70:
78:
1003:
178:
20:
131:
By 1850, nearly every major town in North
America had an oyster bar, oyster cellar, oyster parlor, or oyster saloon—almost always located in the basement of the establishment (where keeping ice was easier). Oysters and bars often went hand-in-hand in the United States, because oysters were seen as a
121:
During the same period, oysters were an integral part of some
African-American communities. One example is Sandy Ground, which was located in modern-day Rossville, Staten Island. African-Americans were drawn to the oyster industry because it promised autonomy, as they were involved throughout the
135:
By the late 1880s, an "oyster craze" had swept the United States, and oyster bars were prominent gathering places in Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Denver, Louisville, New York City, and St. Louis. An 1881 U.S. government fisheries study counted 379 oyster houses in the
Philadelphia city directory
101:
In North
America, Native Americans on both coasts ate oysters in large quantities, as did colonists from Europe. Unlike in Europe, oyster consumption in North America after colonization by Europeans was never confined to class, and oysters were commonly served in taverns. During the early 19th
85:
Oyster consumption in Europe was confined to the wealthy until the mid-17th century but, by the 18th century, the poor were also consuming them. Sources vary as to when the first oyster bar was created. One source claims that
Sinclair's, a pub in
122:
process of harvesting and selling. In addition, oyster farmers were relatively less impoverished than slaves and did not work under white owners. A recipe for an oyster pie in Abby Fisher's 1881 cookbook,
149:, which supplied much of the American Midwest, were becoming rapidly depleted by the early 1890s. Increasing restrictions on oystering seasons and methods in the late 19th century led to the rise of
61:-style. Oysters have been consumed since ancient times and were common tavern food in Europe, but the oyster bar as a distinct restaurant began making an appearance in the 18th century.
118:
in front of the customer, and patrons may make their own oyster sauces from condiments on the tables. It has served as a model for many oyster bars in the United States.
124:
227:
is more commonly used to describe more than just oysters. A raw bar usually offers a wide selection of raw oysters as well as raw clams and raw fish or
142:
estimated the annual consumption (in terms of individual oysters) for London at one billion, and the United States as a whole at twelve billion oysters.
414:. The History and Present Condition of the Fishery Industries. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office: Department of the Interior. pp.
937:
1043:
231:. It may also offer cooked but cold shrimp, mussels, scallops, conch, and calamari. See: Koo, Poon, and Szabo, p. 43; Rosso and Lukins, p. 21.
157:
of the
Chesapeake Bay, that pitted poachers against armed law enforcement authorities of Virginia and Maryland (dubbed the "oyster navy").
603:
73:
Samuel
Mawhinney and Harriet Pearson Mawhinney, approx. 1890, proprietors of Mawhinney Oyster Saloon, Ridge Ave. Philadelphia PA
1028:
468:
334:
503:
Field Guide to
Seafood: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fish and Shellfish at the Market.
794:
451:
429:
24:
596:
166:
in 2014, about 90 percent of oyster bar sales in the United States come from farmed (not wild) oysters.
335:"Oysters and Equality: Nineteenth Century Cultural Resistance in Sandy Ground, Staten Island, New York"
69:
1033:
903:
878:
678:
270:"Shell on Earth: Oyster Harvesting, Consumption, and Deposition Practices in the Powhatan Chesapeake"
136:
alone, a figure explicitly not including oyster consumption at hotels or other saloons. In 1892, the
966:
930:
888:
883:
848:
758:
191:
138:
103:
944:
297:
162:
107:
95:
913:
873:
638:
633:
354:
289:
1038:
1006:
858:
683:
658:
589:
415:
346:
281:
94:, is the United Kingdom's oldest oyster bar. It opened in 1738. London's oldest restaurant,
973:
893:
868:
789:
769:
115:
77:
983:
811:
784:
774:
668:
648:
146:
1022:
816:
753:
663:
653:
643:
301:
150:
978:
898:
853:
409:
285:
908:
821:
673:
506:
269:
183:
154:
521:
Mystic
Seafood: Great Recipes, History, and Seafaring Lore From Mystic Seaport.
128:, suggests the influence of oysters on African-American foodways and culture.
863:
699:
173:
87:
50:
358:
293:
106:
to reach the
American Midwest. The oldest oyster bar in the United States is
724:
719:
714:
709:
350:
514:
The Pleasures and Treasures of Britain: A Discerning Traveller's Companion.
704:
196:
91:
45:
177:
145:
This enormous demand for oysters was not sustainable. The beds of the
764:
612:
111:
81:
Mawhinney Oyster Saloon, Ridge Ave. in Philadelphia. PA. Approx. 1890
58:
54:
489:
Historic Columbus Taverns: The Capital City's Most Storied Saloons.
19:
779:
228:
76:
68:
18:
585:
98:, also began business as an oyster bar. It opened in 1798.
581:
569:
Sex, Death & Oysters: A Half-Shell Lover's World Tour.
445:
443:
102:
century, express wagons filled with oysters crossed the
268:
Jenkins, Jessica A.; Gallivan, Martin D. (2020-07-02).
564:
Montréal, Québec: Les editions Québec Amerique, 1996.
57:, or a section of a restaurant which serves oysters
954:
922:
841:
834:
804:
746:
739:
692:
626:
619:
469:Stabiner, Karen. "Loss Leaders on the Half Shell."
23:Arnaud's Remoulade, a restaurant and oyster bar in
496:What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking
374:What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking
125:What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking
132:cheap food to serve alongside beer and liquor.
597:
535:Consider the Oyster: A Shucker's Field Guide.
530:Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre 2006.
274:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
8:
544:Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
526:Koo, Dinah; Poon, Janice; and Szabo, John.
838:
743:
623:
604:
590:
582:
938:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell
528:The Cocktail Chef: Entertaining in Style.
394:
392:
207:
523:Guilford, Conn.: Insiders Guide, 2006.
491:Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2012.
571:Berkeley, Calif.: Counterpoint, 2010.
540:Porter, Darwin and Prince, Danforth.
7:
114:, which opened in 1826. It features
551:Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2004.
537:New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2007.
487:Betti, Tom and Sauer, Doreen Uhas.
14:
554:Rosso, Julee and Lukins, Sheila.
450:Strehlam, E.W. (April 26, 1891).
1002:
1001:
549:Oysters: A Culinary Celebration.
436:. September 4, 1892. p. 11.
176:
1044:Types of drinking establishment
519:Kerr, Jean and Smith, Spencer.
16:Restaurant that serves oysters
1:
562:The Visual Food Encyclopedia.
558:New York: Workman Pub., 1989.
286:10.1080/15564894.2019.1643430
578:London: Lonely Planet, 2009.
339:Anthropology of Work Review
1060:
408:Ingersoll, Ernest (1881).
258:Porter and Prince, p. 128.
996:
556:The New Basics Cookbook.
542:Frommer's Great Britain.
333:Askins, William (1991).
53:specializing in serving
795:Chesapeake Bay deadrise
516:Toronto: Dundurn, 1992.
398:Betti and Sauer, p. 70.
351:10.1525/awr.1991.12.2.7
323:Kerr and Smith, p. 14.
82:
74:
28:
25:New Orleans, Louisiana
372:Fisher, Abby (1881).
153:, culminating in the
80:
72:
22:
904:Steak and oyster pie
879:Oysters en brochette
533:MacMurray, Patrick.
475:Accessed 2014-02-22.
430:"Eat the Oyster Now"
1029:Restaurants by type
967:List of oyster bars
931:Consider the Oyster
889:Oysters Rockefeller
884:Oysters Kirkpatrick
849:Angels on horseback
759:Oystering machinery
456:Pittsburgh Dispatch
452:"Saving the Oyster"
434:Pittsburgh Dispatch
411:The Oyster Industry
192:List of oyster bars
139:Pittsburgh Dispatch
104:Allegheny Mountains
35:, also known as an
945:The Oyster Dredger
574:Williams, Nicola.
473:February 22, 2014.
214:MacMurray, p. 131.
163:The New York Times
108:Union Oyster House
83:
75:
29:
1016:
1015:
992:
991:
874:Oysters Bienville
830:
829:
735:
734:
1051:
1005:
1004:
839:
744:
624:
606:
599:
592:
583:
476:
466:
460:
459:
447:
438:
437:
426:
420:
419:
405:
399:
396:
387:
384:
378:
377:
369:
363:
362:
330:
324:
321:
315:
314:Reardon, p. 4-7.
312:
306:
305:
265:
259:
256:
250:
247:
241:
240:Reardon, p. 1-3.
238:
232:
221:
215:
212:
186:
181:
180:
27:, United States.
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
988:
974:Oyster festival
950:
918:
826:
800:
731:
688:
615:
610:
547:Reardon, Joan.
484:
479:
471:New York Times.
467:
463:
449:
448:
441:
428:
427:
423:
407:
406:
402:
397:
390:
385:
381:
371:
370:
366:
332:
331:
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
267:
266:
262:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
235:
222:
218:
213:
209:
205:
182:
175:
172:
116:oyster shucking
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
987:
986:
984:Oyster cracker
981:
976:
971:
970:
969:
958:
956:
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
843:
836:
832:
831:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
814:
812:Oyster farming
808:
806:
802:
801:
799:
798:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
756:
750:
748:
741:
737:
736:
733:
732:
730:
729:
728:
727:
717:
712:
707:
702:
696:
694:
690:
689:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
628:
621:
617:
616:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
580:
579:
572:
565:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
505:Philadelphia:
501:Green, Aliza.
499:
494:Fisher, Abby.
492:
483:
480:
478:
477:
461:
439:
421:
400:
388:
386:Reardon, p. 7.
379:
376:. p. 157.
364:
325:
316:
307:
280:(3): 384–406.
260:
251:
242:
233:
216:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
171:
168:
151:oyster pirates
147:Chesapeake Bay
66:
63:
49:service, is a
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1008:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
953:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
840:
837:
833:
823:
820:
818:
817:Oyster pirate
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
803:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
745:
742:
738:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
691:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
654:European flat
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
629:
625:
622:
618:
614:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
584:
577:
573:
570:
567:Walsh, Robb.
566:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
515:
512:Kemp, David.
511:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
474:
472:
465:
462:
457:
453:
446:
444:
440:
435:
431:
425:
422:
417:
413:
412:
404:
401:
395:
393:
389:
383:
380:
375:
368:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
329:
326:
320:
317:
311:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:Kemp, p. 337.
246:
243:
237:
234:
230:
226:
220:
217:
211:
208:
202:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
185:
179:
174:
169:
167:
165:
164:
160:According to
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
140:
133:
129:
127:
126:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
79:
71:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:oyster saloon
34:
26:
21:
979:Oyster Feast
961:
943:
936:
929:
854:Hangtown fry
754:Oyster knife
575:
568:
561:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
502:
495:
488:
482:Bibliography
470:
464:
458:. p. 1.
455:
433:
424:
410:
403:
382:
373:
367:
342:
338:
328:
319:
310:
277:
273:
263:
254:
245:
236:
224:
219:
210:
161:
159:
144:
137:
134:
130:
123:
120:
100:
84:
44:
41:oyster house
40:
36:
32:
30:
1034:Oyster bars
822:Oyster Wars
679:Sydney rock
507:Quirk Books
345:(2): 7–13.
184:Food portal
155:Oyster Wars
1023:Categories
962:Oyster bar
914:Vermicelli
864:Kaki furai
705:Dimydarian
700:Windowpane
634:Portuguese
203:References
88:Manchester
51:restaurant
33:oyster bar
859:Ice cream
747:Equipment
725:Tikod amo
639:Cockscomb
359:1548-1417
302:202190260
294:1556-4894
223:The term
1007:Category
869:Omelette
805:Commerce
790:Skipjack
770:Buy-boat
740:Industry
170:See also
1039:Seafood
894:Pickled
842:Cuisine
835:Culture
785:Sharpie
763:Boats (
715:Feather
669:Pacific
664:Olympia
649:Eastern
613:Oysters
576:France.
509:, 2007.
498:, 1881.
225:raw bar
197:Raw bar
92:England
65:History
55:oysters
46:raw bar
775:Dredge
765:Bugeye
710:Saddle
684:Sponge
644:Dredge
357:
300:
292:
112:Boston
59:buffet
955:Other
923:Media
899:Sauce
780:Pungy
720:Spiny
693:Other
659:Frond
620:Types
418:–155.
298:S2CID
229:sushi
96:Rules
43:or a
909:Stew
674:Rock
627:True
355:ISSN
290:ISSN
416:154
347:doi
282:doi
110:in
31:An
1025::
454:.
442:^
432:.
391:^
353:.
343:12
341:.
337:.
296:.
288:.
278:15
276:.
272:.
90:,
39:,
797:)
605:e
598:t
591:v
361:.
349::
304:.
284::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
