publishing.
3183:10.1038/s41386-019-0435-3
3070:10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.004
3024:10.3389/fncel.2020.590823
2939:. StatPearls Publishing.
2874:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2802:. StatPearls Publishing.
2581:10.1007/s10286-017-0420-z
1114:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.009
856:Around 40% of women with
827:spatial reasoning ability
743:polycystic ovary syndrome
710:in the uterus and raises
628:than the average person.
608:bleeding during pregnancy
541:The anatomy of the uterus
466:, which blocks the other
6147:Gynaecological disorders
5963:Culture and menstruation
5930:Contraceptive prevalence
5822:Compulsory sterilization
5457:Sustainable menstruation
5437:Menstruation celebration
4200:Vertebrate Endocrinology
3987:10.3389/frph.2021.804921
3233:10.3390/brainsci10040198
2067:Office of Women's Health
1075:or may be confused with
220:anterior pituitary gland
6430:Urinary tract infection
6222:Abuse during childbirth
5399:In culture and religion
4424:Oxford University Press
3681:Biology of Reproduction
3171:Neuropsychopharmacology
3007:"Pain in endometriosis"
2449:Fertility and Sterility
838:(a German term meaning
6347:Cardiovascular disease
5935:Contraceptive security
5868:In vitro fertilization
5779:Postpartum confinement
5653:Hyperemesis gravidarum
5227:Irregular menstruation
5184:Lactational amenorrhea
5147:Calendar-based methods
5116:Basal body temperature
4964:Diseases and disorders
4773:Sexual differentiation
4165:Essential Reproduction
3751:10.1002/bies.201100099
3693:10.1093/biolre/ioaa029
3133:10.3390/ijerph18041667
2964:Sleep Medicine Clinics
2233:10.1098/rstb.2015.0147
2094:"Disorders of puberty"
1419:Norris & Carr 2013
1046:In the corpus luteum,
903:Hormonal contraception
897:Hormonal contraception
782:
712:basal body temperature
641:
583:. This causes them to
579:, which constrict the
542:
435:
218:in the brain, and the
187:
172:hormonal birth control
50:
6469:Healthcare inequality
6271:Gender discrimination
6075:Human papilloma virus
5750:Vesicovaginal fistula
5427:Menstrual suppression
5389:Menstrual Hygiene Day
5321:Premenstrual syndrome
4996:Premature ejaculation
4991:Hard flaccid syndrome
4661:Human sexual activity
4491:at Wikimedia Commons
4169:Malden, Massachusetts
3775:BBC Earth lay summary
3642:10.1093/humrep/dey360
2272:(Comparative study).
1102:Vitamins and Hormones
937:Menstruation (mammal)
935:Further information:
787:premenstrual syndrome
756:
639:
540:
495:embryonic development
433:
274:, in an event called
185:
152:premenstrual syndrome
48:
38:menstruation (mammal)
6576:Nurses' Health Study
6484:Reproductive justice
6435:Urinary incontinence
6055:Sexually transmitted
5910:Intrauterine devices
5755:Rectovaginal fistula
5745:Obstetrical fistulae
5673:Gestational diabetes
5668:Obstetrical bleeding
5643:Adolescent pregnancy
5628:Gravidity and parity
5623:Unintended pregnancy
4986:Erectile dysfunction
1264:Rodriguez-Landa 2017
6489:Women's empowerment
6357:Alzheimer's disease
5988:Cloth menstrual pad
5945:Fertility awareness
5915:Oral contraceptives
5797:Perinatal mortality
5362:Cloth menstrual pad
5331:Menstrual psychosis
5293:Menstrual synchrony
5142:Fertility awareness
4765:reproductive system
4753:Vaginal lubrication
4531:sexual reproduction
4449:Watchman T (2020).
4422:. Oxford, England:
4418:Ugwumadu A (2014).
4389:Hoboken, New Jersey
4352:Sherwood L (2016).
4163:Johnson MH (2007).
4104:(Journal article).
4048:2010PLoSO...510258T
3741:(Journal article).
3683:(Journal article).
3588:(1): 40.e1–40.e11.
3584:(Journal article).
3560:, pp. 948–949.
3513:Reproductive Health
3104:, pp. 258–261.
2381:, pp. 936–937.
2283:10.1079/BJN20051493
2021:2017PLoSO..1278884I
1966:2018TEcoE..33..399A
1920:10.1530/REP-18-0518
1731:, pp. 192–193.
1390:, pp. 942–946.
883:medroxyprogesterone
866:catamenial epilepsy
847:autoimmune diseases
667:fertility awareness
632:Proliferative phase
564:and earlier in the
503:syncytiotrophoblast
389:Luteinizing hormone
247:sexual reproduction
232:luteinizing hormone
97:length of 28 days.
6741:Periodic phenomena
6586:Cartwright Inquiry
6497:Politics, research
6315:Endometrial cancer
6169:Sexual intercourse
5940:Planned parenthood
5925:Male contraceptive
4763:Development of the
4674:Sexual intercourse
4383:Tortora G (2017).
4321:Sadler TW (2019).
3806:10.1002/ajpa.20734
3787:Martin RD (2007).
3629:Human Reproduction
2709:10.4274/jcrpe.0014
2412:10.1002/btm2.10058
2227:(1692): 20150147.
1692:10.1111/aogs.13569
783:
656:that has a higher
642:
570:precocious puberty
543:
436:
385:follicular atresia
319:no causal relation
200:endometrial lining
188:
124:to a successfully
51:
6686:
6685:
6566:
6565:
6391:
6390:
6342:
6341:
6325:Papanicolaou test
6281:Non-communicable
6249:Sexual harassment
6227:Domestic violence
6197:
6196:
6040:
6039:
5837:
5836:
5740:Retained placenta
5658:Ectopic pregnancy
5470:
5469:
5165:
5164:
5050:Events and phases
5009:
5008:
4778:Sexual dimorphism
4743:Postpartum period
4487:Media related to
4460:979-8-6037-9726-7
4433:978-0-19-953508-8
4402:978-1-119-38292-8
4367:978-1-285-86693-2
4336:978-1-4963-8390-7
4305:978-953-51-3405-3
4274:978-1-138-49026-0
4236:978-0-241-39552-3
4221:Parker S (2019).
4213:978-0-123-96465-6
4182:978-1-4051-1866-8
4155:978-1-544-39360-5
3454:Drugs & Aging
3177:(11): 1867–1875.
2916:. 19 October 2017
2657:978-3-030-33376-8
2503:10.1111/aji.12450
2400:Bioeng Transl Med
2317:(Part B): 31–40.
2305:Prior JC (2020).
1480:10.1002/mrd.21266
1123:978-0-128-14359-9
1069:ectopic pregnancy
959:Cairo spiny mouse
413:positive feedback
408:negative feedback
321:between the two.
178:Cycles and phases
16:(Redirected from
6758:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6694:
6674:
6673:
6662:
6661:
6650:
6649:
6503:
6288:
6208:
6202:Non-reproductive
6051:
5968:Feminine hygiene
5735:Cesarian section
5730:Obstructed labor
5611:
5526:
5507:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5474:
5442:Menstruation hut
5422:Menstrual stigma
5382:Period underwear
5352:Feminine hygiene
5288:Folliculogenesis
5232:Menometrorrhagia
5106:
5062:Follicular phase
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
4748:Mechanics of sex
4557:Follicular phase
4527:Human physiology
4520:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4486:
4472:
4445:
4414:
4379:
4348:
4325:. Philadelphia:
4317:
4286:
4259:(1st ed.).
4248:
4217:
4202:(5th ed.).
4194:
4159:
4126:
4125:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4059:
4027:
4018:
4017:
4007:
3989:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3808:
3784:
3778:
3777:, 20 April 2015.
3772:
3762:
3730:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3687:(6): 1160–1169.
3672:
3663:
3662:
3644:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3528:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3271:Am Fam Physician
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3036:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2880:(5): 1047–1058.
2865:
2859:
2858:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2760:. Medscape LLC.
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2592:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1959:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1391:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1184:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1097:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1023:
963:Acomys cahirinus
860:find that their
759:ovarian follicle
757:A human primary
749:Menstrual health
738:eating disorders
732:does not occur (
562:developing world
381:folliculogenesis
366:antral follicles
331:Follicular phase
325:Follicular phase
137:follicular phase
21:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6726:Menstrual cycle
6711:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6697:
6689:
6687:
6682:
6638:
6623:Family planning
6601:
6595:
6562:
6539:
6498:
6492:
6464:Gender equality
6447:
6441:
6387:
6338:
6320:Cervical cancer
6282:
6275:
6213:
6203:
6193:
6184:Sex differences
6142:Forced marriage
6091:
6056:
6046:
6036:
5978:Menstrual cycle
5949:
5902:Family planning
5900:
5891:
5844:
5833:
5792:Maternal deaths
5783:
5774:Postpartum care
5720:Multiple births
5696:
5605:
5598:
5531:
5522:
5519:
5511:
5501:
5471:
5466:
5432:Menstrual taboo
5417:Menstrual leave
5393:
5335:
5307:
5303:Sexual activity
5276:
5267:Polymenorrhagia
5252:Oligoamenorrhea
5212:Cryptomenorrhea
5188:
5161:
5157:Creighton Model
5130:
5097:
5076:
5045:
5043:Menstrual cycle
5040:
5010:
5005:
4959:
4936:
4903:
4876:and infertility
4875:
4868:
4845:
4764:
4757:
4655:
4585:Spermatogenesis
4571:
4539:Menstrual cycle
4533:
4524:
4489:Menstrual cycle
4480:
4475:
4461:
4448:
4434:
4417:
4403:
4382:
4368:
4351:
4337:
4320:
4306:
4296:Rijeka, Croatia
4289:
4275:
4251:
4237:
4220:
4214:
4197:
4183:
4173:Wiley-Blackwell
4162:
4156:
4146:SAGE Publishing
4139:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4108:(6): 615.e1–6.
4099:
4098:
4091:
4029:
4028:
4021:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3732:
3731:
3718:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3415:(9): CD013225.
3402:
3401:
3397:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2658:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2073:on 26 June 2015
2061:
2060:
2056:
2015:(6): e0178884.
2002:
2001:
1997:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1505:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1186:
1185:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1124:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
967:menstrual cycle
955:elephant shrews
939:
933:
905:
899:
771:granulosa cells
751:
729:
723:
675:
673:Secretory phase
634:
626:iron deficiency
581:spiral arteries
566:developed world
557:
551:
535:
526:
520:
476:fraternal twins
428:
422:
400:androstenedione
341:granulosa cells
333:
327:
307:corpus albicans
303:antral follicle
263:
180:
55:menstrual cycle
49:Menstrual cycle
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ovulation cycle
15:
12:
11:
5:
6764:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6746:Women's health
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6668:
6656:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6600:Women's health
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6507:United Nations
6500:
6499:& advocacy
6494:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6446:Sociocultural
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6403:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6334:Ovarian cancer
6331:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6310:Uterine cancer
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6285:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6254:Sexual assault
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6132:Child marriage
6129:
6127:Breast ironing
6124:
6119:
6117:Breast binding
6114:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6105:Clitoridectomy
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5983:Menstrual aids
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5849:
5847:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5767:Husband stitch
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5638:Antenatal care
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5584:Fallopian tube
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5536:
5534:
5530:Reproductive
5523:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:Women's health
5502:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5477:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5452:Period poverty
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5281:Related events
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:Oligoovulation
5259:
5257:Oligomenorrhea
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5121:Cervical mucus
5118:
5112:
5110:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4669:Sexual arousal
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:spermatogonium
4581:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4479:
4478:External links
4476:
4474:
4473:
4459:
4446:
4432:
4415:
4401:
4380:
4366:
4349:
4335:
4327:Wolters Kluwer
4318:
4304:
4298:: IntechOpen.
4287:
4273:
4261:Abingdon, Oxon
4249:
4235:
4218:
4212:
4204:Academic Press
4195:
4181:
4160:
4154:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4089:
4019:
3960:
3939:10.1086/419369
3933:(2): 181–220.
3917:
3896:10.1086/418170
3890:(3): 335–386.
3874:
3853:10.1086/420183
3847:(2): 163–173.
3828:
3799:(S45): 59–84.
3779:
3716:
3664:
3635:(2): 308–322.
3615:
3562:
3550:
3499:
3497:, p. 948.
3487:
3460:(9): 671–675.
3444:
3395:
3366:(2): 287–302.
3346:
3319:
3300:
3277:(2): 141–147.
3257:
3206:
3157:
3106:
3091:
3064:(3): 441–453.
3048:
2997:
2970:(3): 283–294.
2954:
2927:
2901:
2860:
2817:
2787:
2775:
2744:
2732:
2703:(3): 191–197.
2683:
2671:
2656:
2627:
2575:(3): 149–155.
2552:
2533:(5): 310–321.
2517:
2496:(3): 218–225.
2476:
2455:(4): 611–617.
2435:
2406:(3): 238–246.
2383:
2371:
2330:
2297:
2276:(4): 557–564.
2256:
2207:
2196:(5): 283–286.
2180:
2168:
2166:, p. 600.
2153:
2151:, p. 152.
2141:
2084:
2054:
1995:
1950:(6): 399–414.
1934:
1913:(6): F55–F67.
1893:
1891:, p. 117.
1878:
1857:(3): 824–846.
1837:
1825:
1804:(3): 253–261.
1784:
1782:, p. 976.
1769:
1767:, p. 959.
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 192.
1733:
1721:
1719:, p. 283.
1706:
1685:(5): 550–558.
1665:
1646:
1624:
1622:, p. 746.
1612:
1610:, p. 920.
1600:
1598:, p. 953.
1588:
1576:
1574:, p. 943.
1561:
1559:, p. 745.
1549:
1547:, p. 942.
1534:
1522:
1520:, p. 945.
1503:
1454:
1439:
1437:, p. 115.
1427:
1411:
1392:
1375:
1363:
1361:, p. 929.
1348:
1346:, p. 957.
1333:
1331:, p. 747.
1321:
1319:, p. 741.
1306:
1287:(6): 527–530.
1268:
1253:
1230:
1218:
1166:
1154:
1152:, p. 944.
1137:
1122:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1060:
1039:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
977:introduced by
943:female mammals
932:
929:
901:Main article:
898:
895:
871:anticonvulsant
869:their regular
815:woman's health
795:tender breasts
750:
747:
725:Main article:
722:
719:
674:
671:
654:cervical mucus
633:
630:
595:breaks up the
577:prostaglandins
553:Main article:
550:
547:
534:
531:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
491:fertilized egg
444:fallopian tube
424:Main article:
421:
418:
337:egg stem cells
329:Main article:
326:
323:
262:
259:
179:
176:
156:tender breasts
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6763:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6706:
6696:
6692:
6679:
6678:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6545:United States
6542:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Disadvantaged
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6420:Urinary tract
6418:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:Mental health
6394:
6393:
6384:
6381:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6335:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Breast cancer
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6214:against women
6209:
6206:
6200:
6190:
6189:Sex education
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6122:Breast health
6120:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Menstrual cup
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5897:Contraception
5894:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5858:Childlessness
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5843:Reproductive
5840:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5817:Sterilization
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Preterm birth
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5550:Clitoral hood
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:Reproductive
5514:
5510:
5506:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Menstrual pad
5375:
5373:
5372:Menstrual cup
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Menstrual pad
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5313:Mental health
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Hypomenorrhea
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5126:Mittelschmerz
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4932:Breastfeeding
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:Fertilization
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4577:Gametogenesis
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:(4): e10258.
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2915:
2911:
2910:"Period pain"
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:, p. 50.
2784:
2779:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:"Anovulation"
2748:
2745:
2742:, p. 44.
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2681:, p. 46.
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:Contraception
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:, p. 99.
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:Ugwumadu 2014
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1835:, p. 91.
1834:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:Contraception
1795:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1755:, p. 36.
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1649:
1647:0-8153-3218-1
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:Sherwood 2016
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1586:, p. 48.
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Sherwood 2016
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:, p. 86.
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:Watchman 2020
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Ugwumadu 2014
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:, p. 45.
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:, p. 41.
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Sherwood 2016
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:Sherwood 2016
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 40.
1227:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:, p. 42.
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:Breastfeeding
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
953:species, the
952:
948:
947:estrous cycle
944:
938:
930:
928:
926:
922:
921:skin implants
918:
912:
910:
904:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:acetazolamide
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
851:immune system
848:
843:
841:
837:
836:
835:mittelschmerz
830:
828:
822:
818:
816:
812:
811:endometriosis
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
779:H&E stain
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
748:
746:
744:
739:
735:
728:
720:
718:
715:
713:
709:
708:smooth muscle
705:
704:contractility
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
668:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
613:
612:perimenopause
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
556:
548:
546:
539:
533:Uterine cycle
532:
530:
525:
517:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
471:
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
432:
427:
419:
417:
414:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:corpus luteum
284:
283:fertilization
279:
277:
273:
268:
261:Ovarian cycle
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
234:(LH). Before
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:luteal phases
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:fertilization
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6675:
6663:
6651:
6374:Hip fracture
6369:Osteoporosis
6110:Infibulation
6010:Dysmenorrhea
6003:Sanitary pad
5977:
5955:Menstruation
5683:Preeclampsia
5678:Hypertension
5562:Labia majora
5557:Labia minora
5247:Metrorrhagia
5217:Dysmenorrhea
5072:Luteal phase
5057:Menstruation
5042:
4836:Paternal age
4832:Maternal age
4805:Tanner scale
4788:Virilization
4783:Feminization
4733:Implantation
4719:Insemination
4703:Ejaculation
4679:Masturbation
4595:spermatocyte
4567:Luteal phase
4552:Menstruation
4538:
4493:
4481:
4450:
4419:
4384:
4353:
4322:
4291:
4256:
4222:
4199:
4164:
4141:
4133:Book sources
4105:
4101:
4039:
4035:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3844:
3840:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3745:(1): 26–35.
3742:
3738:
3684:
3680:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3585:
3581:
3558:Tortora 2017
3553:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3495:Tortora 2017
3490:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3328:
3322:
3309:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3274:
3270:
3260:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2936:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2913:
2904:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2833:(1): 52–61.
2830:
2826:
2820:
2799:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2735:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2674:
2639:
2618:. Retrieved
2572:
2568:
2555:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2403:
2399:
2379:Tortora 2017
2374:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2176:Johnson 2007
2171:
2164:Tortora 2017
2149:Johnson 2007
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2104:
2100:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2066:
2057:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1910:
1907:Reproduction
1906:
1896:
1864:10.2741/3959
1854:
1850:
1840:
1833:Johnson 2007
1828:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1780:Tortora 2017
1765:Tortora 2017
1760:
1748:
1741:Johnson 2007
1736:
1729:Johnson 2007
1724:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1637:
1627:
1615:
1608:Tortora 2017
1603:
1596:Tortora 2017
1591:
1579:
1572:Tortora 2017
1552:
1545:Tortora 2017
1530:Johnson 2007
1525:
1518:Tortora 2017
1471:
1467:
1457:
1452:, p. 8.
1430:
1414:
1388:Tortora 2017
1366:
1359:Tortora 2017
1344:Tortora 2017
1324:
1284:
1280:
1266:, p. 8.
1239:
1233:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1192:
1157:
1150:Tortora 2017
1105:
1101:
1095:
1077:appendicitis
1073:ovarian cyst
1071:or ruptured
1063:
1056:pregnenolone
1042:
1030:
1021:
962:
940:
913:
906:
855:
844:
839:
833:
831:
823:
819:
807:Dysmenorrhea
784:
765:. The round
730:
716:
684:implantation
676:
660:and is less
651:
643:
617:
616:
605:
574:
558:
555:Menstruation
549:Menstruation
544:
527:
524:Luteal phase
518:Luteal phase
484:
472:
460:
437:
397:
395:(egg cell).
374:
362:polar bodies
334:
311:
295:implantation
291:progesterone
280:
264:
240:
216:hypothalamus
212:menstruation
189:
149:
145:luteal phase
134:
130:menstruation
103:
87:progesterone
54:
52:
42:
34:menstruation
29:
6677:WikiProject
6364:Bone health
6300:Lung cancer
6137:Dyspareunia
6080:HPV vaccine
6020:Amenorrhoea
6015:Menorrhagia
5853:Infertility
5802:Stillbirths
5663:Miscarriage
5207:Anovulation
5171:Suppression
5081:Life stages
4981:Dyspareunia
4976:Dysorgasmia
4922:Development
3126:(4): 1667.
2920:12 November
2620:27 February
2134:27 February
1753:Sadler 2019
1717:Parker 2019
1658:25 February
1584:Sadler 2019
1052:cholesterol
993:menstruate.
887:triptorelin
840:middle pain
775:theca cells
734:anovulation
727:Anovulation
622:menorrhagia
618:Eumenorrhea
601:milliliters
597:blood clots
468:sperm cells
345:theca cells
317:, there is
315:lunar cycle
168:period pain
114:endometrium
73:that makes
6715:Categories
6602:by country
6406:Depression
6057:infections
5762:Episiotomy
5702:Childbirth
5633:Obstetrics
5462:Tampon tax
5202:Amenorrhea
5001:Vaginismus
4971:Anorgasmia
4825:Adrenarche
4820:Spermarche
4800:Gonadarche
4469:1233034578
4360:Learning.
4345:1042400100
4314:1193045564
4283:1121130010
4245:1091644711
4225:. London:
3929:(Review).
3886:(Review).
3843:(Review).
3795:(Review).
3519:(1): 114.
3362:(Review).
3329:StatPearls
3273:(Review).
3226:(4): 198.
3222:(Review).
3122:(Review).
3060:(Review).
3017:: 590823.
2966:(Review).
2937:StatPearls
2829:(Review).
2800:StatPearls
2783:Prior 2020
2740:Prior 2020
2679:Prior 2020
2571:(Review).
2529:(Review).
2492:(Review).
2451:(Review).
2402:(Review).
2346:(Review).
2223:(Review).
2192:(Review).
2103:(Review).
2011:(Review).
1957:1704.08590
1946:(Review).
1909:(Review).
1800:(Review).
1681:(Review).
1474:(1): 3–8.
1470:(Review).
1421:, p.
1407:Prior 2020
1371:Prior 2020
1283:(Review).
1242:(Review).
1226:Prior 2020
1195:(Review).
1162:Prior 2020
1104:(Review).
1087:References
983:copulation
763:microscopy
761:viewed by
688:blastocyst
499:blastocyst
452:myometrium
230:(FSH) and
204:follicular
143:, and the
6736:Midwifery
6232:Pregnancy
6212:Violence
6152:Vaginitis
6025:Menopause
5885:Fostering
5875:Parenting
5845:life plan
5710:Midwifery
5688:Eclampsia
5615:Pregnancy
5604:Maternal
5407:Chhaupadi
5194:Disorders
5093:Menopause
5067:Ovulation
4927:Lactation
4917:Thelarche
4894:Andrology
4841:Menopause
4738:Pregnancy
4728:Fertility
4683:Erection
4639:Germ cell
4612:Oogenesis
4600:spermatid
4562:Ovulation
4442:889303297
4411:990424568
4376:905848832
4265:Routledge
4066:1932-6203
3996:2673-3153
3739:BioEssays
3651:0268-1161
3341:NBK549822
3220:Brain Sci
3086:199437314
2949:NBK560834
2812:NBK560698
2666:243129220
2350:: 68–82.
2107:: 62–89.
1211:8 January
1050:converts
1006:placentas
999:cytokines
975:pathogens
965:) have a
891:goserelin
799:tiredness
680:receptive
647:estradiol
440:ovulation
426:Ovulation
420:Ovulation
404:aromatase
358:divisions
354:oogenesis
349:gestation
276:ovulation
255:menopause
192:follicles
160:tiredness
141:ovulation
126:implanted
122:nutrients
75:pregnancy
6705:Medicine
6653:Category
6613:Ethiopia
6535:UN Women
6352:Dementia
6283:diseases
6266:Femicide
6244:Misogyny
6164:Polygamy
6065:Safe sex
5973:Menarche
5880:Adoption
5807:Abortion
5725:Oxytocin
5545:Clitoris
5412:In Islam
5102:Tracking
5088:Menarche
4864:Vivipary
4834: /
4815:Menarche
4810:Pubarche
4692:Clitoral
4644:gonocyte
4617:oogonium
4547:Menarche
4253:Prior JC
4191:76074156
4122:19136085
4084:20422011
4036:PLOS ONE
4014:36303960
3912:23738569
3869:25135630
3823:44416632
3815:18046752
3769:22057551
3711:32129461
3659:30561655
3602:27503621
3545:29940996
3482:21166687
3474:25079452
3439:34528245
3390:28390570
3337:31747229
3287:Archived
3283:20642266
3252:32230889
3201:31195407
3152:33572406
3078:31378287
3043:33132854
2992:51968811
2984:30098748
2945:32809669
2896:33030880
2855:28184066
2847:29298169
2808:32809533
2768:30 March
2762:Archived
2758:Medscape
2727:29537383
2611:Archived
2599:28488202
2547:28801053
2512:26661899
2471:30929718
2430:29313033
2366:32169418
2292:16197581
2251:27022074
2202:27166462
2125:Archived
2121:29422239
2049:28591132
2009:PLOS ONE
1982:29778270
1929:30521482
1873:22201776
1820:25869631
1701:30739329
1652:Archived
1498:21268179
1301:26703478
1248:29261991
1205:Archived
1201:25905282
1193:Endotext
1132:29544627
1108:: 1–25.
957:and the
945:have an
927:(IUDs).
875:clobazam
862:seizures
858:epilepsy
700:proteins
692:Glycogen
511:placenta
267:estrogen
251:menarche
99:Menarche
83:estrogen
6665:Commons
6454:Poverty
6448:factors
6425:Urethra
6401:Anxiety
6383:Anaemia
6179:Puberty
6159:Leblouh
6045:Sexual
5920:Condoms
5340:Hygiene
5135:Systems
4899:Hormone
4795:Puberty
4358:Cengage
4075:2858159
4044:Bibcode
4005:9580781
3955:6207295
3947:8693059
3904:8210311
3861:9618925
3760:3528014
3702:7253787
3536:6020216
3430:8444032
3381:5385852
3293:4 March
3243:7226433
3192:6785086
3143:7916245
3034:7573391
2718:6083466
2607:3773043
2421:5689497
2242:4822427
2077:25 June
2040:5462398
2017:Bibcode
1990:4581833
1962:Bibcode
1489:3164815
917:patches
706:of the
682:to the
662:viscous
593:plasmin
591:called
487:ampulla
480:fimbria
456:inhibin
454:), and
448:relaxin
370:Meiosis
236:puberty
194:of the
110:oocytes
69:of the
67:ovaries
59:hormone
6691:Portal
6630:Russia
6292:Cancer
6204:health
6174:Orgasm
6047:health
5998:Tampon
5606:health
5579:Uterus
5574:Cervix
5569:Vagina
5520:health
5447:Niddah
5367:Tampon
4955:Female
4909:Breast
4712:Female
4699:Orgasm
4687:Penile
4649:gamete
4622:oocyte
4467:
4457:
4440:
4430:
4409:
4399:
4374:
4364:
4343:
4333:
4312:
4302:
4281:
4271:
4243:
4233:
4210:
4189:
4179:
4152:
4120:
4082:
4072:
4064:
4012:
4002:
3994:
3953:
3945:
3910:
3902:
3867:
3859:
3821:
3813:
3767:
3757:
3709:
3699:
3657:
3649:
3608:
3600:
3543:
3533:
3480:
3472:
3437:
3427:
3388:
3378:
3335:
3281:
3250:
3240:
3199:
3189:
3150:
3140:
3084:
3076:
3041:
3031:
2990:
2982:
2943:
2914:nhs.uk
2894:
2853:
2845:
2806:
2725:
2715:
2664:
2654:
2605:
2597:
2545:
2510:
2469:
2428:
2418:
2364:
2290:
2249:
2239:
2200:
2119:
2047:
2037:
1988:
1980:
1927:
1871:
1818:
1699:
1644:
1634:"Eggs"
1496:
1486:
1299:
1246:
1199:
1130:
1120:
797:, and
767:oocyte
698:, and
696:lipids
589:enzyme
568:. In
299:embryo
297:of an
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