1854:
22:
262:, and shows signs of more severe disease at diagnosis. While the DQ2.5/DQ2 phenotype represents only 25% of celiac patients, it accounts for all of the ASE celiacs, and 60-70% of patients with GS-EATL. Synthetic avenin peptides were synthesized either in native or deamidated form, and the deamidated peptides showed higher response.
265:
DQ2.5/T-cell receptor recognition from 2 Oat-sensitive coeliacs TCR-Site1 Y Q P Y P E Q E~E~P F V TCR-Site2 Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q Q Antibody recognition site(see above) CIP2 (γ-avenin) T T T V Q Y D P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q
105:
reveal that oat proteins can act as both respiratory and skin allergens. Oat dust sensitivity in farms found 53% showed reactivity to dust, second only to barley (70%), and almost double that of wheat dust. The 66 kDa protein in oats was visualized by 28 out of 33 sera (84%). However, there was
807:
It is necessary to consider that oats include many varieties, containing various amino acid sequences and showing different immunoreactivities associated with toxic prolamins. As a result, several studies have shown that the immunogenicity of oats varies depending on the cultivar consumed. Thus, it
117:
Food allergies to oats can accompany atopy dermatitis. Oat avenins share similarities with γ and ω-gliadins of wheat — based on these similarities they could potentiate both enteropathic response and anaphylactic responses. Oat allergy in gluten-sensitive enteropathy can explain an avenin-sensitive
162:
Some cultivars of pure oat could be a safe part of a gluten-free diet, requiring knowledge of the oat variety used in food products for a gluten-free diet. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of pure oats consumption are still unclear and further studies identifying the cultivars used are needed
269:
The overlap of the antibody and T-cell sites, given trypsin digestion of avenin, suggest this region is dominant in immunity. The TCR-site1 was synthetically made as deamidated ("~E~"), and native peptide requires transglutaminase to reach full activation. Two studies to date have looked at the
208:
are removed from the diet. Anti-avenin antibodies declined in treated celiacs on an oat diet in 136 individuals, suggesting oats can be involved in celiac disease when wheat is present, but are not involved when wheat is removed from the diet. The study, however, did find an increased number of
237:
Evidence that there are exceptional cases came in a 2004 study on oats. The patients drafted for this study were those who had symptoms of celiac disease when on a "pure-oat" challenge, therefore not representative of a celiac sample. This study found that four patients had symptoms after oat
233:
response. Th1 responses are needed to stimulate T-helper cells that mediate disease. This could indicate that coeliac disease does not directly involve avenin or that the sample size was too small to detect the occasional responder.
159:. Furthermore, oats are frequently cross-contaminated with the other gluten-containing cereals. Pure oat (labelled as "pure oat" or "gluten-free oat") refers to oats uncontaminated with any of the other gluten-containing cereals.
189:
Antibody recognition sites on three avenins CIP1 (γ-avenin) P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F CIP2 (γ-avenin) T T T V Q Y D P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q P P F CIP3 (α-avenin) T T T V Q Y N P S E Q Y Q P Y
642:
Varjonen E, Kalimo K, Savolainen J, Vainio E (September 1996). "IgA and IgG binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients".
678:
Estrada-Reyes E, Hernnández-Román MP, Gamboa-Marrufo JD, Valencia-Herrera A, Nava-Ocampo AA (2008). "Hypereosinophilia, hyper-IgE syndrome, and atopic dermatitis in a toddler with food hypersensitivity".
270:
ability of different oat strains to promote various immunochemical aspects of celiac disease. While preliminary, these studies indicate different strains may have different risks for avenin sensitivity.
599:
Varjonen E, Savolainen J, Mattila L, Kalimo K (May 1994). "IgE-binding components of wheat, rye, barley and oats recognized by immunoblotting analysis with sera from adult atopic dermatitis patients".
969:
Ribes-Koninckx C, Alfonso P, Ortigosa L, et al. (August 2000). "A beta-turn rich oats peptide as an antigen in an ELISA method for the screening of coeliac disease in a paediatric population".
90:
to avenin, the glutinous protein in oats similar to the gluten within wheat. Sensitivity to oat foods can also result from their frequent contamination by wheat, barley, or rye particles.
213:(IELs, a type of white bloodcell) in the oat-eating cohort. Regardless of whether or not this observation is a direct allergic immune response, by itself this is essentially
197:
inhibitor as identified by protein homology. A follow-up study showed that most celiacs have anti-avenin antibodies (AVAs), with a specificity and sensitivity comparable to
40:
1322:
259:
359:
Boussault P, Léauté-Labrèze C, Saubusse E, et al. (November 2007). "Oat sensitization in children with atopic dermatitis: prevalence, risks and associated factors".
82:. Sensitivity to oats can manifest as a result of allergy to oat seed storage proteins either inhaled or ingested. A more complex condition affects individuals who have
1190:
Silano M, Dessì M, De
Vincenzi M, Cornell H (April 2007). "In vitro tests indicate that certain varieties of oats may be harmful to patients with coeliac disease".
1147:
Silano M, Di
Benedetto R, Maialetti F, et al. (November 2007). "Avenins from different cultivars of oats elicit response by coeliac peripheral lymphocytes".
1419:
1250:
402:
Codreanu F, Morisset M, Cordebar V, Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA (April 2006). "Risk of allergy to food proteins in topical medicinal agents and cosmetics".
1012:
Hollén E, Högberg L, Stenhammar L, Fälth-Magnusson K, Magnusson KE (July 2003). "Antibodies to oat prolamines (avenins) in children with coeliac disease".
1055:
Guttormsen V, Løvik A, Bye A, Bratlie J, Mørkrid L, Lundin KE (2008). "No induction of anti-avenin IgA by oats in adult, diet-treated coeliac disease".
201:. A subsequent study found that these AVAs did not result from cross-reaction with wheat. However, recently it has been found that AVAs drop as soon as
1301:
258:/DR7-DQ2) phenotype. Patients with DQ2.5/DQ2.2 tend to be the most prone toward gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE), have the highest risk for
1765:
1609:
58:
1365:
1243:
226:
1452:
499:
Baldo BA, Krilis S, Wrigley CW (January 1980). "Hypersensitivity to inhaled flour allergens. Comparison between cereals".
808:
is essential to thoroughly study the variety of oats used in a food ingredient before including it in a gluten-free diet.
1881:
83:
1876:
1236:
182:
In 1992, six proteins were extracted from oats that reacted with a single coeliac sera. Three of the proteins were
114:
in celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis, are not seen in response to avenins in atopic dermatitis patients.
1826:
429:
De Paz Arranz S, Pérez
Montero A, Remón LZ, Molero MI (December 2002). "Allergic contact urticaria to oatmeal".
1338:
279:
167:
144:
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confer autoimmunity via covalent attachment to gliadin. In 16 examined coeliacs, none produced a significant
1719:
1360:
472:
Pazzaglia M, Jorizzo M, Parente G, Tosti A (June 2000). "Allergic contact dermatitis due to avena extract".
198:
111:
186:, and have been called CIP 1 (gamma avenin), CIP 2, and CIP3. They had the following amino acid sequences:
1584:
1404:
225:
In gluten-sensitive enteropathy, prolamins mediate between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells, whereas
1714:
1679:
1414:
1831:
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920:"Pure Oats as Part of the Canadian Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease: The Need to Revisit the Issue"
1790:
820:
Ciacci C, Ciclitira P, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Ludvigsson JF, McGough N, et al. (2015).
822:"The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis"
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individual with no histological abnormality, no T-cell reaction to avenin, bearing the rarer
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310:"Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet"
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133:
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1100:"Avenin fails to induce a Th1 response in coeliac tissue following in vitro culture"
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458:
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Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV (Nov 18, 2013).
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de Souza MC, Deschênes ME, Laurencelle S, Godet P, Roy CC, Djilali-Saiah I (2016).
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before making final recommendations on their inclusion in the gluten-free diet.
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Within the same study, three other proteins were identified, one of them an α-
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evident non-specific binding to this region and thus it may also represent
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711:"The molecular basis for oat intolerance in patients with celiac disease"
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Kilmartin C, Lynch S, Abuzakouk M, Wieser H, Feighery C (January 2003).
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Arentz-Hansen H, Fleckenstein B, Molberg Ø, et al. (October 2004).
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110:-like binding. IgA and IgG responses, meanwhile, like those seen to
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Manfreda J, Holford-Strevens V, Cheang M, Warren CP (April 1986).
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15:
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Studies on farmers with grain dust allergy and children with
544:"Acute symptoms following exposure to grain dust in farming"
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for histology and avenin responsive T-cells, indicating
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36:
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phenotype, and with anaphylactic reaction to avenin.
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
74:represents a sensitivity to the proteins found in
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871:"Coeliac disease and oats: a systematic review"
765:Comino I, Moreno Mde L, Sousa C (Nov 7, 2015).
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1420:List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease
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8:
134:Wheat dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
155:of toxic prolamins are different among oat
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869:Haboubi NY, Taylor S, Jones S (Oct 2006).
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168:Gluten-related disorders § Treatment
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:, without removing the technical details.
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209:patients with higher intraepithelial
41:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
246:(ASE). All three patients were the
613:10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00938.x
513:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1980.tb01716.x
443:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23893_7.x
238:ingestion, and three had elevated
14:
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1366:Anti-transglutaminase antibodies
1204:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04512.x
983:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00684.x
767:"Role of oats in celiac disease"
681:J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol
373:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01527.x
227:anti-transglutaminase antibodies
20:
826:United European Gastroenterol J
1:
728:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010001
404:Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol
244:avenin-sensitive enteropathy
143:Oat toxicity in people with
139:Avenin-sensitive enteropathy
84:gluten-sensitive enteropathy
924:Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol
1903:
1302:GS idiopathic neuropathies
645:Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol
554:. Brogan &: 73–80.
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127:
1850:
1827:Oatmeal cookie (cocktail)
1323:GSE associated conditions
1192:J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol
1161:10.1080/00365520701420750
1069:10.1080/00365520701832822
1026:10.1080/00365520310003156
784:10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825
1339:Dermatitis herpetiformis
887:10.1136/pgmj.2006.045443
838:10.1177/2050640614559263
548:Environ. Health Perspect
280:Gluten-related disorders
145:gluten-related disorders
1720:Stornoway black pudding
1361:Anti-gliadin antibodies
1149:Scand. J. Gastroenterol
1057:Scand. J. Gastroenterol
1014:Scand. J. Gastroenterol
199:anti-gliadin antibodies
112:anti-gliadin antibodies
1405:Gluten immunochemistry
178:Anti-avenin antibodies
173:Immunological evidence
1715:Staffordshire oatcake
1680:Oatmeal raisin cookie
1474:species and cultivars
1415:Gluten challenge test
771:World J Gastroenterol
166:Further information:
151:consumed because the
128:Further information:
86:in which there is an
1332:integumentary system
971:Eur. J. Clin. Invest
937:10.1155/2016/1576360
1882:Autoimmune diseases
1116:10.1136/gut.52.1.47
147:depends on the oat
88:autoimmune response
1877:Gluten sensitivity
1527:Basic preparations
1260:Gluten sensitivity
601:Clin. Exp. Allergy
153:immunoreactivities
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1786:Oatmeal Creme Pie
1751:It's-It Ice Cream
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327:10.3390/nu5114553
285:List of allergies
221:Cellular immunity
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1510:Avena byzantina
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320:(11): 4553–65.
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72:Oat sensitivity
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1155:(11): 1302–5.
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881:(972): 672–8.
875:Postgrad Med J
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1730:White pudding
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1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1337:
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1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Wheat allergy
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:(4): 528–31.
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
839:
835:
832:(2): 121–35.
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
592:
587:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
422:
417:
413:
410:(4): 126–30.
409:
405:
398:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
352:
347:
343:
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319:
315:
311:
304:
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296:
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278:
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263:
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257:
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207:
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196:
187:
185:
177:
172:
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158:
154:
150:
146:
138:
135:
131:
130:Wheat allergy
126:
124:
123:
115:
113:
109:
104:
101:
93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
63:
60:
52:
42:
38:
32:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
1836:
1832:Oat diseases
1660:Oatmeal ball
1625:Gomme (food)
1605:Dock pudding
1575:Atholl brose
1515:
1508:
1496:Avena sativa
1494:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1285:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1110:(1): 47–52.
1107:
1103:
1093:
1063:(2): 161–5.
1060:
1056:
1050:
1020:(7): 742–6.
1017:
1013:
1007:
977:(8): 702–8.
974:
970:
964:
927:
923:
913:
878:
874:
864:
829:
825:
815:
806:
774:
770:
718:
714:
687:(2): 131–5.
684:
680:
673:
651:(1): 55–63.
648:
644:
637:
607:(5): 481–9.
604:
600:
594:
551:
547:
537:
507:(1): 45–56.
504:
500:
494:
477:
474:Contact Derm
473:
467:
437:(12): 1215.
434:
430:
424:
407:
403:
397:
364:
360:
354:
317:
313:
268:
243:
240:Marsh scores
236:
224:
203:
192:
181:
161:
142:
121:
116:
97:
80:Avena sativa
79:
71:
70:
55:
46:
30:
1801:Uncle Tobys
1791:Quaker Oats
1549:Rolled oats
1502:Kherson oat
256:HLA DR3-DQ2
211:lymphocytes
94:Oat allergy
1871:Categories
1796:Ready Brek
1746:Cool-A-Coo
1640:Havreflarn
1489:Avena nuda
1353:Antibodies
1267:Conditions
926:(Review).
877:(Review).
828:(Review).
480:(6): 364.
291:References
103:dermatitis
1776:Mornflake
1771:McOatmeal
1700:Rock cake
1665:Oat bread
1600:Cranachan
1042:218911012
721:(1): e1.
314:Nutrients
204:Triticeae
184:prolamins
157:varieties
49:June 2016
1858:Category
1766:McCann's
1725:Throdkin
1695:Porridge
1615:Flapjack
1595:Brenntar
1544:Oat milk
1220:38754601
1212:17376046
1177:38268535
1169:17852883
1134:12477758
1077:18224563
1034:12889560
999:29004147
991:10964162
956:27446824
905:17068278
856:25922672
803:26557006
747:15526039
715:PLOS Med
693:18447144
629:23053287
529:10966071
486:10871113
459:33135275
451:12464060
416:16805419
389:44678077
381:17919139
346:24253052
274:See also
149:cultivar
1810:Related
1705:Skirlie
1670:Oatcake
1630:Granola
1585:Bannock
1539:Oatmeal
1389:HLA-DQ8
1384:HLA-DQ2
1274:general
1125:1773501
1085:3421741
947:4904650
930:: 1–8.
896:2653911
847:4406897
794:4631980
665:8753845
621:8087661
586:3709486
577:1474397
568:3430216
521:6154431
501:Allergy
431:Allergy
361:Allergy
337:3847748
260:GS-EATL
206:glutens
195:amylase
35:Please
1739:Brands
1710:Sowans
1690:Parkin
1655:Muesli
1376:HLA-DQ
1218:
1210:
1175:
1167:
1132:
1122:
1083:
1075:
1040:
1032:
997:
989:
954:
944:
903:
893:
854:
844:
801:
791:
745:
738:523824
735:
691:
663:
627:
619:
584:
574:
566:
527:
519:
484:
457:
449:
414:
387:
379:
344:
334:
266:P P F
215:benign
108:lectin
1781:Oatly
1761:Maypo
1650:Kasha
1635:Gruel
1580:Avena
1534:Groat
1471:Avena
1398:Other
1216:S2CID
1173:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1038:S2CID
995:S2CID
625:S2CID
564:JSTOR
525:S2CID
455:S2CID
385:S2CID
248:DQ2.5
122:trans
120:DQ2.5
100:atopy
1887:Oats
1462:Oats
1208:PMID
1165:PMID
1130:PMID
1073:PMID
1030:PMID
987:PMID
952:PMID
928:2016
901:PMID
852:PMID
799:PMID
743:PMID
689:PMID
661:PMID
617:PMID
582:PMID
517:PMID
482:PMID
447:PMID
412:PMID
377:PMID
342:PMID
132:and
76:oats
1200:doi
1157:doi
1120:PMC
1112:doi
1104:Gut
1065:doi
1022:doi
979:doi
942:PMC
932:doi
891:PMC
883:doi
842:PMC
834:doi
789:PMC
779:doi
733:PMC
723:doi
653:doi
649:111
609:doi
572:PMC
556:doi
509:doi
439:doi
369:doi
332:PMC
322:doi
252:DQ2
231:Th1
39:to
1873::
1214:.
1206:.
1196:22
1194:.
1171:.
1163:.
1153:42
1151:.
1128:.
1118:.
1108:52
1106:.
1102:.
1079:.
1071:.
1061:43
1059:.
1036:.
1028:.
1018:38
1016:.
993:.
985:.
975:30
973:.
950:.
940:.
922:.
899:.
889:.
879:82
873:.
850:.
840:.
824:.
805:.
797:.
787:.
775:21
773:.
769:.
755:^
741:.
731:.
717:.
713:.
701:^
685:18
683:.
659:.
647:.
623:.
615:.
605:24
603:.
580:.
570:.
562:.
552:66
550:.
546:.
523:.
515:.
505:35
503:.
478:42
476:.
453:.
445:.
435:57
433:.
408:38
406:.
383:.
375:.
365:62
363:.
340:.
330:.
316:.
312:.
298:^
217:.
78:,
1454:e
1447:t
1440:v
1252:e
1245:t
1238:v
1222:.
1202::
1179:.
1159::
1136:.
1114::
1087:.
1067::
1044:.
1024::
1001:.
981::
958:.
934::
907:.
885::
858:.
836::
830:3
781::
749:.
725::
719:1
695:.
667:.
655::
631:.
611::
588:.
558::
531:.
511::
488:.
461:.
441::
418:.
391:.
371::
348:.
324::
318:5
254:(
250:/
62:)
56:(
51:)
47:(
33:.
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