1051:
Convention. The London
Convention's main goals were to effectively control sources of marine pollution and take the proper steps to prevent it from happening, mainly accomplishing this by banning specific substances from being dumped in the ocean. The most recent version of the London Convention now bans all materials from marine dumping, except a thoroughly researched list of certain wastes. It also prohibits waste from being exported to other countries for disposal, as well as incinerating waste in the ocean. While smaller organizations like the Nuclear Energy Agency of the European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have produced similar regulations, the London Convention remains the central international figure of radioactive waste policies.
938:
959:
975:
273:
339:
2332:
207:
240:
405:
306:
640:
541:
4189:
2343:
574:
508:
475:
372:
4177:
1760:
607:
438:
4201:
915:
128:) – were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, the United States, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, Russia, New Zealand, Germany, Italy and South Korea. Together, they dumped a total of 85,100 TBq (85.1x10 Bq) of radioactive waste at over 100 ocean sites, as measured in initial radioactivity at the time of dump.
116:
1054:
Although there are many existing regulations that ban ocean dumping, it is still a prevalent issue. Different countries enforce the ban on radioactive waste dumping on different levels, resulting in an inconsistent implementation of the agreed upon policies. Because of these discrepancies, it is hard
1128:
has also been suggested. Here, waste would be transported by plate tectonic movement into the Earth's mantle and rendered harmless through dilution and natural decay. Several objections have been raised to this method, including vulnerabilities during transport and disposal, as well as uncertainties
1120:
places prohibitions on disposing of radioactive materials at sea and does not make a distinction between waste dumped directly into the water and waste that is buried underneath the ocean's floor. It remained in force until 2018, after which the sub-seabed disposal option can be revisited at 25-year
1050:
However, by the late 1960s to early 1970s, millions of tons of waste were still being dumped into the ocean annually. By this time, governments began to realize the severe impacts of marine pollution, which led to one of the first international policies regarding ocean dumping in 1972 – the London
119:
Country total at the major site. SU: Soviet Union (39,243 TBq) and Russia (2.8v TBq), GB: UK (35,088 TBq), CH: Switzerland (4,419 TBq), BE: Belgium (2,120 TBq). US: United States of
America (3,496 TBq), JP: Japan (15TBq), KR: South Korea
111:
Disposal projects attempted to locate ideal dumping sites based on depth, stability and currents, and to treat, solidify and contain the waste. However, some dumping only involved diluting the waste with surface water, or used containers that imploded at depth. Even containers that survived the
1112:
One of the problems associated with this option includes the difficulty of recovering the waste, if necessary, once it is emplaced deep in the ocean. Also, establishing an effective international structure to develop, regulate, and monitor a sub-seabed repository would be extremely difficult.
1046:
The first conversations surrounding dumping radioactive waste into the ocean began in 1958 at the United
Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS). The conference resulted in an agreement that all states should actively try to prevent radioactive waste pollution in the sea and follow any
941:
B: Belgium (2,120 TBq), F: France (354 TBq), D: Germany (0.2 TBq), I: Italy (0.2 TBq), N: the
Netherlands (336 TBq), S: Sweden (3.2 TBq), C: Switzerland (4,419 TBq), G:United Kingdom (35,088 TBq), US: United States (2,942 TBq), SU: Soviet
1004:
Dumping was undertaken by UK, Switzerland, Belgium, France, the
Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Italy. IAEA had been studying since 1977. The report of 1996, by CRESP suggests measurable leakages of radioactive material, and, concluded that environmental impact is negligible.
1109:. Large regions of the ocean floor are thought to be completely geologically inactive and it is not expected that there will be extensive human activity there in the future. Water absorbs essentially all radiation within a few meters provided the waste remains contained.
2189:
927:
Dumping occurred from 1948 to 1982. The UK accounts for 78% of dumping in the
Atlantic (35,088 TBq), followed by Switzerland (4,419 TBq), the United States (2,924 TBq) and Belgium (2,120 TBq). Sunken Soviet nuclear submarines are not included; see
1117:
951:
The Soviet Union 874 TBq, US 554 TBq, Japan 606.2 Tonnes, New
Zealand 1+ TBq. 751,000 m was dumped by Japan and the Soviet Union. The United States reported neither tonnage nor volume of 56,261 containers.
45:
Ocean floor disposal (or sub-seabed disposal)—a more deliberate method of delivering radioactive waste to the ocean floor and depositing it into the seabed—was studied by the United
Kingdom and Sweden, but never implemented.
1021:. So far, no excess level of radionuclides was found in samples (sea water, sediments) collected in the area, except the sample taken at a location close to disposed packages that contained elevated levels of isotopes of
995:
Joint
Russian-Norwegian expeditions (1992–94) collected samples from four dump sites. At immediate vicinity of waste containers, elevated levels of radionuclide were found, but had not contaminated the surrounding area.
2952:
1037:
The joint
Japanese-Korean-Russian expedition (1994–95) concluded that contamination resulted mainly from global fallout. The USSR dumped waste in the Sea of Japan. Japan dumped waste south of the main island.
1101:. This is slow enough that it could potentially take millions of years for waste to diffuse through several tens of meters of sediment so that by the time it reaches open ocean it would be highly
120:(?TBq), NZ: New Zealand (1+TBq). France (354 TBq), Germany (0.2 TBq), Italy (0.2 TBq), the Netherlands (336 TBq), and Sweden (3.2 TBq) are within the GB marker.
962:
JP: Japan (15.1 TBq), KR: South Korea (? TBq), NZ: New Zealand (1+ TBq), RU: Russia (2.1 TBq), SU: Soviet Union (874 TBq), US: United States (554 TBq)
3140:
2246:
2667:
2182:
2962:
1173:
1326:
Steinhauser, Georg; Brandl, Alexander; Johnson, Thomas E. (2014). "Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts".
3843:
331:
Mid/NW Atlantic (9), Gulf of Mexico (2) total 11 sites, 34,282 containers, unknown quantity; Mid/NE Pacific Ocean, total of 18 sites, 56,261 containers, ? tones
1018:
4237:
2647:
2167:
1014:
1263:
Rääf, C; Holm, E; Rabesiranana, N; Garcia-Tenorio, R; Chamizo, E (2017). "On the presence of plutonium in Madagascar following the SNAP-9A satellite failure".
42:). There has only been the disposal of low level radioactive waste (LLW) thus far in terms of ocean dumping as high level waste has been strictly prohibited.
2969:
2400:
84:
failed. It was powered by a liquid sodium–potassium thermionic converter driven by a nuclear reactor containing around 50 kilograms (110 lb) of uranium-235.
2735:
2014:
1082:
designed to increase the depth of penetration into the ocean floor, or depositing containers in shafts drilled with techniques similar to those used in
3238:
1368:
971:
The Soviet Union dumped 749 TBq. Japan dumped 15.1 TBq south of main island. South Korea dumped 45 tonnes (unknown radioactivity value).
4227:
2276:
1148:
692:*Some countries report the mass and volume of disposed waste and some just tonnage. The US did not report tonnage or volume of 90,543 containers.
26:
The waste materials included both liquids and solids housed in various containers, as well as reactor vessels, with and without spent or damaged
934:
There were 137,000 tonnes dumped by eight European countries. The United States reported neither tonnage nor volume for 34,282 containers.
1390:
90:
1988 Assessing the Impact of Deep Sea Disposal of Low-level Radioactive Waste on Living Marine Resources. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 288
2662:
2177:
2024:
3484:
2291:
166:
One container (net 400 kg) of vitrified high-level radioactive waste has an average radioactivity of 4x10 Bq (Max 45x10 Bq).
3401:
3477:
2947:
2912:
71:
1964 On the 21 April, a satellite failed carrying a SNAP-9A radiothermal generator. 17,000 Ci (630 TBq) plutonium metal fuel burned up.
4099:
3683:
2357:
2352:
157:
146:
737:
unpackaged solid waste, mainly large parts of nuclear installations (steam generators, pumps, lids of reactor pressure vessels, etc.)
265:
NE Atlantic 15 sites, unknown number of containers, 74,052 tons and 18 sites off coast of British isles more than 9.4 TBq
2763:
2642:
1612:
1047:
international guidelines regarding the issue. The UNCLOS also instigated research into the issues radioactive waste dumping caused.
929:
74:
1972 Adoption of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention 1972)
3993:
3858:
2393:
2271:
3936:
3770:
3608:
3372:
3250:
2907:
2768:
2074:
2064:
1979:
1829:
1579:
937:
958:
232:
Arctic 20 sites, 222,000 m and reactor w or w/o spent fuel; Pacific Ocean (mainly sea of Japan) 12 sites, 145,000 m
3926:
3775:
3233:
2172:
2049:
2009:
2004:
974:
1074:
Several methods of depositing material in the ocean floor have been proposed, including encasing it in concrete and as the
3700:
3533:
2957:
2885:
2069:
2029:
1994:
1138:
4205:
4043:
3780:
3489:
3243:
2740:
2367:
2362:
2157:
2094:
2084:
918:
Arctic Ocean dump sites of radioactive waste. SU: Soviet Union (38,369 TBq), RU: Russia (0.7 TBq), SE: Sweden.
955:
Dumping of contaminated water at the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident (estimate 4,700–27,000 TBq) is not included.
4193:
4106:
4078:
4035:
4000:
3838:
3665:
3603:
3428:
3332:
3218:
2686:
2386:
2281:
2104:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1834:
1652:
1153:
1093:
per se and the water does not flow through it the migration of dissolved waste is limited to the rate at which it can
911:
by the Soviet Union. Dumped at 20 sites from 1959 to 1992, total of 222,000 m including reactors and spent fuel.
2251:
3886:
3565:
3083:
3040:
2892:
2135:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2059:
2039:
1869:
1519:
754:
3538:
19:
From 1946 through 1993, thirteen countries used ocean disposal or ocean dumping as a method to dispose of nuclear/
4181:
3863:
3472:
3255:
2152:
2079:
2044:
2034:
2019:
1247:
4242:
4232:
4111:
3953:
3853:
3765:
2974:
2860:
2820:
2632:
31:
3732:
3983:
3958:
3572:
3349:
3155:
3078:
3035:
3018:
2979:
2902:
2194:
1314:
1300:
77:
1975 The London Convention 1972 entered into force (Prohibition of dumping of high level radioactive waste.)
3848:
3135:
2679:
1904:
1406:
1365:
1143:
726:
low level waste like resins, filters, material used for decontamination processes, etc., solidified with
4142:
3878:
3833:
3295:
3223:
3150:
3145:
3110:
2897:
2865:
2652:
2579:
1704:
1684:
500:
Baltic sea 1 site, 230 containers, 64 tons; NE Atlantic 1 site, 289.5 containers, 1,080 tons,
115:
23:
with an approximation of 200,000 tons sourcing mainly from the medical, research and nuclear industry.
58:
1946 First dumping operation at Northeast Pacific Ocean (about 80 km off the coast of California)
4053:
4027:
3828:
3813:
3130:
3088:
2924:
2830:
2758:
2306:
2054:
1899:
1804:
1331:
1387:
4152:
3988:
3963:
3748:
3342:
3210:
3013:
2870:
2637:
2599:
2432:
2266:
1854:
1774:
1719:
1617:
1604:
1572:
4132:
3868:
3705:
3632:
3443:
3093:
3063:
3047:
3030:
2674:
2564:
2512:
2462:
2409:
2336:
2311:
2256:
2162:
1951:
1921:
1637:
1163:
139:
96:
1993 Russia reported the dumping of high level nuclear waste including spent fuel by former USSR.
1235:
978:
Dump sites in the Sea of Japan. Sites off coast of Nakhodka are of the Soviet Union and Russia.
3200:
2993:
2880:
2855:
2793:
2750:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2427:
2215:
2145:
2140:
2125:
1916:
1884:
1879:
1859:
1799:
1724:
1461:
1347:
1280:
1206:
1194:
1168:
1106:
1064:
20:
4048:
3103:
3068:
2825:
2815:
2703:
2691:
2532:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2331:
2199:
2130:
1971:
1941:
1931:
1889:
1864:
1844:
1839:
1679:
1647:
1642:
1622:
1596:
1453:
1384:
1339:
1272:
35:
3688:
3528:
3467:
4016:
3946:
3906:
3433:
3360:
3188:
3174:
3098:
3073:
2919:
2712:
2604:
2569:
2447:
2437:
2301:
2225:
1961:
1956:
1926:
1824:
1809:
1714:
1709:
1669:
1394:
1372:
1125:
3438:
1557:
1492:
1388:"Cesium-137 flow into sea 30 times greater than stated by TEPCO report (29 October 2011)"
1520:"Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter"
1335:
1071:
sediment where it is unlikely to be disturbed either geologically or by human activity.
124:
The countries involved – listed in order of total contributions measured in TBq (TBq=10
3921:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3641:
3548:
3517:
3499:
3023:
2929:
2875:
2840:
2773:
2720:
2574:
2467:
2452:
2442:
2347:
2220:
1894:
1874:
1784:
1744:
1632:
1565:
1075:
245:
1441:
4221:
4086:
3377:
2783:
2624:
2286:
1946:
1694:
1457:
1158:
900:
311:
1343:
1055:
to judge the effectiveness of international regulations like the London Convention.
3652:
2788:
2730:
2657:
2609:
2479:
2230:
1936:
1814:
1794:
1739:
212:
39:
27:
1276:
1033:
North-West Pacific Ocean dump sites of the Soviet Union, Japan, Russia, and Korea
891:
Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105. There are three dump sites in the Pacific Ocean.
61:
1957 First IAEA Advisory Group Meeting on Radioactive Waste Disposal into the Sea
4063:
3710:
3300:
2807:
2778:
2261:
1911:
1749:
1664:
1627:
1409:
1090:
1068:
908:
645:
546:
410:
278:
160:
estimate 15x10 Bq, French Nuclear Safety Committee estimate 27x10 Bq.
149:, estimated total 340x10 to 780x10 Bq, with 80% falling into the Pacific Ocean.
2316:
1674:
1659:
1250:
1102:
81:
1493:""The Ocean Is Not a Dumping Ground" Fifty Years of Regulating Ocean Dumping"
1465:
1210:
4058:
3421:
3411:
2539:
2492:
2457:
2296:
1849:
1588:
1094:
1083:
1026:
125:
3916:
1759:
1423:
Although the USSR dissolved in 1991, IAEA reported dumping of USSR in 1992.
1351:
1284:
152:
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant cooling water dumped (leaked) to the sea –
4147:
3941:
3790:
3785:
3725:
3394:
3322:
3305:
3290:
3265:
3008:
2497:
1819:
1779:
1699:
1236:
TECDOC-1105 “Inventory of radioactive waste disposals at sea” August 1999
904:
65:
30:. Since 1993, ocean disposal has been banned by international treaties. (
914:
4116:
4068:
3931:
3911:
3310:
3285:
2725:
2614:
2556:
2544:
2522:
2487:
1789:
1311:
1301:"Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation"
1297:
1079:
1022:
731:
579:
344:
163:
Naturally occurring Potassium 40 in all oceans – 14,000,000x10 Bq.
99:
1994 (February 20) Total prohibition of disposal at sea came into force
3720:
3715:
3695:
3675:
3660:
3543:
3280:
3260:
3228:
2378:
1734:
1689:
1442:"Analysis of the issues related to sea dumping of radioactive wastes"
1009:
North-East Pacific Ocean, North-West Atlantic Ocean dump sites of USA
727:
513:
480:
464:
377:
1089:
Ocean floor sediment is saturated with water, but since there is no
3270:
750:
containing damaged spent nuclear fuel solidified with polymer agent
4137:
4094:
3757:
3613:
3416:
3406:
1729:
1592:
973:
957:
936:
913:
612:
443:
153:
114:
1543:
3618:
3507:
3317:
3275:
1098:
4013:
3185:
3172:
2382:
1561:
93:
1990 Estimation of Radiation Risks at Low Dose. IAEA-TECDOC-557
3591:
3455:
566:
East coast of New Zealand, 4 sites, 9 containers, 0.62 m
135:
Global fallout of nuclear weapon tests – 2,566,087x10 Bq.
1315:"Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident"
64:
1958 First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (
664:
Sea of Japan, 1 site 5 times?, 115 container, 45 tons
430:
NE Atlantic 4 sites, 28,428 containers, 19,200 tons
364:
NE Atlantic 6 sites, 55,324 containers, 23,100 tons
1410:"Radiation Information Network's Radioactivity in Nature"
397:
NE Atlantic 2 sites, 46,396 containers, 14,300 tons
108:
Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105. Summary of pages 27–120:
599:
NE Atlantic 1 site once, 480 containers, 185 tons
298:
NE Atlantic 3 sites, 7,420 containers, 5,321 tons
467:, 6 sites 15 times, 3,031 containers, 606,000 m
1195:"Ocean disposal of radioactive waste: Status report"
4125:
4077:
4034:
3976:
3877:
3807:
3756:
3747:
3674:
3640:
3631:
3590:
3583:
3563:
3516:
3498:
3454:
3359:
3341:
3209:
3123:
3056:
3001:
2992:
2940:
2848:
2839:
2806:
2749:
2711:
2702:
2623:
2555:
2478:
2420:
2239:
2208:
2118:
1970:
1767:
1603:
1497:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1116:Beyond technical and political considerations, the
753:
special container with damaged spent nuclear fuel (
686:Subtotal of all volume reported is 982,394 m.
3141:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2247:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1174:Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels
16:Method to dispose of nuclear and radioactive waste
1063:Ocean floor disposal is a method of sequestering
632:NE Atlantic 1 site, 100 containers, 45 tons
533:Arctic 3,066 m; Pacific Ocean 6,327 m
1440:Bewers, J. M.; Garrett, C. J. R. (1987-04-01).
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1019:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3844:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2394:
1573:
1169:Great Lakes Basin § Nuclear power plants
1124:Depositing waste, in suitable containers, in
1015:United States Environmental Protection Agency
171:Ocean dumping of radioactive waste 1946–1993
8:
1199:International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin
112:pressure could physically decay over time.
54:Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105, pages 3–4.
4010:
3821:
3753:
3637:
3587:
3580:
3356:
3182:
3169:
2998:
2845:
2708:
2417:
2401:
2387:
2379:
1580:
1566:
1558:
87:1983 Moratorium on low-level waste dumping
1419:
1417:
1366:"Earthquake-report 250 (30 October 2011)"
80:1978 On the 24 January a satellite named
1364:Japan Atomic Industrial Forum Inc(JAIF)
765:Ocean disposal (unit TBq = 10 Bq)
763:
713:unpackaged and diluted in surface waters
169:
2277:High-level radioactive waste management
1185:
1149:Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
716:contained in package but not solidified
3771:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
4238:Environmental impact of nuclear power
3776:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
1514:
1512:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
690:
7:
4200:
2292:Sewage regulation and administration
1078:has previously done, dropping it in
3781:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1129:in the actual tectonic processes.
907:and relatively small proportion at
2741:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
158:Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission
147:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
142:total release – 12,060x10 Bq.
14:
2764:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2663:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1013:These sites are monitored by the
930:List of sunken nuclear submarines
4199:
4188:
4187:
4175:
3864:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
2342:
2341:
2330:
2272:Extended producer responsibility
1758:
1328:Science of the Total Environment
987:Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105.
734:and packaged in metal containers
704:Data are from IAEA-TECDOC-1105.
638:
605:
572:
539:
506:
473:
436:
403:
370:
337:
304:
271:
238:
205:
2953:Historical stockpiles and tests
1830:Mechanical biological treatment
1344:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029
4228:Radioactive waste repositories
3854:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2736:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1251:“Storage and Disposal Options”
1:
4182:Nuclear technology portal
1277:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.06.011
1139:Horizontal drillhole disposal
4044:Field-reversed configuration
3654:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1458:10.1016/0308-597X(87)90003-0
899:Mainly at the east coast of
700:Types of waste and packaging
185:num of sites, volume, etc.*
179:dumped (unit TBq=10 Bq）
4001:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2948:States with nuclear weapons
2282:History of waste management
1154:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
760:by the former Soviet Union)
4259:
3839:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2963:Tests in the United States
1870:fluorescent lamp recycling
636:
603:
570:
537:
504:
471:
434:
401:
368:
335:
302:
269:
236:
203:
4169:
4024:
3964:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3859:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3824:
3666:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
3196:
3181:
3168:
2416:
2325:
1756:
1248:World Nuclear Association
1000:North-East Atlantic Ocean
184:
181:
178:
175:
156:estimate 4.7x10 Bq,
3869:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3485:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2821:Electron-beam processing
2252:China's waste import ban
790:Reactors with spent fuel
32:London Convention (1972)
3984:Organic nuclear reactor
3156:Nuclear power phase-out
3079:Nuclear decommissioning
3019:Reactor-grade plutonium
2769:Targeted alpha-particle
2648:Accidents and incidents
1613:Agricultural wastewater
1393:31 October 2011 at the
1371:17 January 2012 at the
2337:Environment portal
2015:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1905:water recycling shower
1407:Idaho State University
1144:Deep borehole disposal
979:
963:
943:
919:
121:
3146:Anti-nuclear movement
1705:Municipal solid waste
1685:Industrial wastewater
1544:"Reports | NWMO"
1193:D.P., Calmet (1989).
977:
961:
940:
917:
118:
4054:Reversed field pinch
3849:Traveling-wave (TWR)
3333:Supercritical (SCWR)
2831:Gemstone irradiation
1900:water heat recycling
1805:Garden waste dumping
1397:retrieved 2011-11-12
1375:retrieved 2011-11-12
1330:. 470–471: 800–817.
1253:retrieved 2011-11-14
1059:Ocean floor disposal
983:Environmental impact
747:without nuclear fuel
3219:Aqueous homogeneous
3014:Reprocessed uranium
2687:Safety and security
2267:Eco-industrial park
1855:appliance recycling
1775:Anaerobic digestion
1720:Post-consumer waste
1618:Biodegradable waste
1336:2014ScTEn.470..800S
1238:retrieved 2011-12-4
766:
172:
4133:Dense plasma focus
3048:Actinide chemistry
2513:Isotope separation
2410:Nuclear technology
2312:Waste minimisation
2257:Cleaner production
1922:Reusable packaging
1835:Mechanical sorting
1638:Construction waste
1265:J Environ Radioact
1164:Nuclear fuel cycle
980:
964:
944:
920:
764:
170:
140:Chernobyl disaster
122:
4215:
4214:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4112:Magnetized-target
4009:
4008:
3972:
3971:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3743:
3742:
3627:
3626:
3559:
3558:
3164:
3163:
3119:
3118:
2988:
2987:
2975:Weapon-free zones
2802:
2801:
2794:Radiopharmacology
2376:
2375:
2307:Waste legislation
2216:Sanitation worker
2190:London Convention
2126:Bamako Convention
1917:Resource recovery
1885:textile recycling
1880:plastic recycling
1860:battery recycling
1800:Ecological design
1725:Radioactive waste
1118:London Convention
1065:radioactive waste
884:
883:
809:Reactors w/o fuel
697:
696:
693:
21:radioactive waste
4250:
4203:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4090:
4049:Levitated dipole
4019:
4011:
3959:Helium gas (GFR)
3822:
3817:
3754:
3638:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3191:
3183:
3175:Nuclear reactors
3170:
3069:High-level (HLW)
2999:
2846:
2826:Food irradiation
2816:Atomic gardening
2709:
2692:Nuclear meltdown
2518:Nuclear material
2508:Fissile material
2503:Fertile material
2418:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2200:OSPAR Convention
2131:Basel Convention
1942:Waste collection
1932:Sewage treatment
1890:timber recycling
1865:bottle recycling
1845:Reclaimed lumber
1840:Photodegradation
1762:
1680:Industrial waste
1648:Electronic waste
1643:Demolition waste
1623:Biomedical waste
1597:waste management
1582:
1575:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1489:
1470:
1469:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1385:Mainichi Shimbun
1382:
1376:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1215:
1214:
1190:
1126:subduction zones
847:Low level liquid
767:
691:
644:
642:
641:
611:
609:
608:
578:
576:
575:
545:
543:
542:
512:
510:
509:
479:
477:
476:
442:
440:
439:
409:
407:
406:
376:
374:
373:
343:
341:
340:
310:
308:
307:
277:
275:
274:
244:
242:
241:
211:
209:
208:
173:
131:For comparison:
36:Basel Convention
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4243:Ocean pollution
4233:Hazardous waste
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4176:
4174:
4157:
4121:
4088:
4073:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4005:
3968:
3873:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3795:
3739:
3670:
3645:
3623:
3595:
3577:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3555:
3521:
3512:
3494:
3459:
3450:
3364:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3251:Natural fission
3205:
3204:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3160:
3136:Nuclear weapons
3115:
3074:Low-level (LLW)
3052:
2984:
2936:
2835:
2798:
2745:
2698:
2619:
2551:
2474:
2412:
2407:
2377:
2372:
2348:Category: Waste
2329:
2321:
2302:Waste hierarchy
2235:
2226:Waste collector
2204:
2195:Oslo Convention
2114:
1966:
1962:Waste-to-energy
1957:Waste treatment
1927:Right to repair
1825:Landfill mining
1810:Illegal dumping
1763:
1754:
1715:Packaging waste
1710:Open defecation
1670:Hazardous waste
1599:
1586:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1473:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1395:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1373:Wayback Machine
1363:
1359:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1218:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1135:
1061:
1044:
1035:
1011:
1002:
993:
985:
969:
949:
925:
897:
889:
828:Low level solid
744:
742:Reactor vessels
723:
710:
702:
639:
637:
606:
604:
573:
571:
540:
538:
507:
505:
474:
472:
437:
435:
404:
402:
371:
369:
338:
336:
305:
303:
272:
270:
239:
237:
206:
204:
106:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Muon-catalyzed
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:Integral (IFR)
3831:
3825:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3151:Uranium mining
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:Minor actinide
3021:
3016:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Autoradiograph
2717:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2443:Atomic nucleus
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2339:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Street sweeper
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:United Kingdom
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:tire recycling
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:land recycling
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Biodegradation
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1745:Surface runoff
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Chemical waste
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1508:
1471:
1452:(2): 105–124.
1425:
1413:
1399:
1377:
1357:
1318:
1304:
1290:
1255:
1240:
1216:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1097:through dense
1076:United Kingdom
1060:
1057:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
984:
981:
968:
965:
948:
945:
924:
923:North Atlantic
921:
896:
893:
888:
885:
882:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
863:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
844:
843:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
825:
824:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
762:
761:
751:
748:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
722:
719:
718:
717:
714:
709:
706:
701:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
648:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
469:
468:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
366:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
267:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
168:
167:
164:
161:
150:
143:
136:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
78:
75:
72:
69:
62:
59:
51:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4255:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:electrostatic
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3879:Generation IV
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Breeder (FBR)
3827:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3806:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Nuclear power
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3111:Transmutation
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:high-altitude
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Proliferation
2896:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Brachytherapy
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Cross section
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2368:Organizations
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Landfill fire
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:EU directives
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2110:United States
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Waste sorting
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Marine debris
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Marine Policy
1443:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Grigory Pasko
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:exploration.
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
999:
997:
990:
988:
982:
976:
972:
966:
960:
956:
953:
947:Pacific Ocean
946:
939:
935:
932:
931:
922:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
901:Novaya Zemlya
894:
892:
886:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
776:Pacific Ocean
775:
772:
769:
768:
759:
758:
752:
749:
746:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
725:
724:
720:
715:
712:
711:
707:
705:
699:
689:
685:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
614:
602:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
548:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
515:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
482:
470:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
445:
433:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
412:
400:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
346:
334:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
313:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
247:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
214:
202:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
174:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
127:
117:
113:
109:
103:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
56:
55:
49:
47:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
24:
22:
4204:
4192:
4173:
4153:Pyroelectric
4107:Laser-driven
3887:Sodium (SFR)
3814:fast-neutron
3653:
3199:
3089:Reprocessing
2970:WMD treaties
2789:Radiosurgery
2759:Fast-neutron
2731:Scintigraphy
2240:Other topics
2231:Waste picker
2158:incineration
1937:Urban mining
1815:Incineration
1795:Durable good
1740:Sharps waste
1700:Mining waste
1547:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1449:
1445:
1402:
1380:
1360:
1327:
1321:
1307:
1293:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1243:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1088:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1012:
1003:
994:
991:Arctic Ocean
986:
970:
967:Sea of Japan
954:
950:
933:
926:
898:
890:
756:
708:Liquid waste
703:
276:
213:Soviet Union
130:
123:
110:
107:
53:
44:
40:MARPOL 73/78
28:nuclear fuel
25:
18:
4064:Stellarator
4028:confinement
3922:Superphénix
3749:Molten-salt
3701:VHTR (HTGR)
3478:HW BLWR 250
3444:R4 Marviken
3373:Pressurized
3343:Heavy water
3327:many others
3256:Pressurized
3211:Light water
2913:underground
2871:Disarmament
2779:Tomotherapy
2774:Proton-beam
2638:Power plant
2600:Temperature
2433:Engineering
2262:Downcycling
2209:Occupations
2178:waste water
2075:Switzerland
2065:South Korea
2055:New Zealand
1980:Afghanistan
1952:Waste trade
1912:Repurposing
1750:Toxic waste
1730:Scrap metal
1665:Green waste
1628:Brown waste
1605:Major types
1548:www.nwmo.ca
1524:www.imo.org
1121:intervals.
1091:water table
1069:ocean floor
909:Barents Sea
755:icebreaker
721:Solid waste
646:South Korea
547:New Zealand
411:Netherlands
279:Switzerland
4222:Categories
4089:(acoustic)
3706:PBR (PBMR)
3094:Spent fuel
3084:Repository
3064:Fuel cycle
3031:Activation
2808:Processing
2675:Propulsion
2633:by country
2565:Activation
2317:Zero waste
2119:Agreements
2050:Kazakhstan
2005:Bangladesh
1790:Composting
1675:Heat waste
1660:Food waste
1653:by country
1529:2022-04-22
1502:2022-04-22
1180:References
887:Dump sites
770:Waste type
497:1959,61,69
82:Kosmos 954
4059:Spheromak
3758:Fluorides
3422:IPHWR-700
3417:IPHWR-540
3412:IPHWR-220
3201:Moderator
2881:Explosion
2856:Arms race
2643:Economics
2595:Reflector
2590:Radiation
2585:Generator
2540:Plutonium
2493:Deuterium
2458:Radiation
2428:Chemistry
2297:Upcycling
2163:landfills
2153:framework
2146:Recycling
2141:batteries
2070:Sri Lanka
2030:Hong Kong
1995:Australia
1972:Countries
1850:Recycling
1768:Processes
1589:Biosolids
1466:0308-597X
1271:: 91–99.
1211:0020-6067
1080:torpedoes
1027:plutonium
850:<0.001
661:1968–1972
563:1954–1976
463:South of
460:1955–1969
427:1967–1982
394:1967–1969
361:1960–1982
295:1969–1982
229:1959–1992
126:becquerel
104:1946–1993
4194:Category
4148:Polywell
4079:Inertial
4036:Magnetic
3791:TMSR-LF1
3786:TMSR-500
3766:Fuji MSR
3726:THTR-300
3566:Graphite
3429:PHWR KWU
3395:ACR-1000
3323:IPWR-900
3306:ACPR1000
3301:HPR-1000
3291:CPR-1000
3266:APR-1400
3057:Disposal
3009:Actinide
3002:Products
2861:Delivery
2704:Medicine
2533:depleted
2528:enriched
2498:Helium-3
2463:ionizing
2358:Journals
2173:vehicles
2095:Thailand
2085:Tanzania
1820:Landfill
1780:Balefill
1391:Archived
1369:Archived
1352:24189103
1285:28628779
1133:See also
1042:Policies
905:Kara Sea
773:Atlantic
193:Atlantic
66:UNCLOS I
4206:Commons
4117:Z-pinch
4087:Bubble
4069:Tokamak
3932:FBR-600
3912:CFR-600
3907:BN-1200
3573:coolant
3500:Organic
3385:CANDU 9
3382:CANDU 6
3350:coolant
3311:ACP1000
3286:CAP1400
3224:Boiling
3189:Fission
3036:Fission
2980:Weapons
2920:Warfare
2903:Testing
2893:History
2886:effects
2841:Weapons
2751:Therapy
2726:RadBall
2713:Imaging
2605:Thermal
2570:Capture
2557:Neutron
2545:Thorium
2523:Uranium
2488:Tritium
2468:braking
2448:Fission
2438:Physics
2421:Science
2025:Georgia
2000:Belgium
1990:Armenia
1985:Albania
1332:Bibcode
1312:UNSCEAR
1298:UNSCEAR
1107:decayed
1095:diffuse
1023:caesium
1017:and US
732:bitumen
656:no data
580:Germany
530:1992–93
345:Belgium
328:1946–70
262:1948–82
196:Pacific
176:Country
50:History
4017:Fusion
3977:Others
3917:Phénix
3902:BN-800
3897:BN-600
3892:BN-350
3721:HTR-PM
3716:HTR-10
3696:UHTREX
3661:Magnox
3656:(UNGG)
3549:Lucens
3544:KS 150
3281:ATMEA1
3261:AP1000
3244:Kerena
3124:Debate
2876:Ethics
2866:Design
2849:Topics
2680:rocket
2658:Fusion
2653:Policy
2615:Fusion
2575:Poison
2453:Fusion
2346:
2100:Turkey
2090:Taiwan
2060:Russia
2040:Israel
2010:Brazil
1735:Sewage
1690:Litter
1595:, and
1464:
1350:
1283:
1209:
1103:dilute
942:Union.
895:Arctic
878:85,078
875:38,369
869:45,264
840:45,449
831:44,043
802:36,876
799:36,876
779:Arctic
728:cement
681:85,077
675:45,262
672:38,369
643:
610:
577:
544:
514:Russia
511:
481:Sweden
478:
465:Honshu
441:
408:
378:France
375:
342:
309:
259:35,088
253:35,088
243:
226:39,243
217:38,369
210:
199:Total
190:Arctic
182:period
4138:Migma
4126:Other
4095:Fusor
3994:Piqua
3989:Arbus
3947:PRISM
3689:MHR-T
3684:GTMHR
3614:EGP-6
3609:AMB-X
3584:Water
3529:HWGCR
3468:HWLWR
3407:IPHWR
3378:CANDU
3239:ESBWR
2994:Waste
2958:Tests
2941:Lists
2925:Yield
2668:MMRTG
2625:Power
2363:Lists
2353:Index
2080:Syria
2045:Japan
2035:India
2020:Egypt
1593:waste
1234:IAEA
1205:(4).
866:Total
859:1,223
821:1,530
812:1,221
785:note
782:total
757:Lenin
678:1,446
669:Total
613:Italy
457:15.08
454:15.08
444:Japan
358:2,120
352:2,120
325:3,496
319:2,942
292:4,419
286:4,419
154:TEPCO
145:2011
138:1986
3954:Lead
3937:CEFR
3927:PFBR
3809:None
3619:RBMK
3604:AM-1
3534:EL-4
3508:WR-1
3490:AHWR
3434:MZFR
3402:CVTR
3391:AFCR
3318:VVER
3276:APWR
3271:APR+
3234:ABWR
3104:cask
3099:pool
3041:LLFP
2930:TNTe
2610:Fast
2480:Fuel
2183:WEEE
2168:RoHS
1462:ISSN
1348:PMID
1281:PMID
1207:ISSN
1105:and
1099:clay
1025:and
872:1445
629:1969
596:1967
560:1.04
557:1.04
4026:by
3942:PFR
3733:PMR
3711:AVR
3633:Gas
3571:by
3539:KKN
3473:ATR
3388:EC6
3348:by
3296:EPR
3229:BWR
1454:doi
1340:doi
1273:doi
1269:177
1084:oil
1067:in
903:at
856:765
853:459
837:585
834:821
818:143
815:166
796:Nil
793:Nil
730:or
626:0.2
620:0.2
593:0.2
587:0.2
527:2.8
524:2.1
518:0.7
494:3.2
488:3.2
424:336
418:336
391:354
385:354
322:554
312:USA
223:874
4224::
3676:He
3642:CO
3518:CO
3439:R3
1591:,
1546:.
1522:.
1511:^
1495:.
1474:^
1460:.
1450:11
1448:.
1444:.
1428:^
1416:^
1346:.
1338:.
1279:.
1267:.
1219:^
1203:31
1201:.
1197:.
1029:.
246:UK
38:,
34:,
3816:)
3812:(
3644:2
3596:O
3594:2
3592:H
3520:2
3460:O
3458:2
3456:H
3365:O
3363:2
3361:D
2402:e
2395:t
2388:v
1581:e
1574:t
1567:v
1550:.
1532:.
1505:.
1468:.
1456::
1354:.
1342::
1334::
1287:.
1275::
1213:.
653:0
650:0
623:0
617:0
590:0
584:0
554:0
551:0
521:0
491:0
485:0
451:0
448:0
421:0
415:0
388:0
382:0
355:0
349:0
316:0
289:0
283:0
256:0
250:0
220:0
68:)
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