560:, and "disciplinary" approaches to theorizing Africa and his "hinting at a fourth way, one which does not ignore the strengths of any of the three I have already mentioned, but tries to overcome the… limitations of each." He appreciates Mbembe's analyses of time and nothingness to travel from the "positive vision of African existence" with which the book begins to the position that "learning to enjoy as complete men and women… living and existing in uncertainty, chance, irreality, even absurdity." However, while praising Mbembe's analysis, Janz notes that "hints of something transformative are hardly developed at all"; the book is excellent description but does not explain what can be done to overcome the challenges it elucidates. Another confusion, in Janz's view, is "that announces early on that the issue at stake is the construction of the subject for him/herself, and then it seems to drop from the agenda."
346:). The majority of the chapter takes the form of an economic analysis of colonial and postcolonial history, examining how the government has become an instrument for transforming public good into private gain. Two points raised are the relations between salary, citizenship and clientelism in Africa: under certain regimes of arbitrariness, the salary is tied to government allegiance. The second point is that an instrumentalization of violence exists in the postcolony (which appears to be attempting a new form of legitimate domination); struggles against these forms of violence end up being reproductions of disorder rather than steps towards democracy.
416:" which resulted in a period of authoritarian softening in 1991. In his essay, Mbembe establishes the context of the cartoon images and spells out their anthropological status and effectiveness. He then shows how as a crude cartoon, "the autocrat acts as both text and pretext for a general commentary on power in the postcolony" and commentary on the history of the immediate present (written as hallucination, through the form of the cartoon). This chapter, along with "The Aesthetics of Vulgarity," explores the thought of ordinary citizens about the postcolonial government.
650:"partially occluded phenomenological/Deleuzian influence" provides a path forward for critical theory, he ultimately condemns the book as "doomed to failure" because "it commits the double error of attempting to erase the past completely, as well as not providing any substantive ground for further development." In a response published in the same journal, Mbembe describes Weate's critique as "probably one of the least imaginative and most misleading rejoinders to the book," disputing Weate's assertions and philosophical understanding of his book.
330:- a departure from common law such that colonial companies receive almost royal rights, a regime of privileges and immunities, the lack of distinction between ruling and civilizing, and circular logic such that the purpose of rule was that people obey (rather than for some public good) - and analyzes colonial subjection and the mechanisms through which it is authorized. Mbembe then traces the evolution of these forces to the post-colony, discussing the African state and the global economic order which constrains it.
572:, Valentin Mudimbe, and BĂ©chir SouleĂŻmane Diagne. "Nor does he subscribe, without really clarifying the reasons, to the problematics of 'postcoloniality' as discussed by the Subaltern Studies that he nevertheless knows very well," she continues. Coquery-Vidrovitch concludes that " analysis has the merit of great intellectual coherence, even if one can reproach the author for proposing a model of general development necessarily a little disconnected from the realities and concrete alternatives on the ground."
471:... it suggests that in order to exit the Fanonian cul-de-sac — the dead-end of the generalised circulation and exchange of death as the condition for becoming human — it is important to examine in what way, in a context of a life that is so precarious, disposing-of-death-itself could be, in fact, the core of a veritable politics of freedom." The chapter was translated into English by Steven Rendall.
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of Africa, navigating "the particular philosophical prisms through which any discussion of Africa has to situate itself," avoiding the "curious refraction of assumptions comes to shape one's own statements," and establishing "a manner in which to detail Africa not as a stable identity, but as itself a field of intersecting transitional realities moving at different rates of progress."
119:," "Of Private Indirect Government," "The Aesthetics of Vulgarity," "The Thing and Its Doubles," "Out of the World," and "God's Phallus" – and a conclusion. It has been characterized as "one of the most lastingly provocative and stimulating contributions to the theoretical literature on the postcolonial state in sub-Saharan Africa" and is the winner of the 2006
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phantasm of power consist in rubbing the two imaginaries of death and sexuality together... domination consists in sharing the same phantasms," second, that conversion means to be spoken through by a god (an act of erotic intercourse), and finally, that "to produce religious truth, faith and a certain stupefaction must overlap."
27:
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because the continent is evoked primarily for the purpose of meditation on the West rather than for its own reasons and own purposes. It is this handicapped mode of analysis which Mbembe analyzes and from which he departs in the subsequent essays about the history and present of the postcolonial
African subject.
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As a comparison, 82% of articles in the humanities are never cited at all and among the remaining 18%, the vast majority receive under five citations. Among all papers published in the Social
Sciences in 2001, the 1% most-cited were those with over 66 citations. With its 3,660 citations as of January
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and void rather than presence: "one of the metaphors through which the West represents the origin of its own norms, develops as self-image, and integrates this image into the set of signifiers asserting what it supposed to be its identity." This has resulted in a distortion of discourse about Africa
284:
While self-contained, each essay contributes a facet to Mbembe's theory of the postcolony and involves a different mode of analysis. These range from the historical, economic, and political (in the initial two chapters) to the literary, fictional, psychoanalytical, philosophical, and theological (in
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treatise on questions of power as such as it is about
African politics and political economy." He praises how Mbembe "set up a peculiarly rich variety of perspectival modulations" which shed light on the four main difficulties regarding discourse about Africa: defining the audience for a discussion
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and how the violence of death comes to encompass all spheres of life. Two main issues are considered: first, the burden of the arbitrariness involved in killing what has been already defined as nothingness – an empty figure – and second, the way the negated and disempowered subject takes on the act
293:
In the introduction, translated by A.M. Berrett, Mbembe locates the subsequent essays in the modern context in which, he argues, discourse about Africa – by both
Westerners and Africans – has become largely trapped in Western tropes and fantasies in which Africa is rarely "seen as possessing things
146:
An attempt to uncover what lies underneath the mask of the Father. What form does the Father take in the aftermath of colonialism "stricto sensu"? What does his face look like? What are his shapes? What is produced by means of the Father and what surfaces does he engender?... looks at the ways in
544:
through which this thematic is to be methodologically refracted." In his view, Mbembe's approach to the framing of Africa offers a way out of the traditional impasse of framing Africa which avoids the blind optimism of
Afrocentricity as well as the hopelessness of Afro-pessimism; therein lies the
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takes a philosophical and theological approach to analysis of the "divine libido" - the emanation of a bio-psychic energy located chiefly in sexuality. The "Phallus" of the chapter's title refers to the form of the colonial power. Mbembe's analysis leads him to three conclusions: first, that "the
285:
the later four). In Mbembe's view, the overall purpose of his book is to "model the complexities of
African life for the Africans" and "theorize time and subjectivity (the consciousness of self and of time) in conditions of a life that is fundamentally contingent and precarious."
326:) sees the native as an animal possessing drives but not capacities (an object) which can be seen only as the property of power, while the second (which Mbembe calls Bergsonian) sees him as an animal to be domesticated and cared for. He outlines the four properties of
567:
calls Mbembe's writing "superb" and his analysis "severe and uncontestable," yet wonders why Mbembe "hardly makes any references, except in a brief note, to modern
African philosophers criticizing the ethno-philosophy movement" as he does, such as
643:), which he traces partly to "an overreliance on a specific understanding of the intellectual" which erases everyday and grassroots resistance and results in an attempt to "theoris... effectively from a blank slate." Although Weate concedes that
294:
and attributes properly part of 'human nature'" and when so, these are considered "of lesser value, little importance, and poor quality." In this view, Africa is the "absolute Other" or anti-West, and it is analyzed in terms of
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639:" which results in a "theoretically confused" project "devoid of productive existential engagement." Weate also takes issue with what he sees as Mbembe's erasure of intellectual predecessors and contemporaries (like
321:
Mbembe first explores colonial sovereignty, the violences which created it, and the logic that sustained it. There were two traditions of viewing the colonized to justify colonialism: the first (which Mbembe calls
133:
This edition featured a different organizational structure than the
English version and did not include Chapter 4, "The Thing and Its Doubles." The first English edition of the book was published in 2001 by the
314:) and explores the types of rationality used to rule the postcolony, as well as the postcolonial transfer of ruling activities from the African state to Western economic actors (exemplified by the
147:
which stages itself and how it is refracted in the consciousness of those who are under its spell – in short, what life, lived under its sign and as a result of its (de)generative power, is about.
232:, in which "time always appeared as heterogeneous and unpredictable." At this point of crisis in theory, Mbembe saw this music and literature filling the gaps and wrote the essays which became
483:-slave" a true answer to this question? ("Slave" being defined as one on whom another claims the right to exercise their will). What remains of the African quest for self-determination – what
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and of postcolonial theory more broadly. He argues that postcolonial theory is "presently trapped within a self-referential inscriptive paradigm" that cannot recognize non-textual phenomena.
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is one of the most influential modern works on
African theory: according to Google Scholar, it has been cited over 8,400 times by other academics (a standard used in the field of
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138:. Two of the chapters included, "The Aesthetics of Vulgarity" and "The Thing and Its Doubles," had been released previously as journal articles in 1992 and 1996, respectively.
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in the early 1990s as Afro-Marxism was fading in influence, leaving
African social theory in need of new paradigms and modes of analysis. Mbembe's twin inspirations were
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accents to the book and states that "the tone is that of despair," giving Africa "a desperate image." Adeleke Adeeko, in a review published in the academic journal
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Africa today? He concludes with a suggestion that, in order to live as complete people, we must learn to exist in "uncertainty, chance, irreality, even absurdity."
228:, in which he found "the social memory of the present… the drama of African self-realization unfolding" and the Francophone African novel, particularly the work of
514:, Rita Barnard, Carola Lentz, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch, and Mikael Karlstrom have published their perspectives on Mbembe's book since it was released in 2001.
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has been overwhelmingly positive, with scholars praising Mbembe's analysis while offering their own contributions to the arguments presented. Academics including
342:" - violence, privatization of the public, appropriation of the means of livelihood - but examines how they unfold in a nonlinear manner (an aspect Mbembe calls
479:
Mbembe ties up the book by returning to and bringing the analysis of the six chapters to bear on the original question: Who is the modern African? Is "an
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have themselves been cited over 35,000 times in the past two decades, indicating the book's wide diffusion across the academy. The works influenced by
142:
was republished in May 2015 by Wits University Press in an African edition. In this edition's preface, Mbembe describes the collection of essays as
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lacks a coherent and clearly defined theoretical position, he maintains, instead occupying "an ambiguous (and ambivalent) space somewhere between
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Another concern is that Mbembe's work veers into Afro-pessimism (a charge that Mbembe declares "inaccurate"). Coquery-Vidrovitch notes
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373:) intrinsic in systems of domination. It explores "the complex interplay of consent and coercion in the postcolony and the
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361:. The phrase "banality of power" refers both to the multiplication and routinization of bureaucratic and arbitrary rules
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disposition of both rulers and ruled in the production and maintenance of hegemonic relations of power and subversion."
396:, with Mbembe's assistance. The earlier versions of the chapter have together been cited over 1000 times, according to
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The chapter was originally published under the name "Provisional Notes on the Postcolony" in the academic journal
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583:, states that although he initially had the same concern, after thinking deeply about the society depicted in
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of violence and death. He explores the forms through which death and violence are accomplished in present-day
431:" (The "Thing" and Its Doubles in the Cameroonian Cartoon). It was translated into English by A. M. Berrett.
111:. The book is Mbembe's most well-known work and explores questions of power and subjectivity in postcolonial
1402:"How many citations does a paper have to get before it's significantly above baseline impact for the field?"
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185:, concentrated in the early 1960s. Political and social ideologies active in this post-colonial era include
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Weate, Jeremy (2003). "Postcolonial theory on the brink: a critique of Achille Mbembe'sOn the Postcolony".
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in the spirit of these works. Additional influences included post-War French philosophers and writers
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like Carola Lentz object to what they see as Mbembe's "sweeping generalizations," and philosopher and
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The first chapter takes an economic approach to analyzing the African experience under colonial rule (
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2017 (4,722 if citations from the earlier versions of "The Aesthetics of Vulgarity" are included),
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This chapter is a study of the "thing" – the "Father" or autocrat – and its representation in
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cartoons of the 1990s. The cartoons were published following a wave of protests known as "
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Judith Butler further analyzes the sexual politics of power explored in "God's Phallus."
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In this chapter, Mbembe examines the "banality of power" through the case study of
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of African colonial and postcolonial realities, but more significantly, about the
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De la postcolonie: essai sur l'imagination politique dans l'Afrique contemporaine.
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De la postcolonie: essai sur l'imagination politique dans l'Afrique contemporaine
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and "The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony" in
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to assess an article or book's impact). The "second generation" – works citing
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calls the book "a masterpiece of rhetorical and discursive styles… as much a
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In this chapter, Mbembe shifts his focus to a more philosophical matter: the
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Mbembe, Achille (2006). "On the Postcolony: a brief response to critics".
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The chapter was originally published in Volume 36 of the academic journal
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sheds on these problems "mak it a landmark text not just in terms of the
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A. M. Berrett, Janet Roitman, Murray Last, Achille Mbembe, Steven Rendall
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primarily), which began in the late nineteenth century and ended with
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349:"On Private Indirect Government" was translated by A. M. Berrett.
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Mbembe has described this chapter as "an allegoric dialogue with
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Achille Mbembe, Preface to "On the Postcolony" (2015 edition)
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The chapter was translated into English by Steven Rendall.
115:. The book is split into an introduction, six essays – "Of
1427:"Citation Thresholds - ScienceWatch.com - Thomson Reuters"
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The chapter was translated into English by A. M. Berrett.
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This chapter deals with many of the same processes as "Of
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La 'Chose' et ses doubles dans la caricature camerounaise
1184:"Bound to Violence?: Achille Mbembe's On the Postcolony"
1429:. 2010-05-05. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05
822:"Achille Mbembe in conversation with Isabel Hofmeyr".
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was first published in French in 2000 under the title
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Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times
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Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order
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1353:"On the Postcolony Citations - Google Scholar"
552:'s Bruce Janz praises Mbembe's rethinking the
613:In perhaps the most-harshly worded critique,
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953:Hendrickson, Joy; Zaki, Hoda (2013-08-15).
31:Cover of the original 2001 UC Press edition
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594:he realized that Mbembe's philosophy was
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158:Background and theoretical context
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824:South African Historical Journal
563:Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch of
520:intellectual Ato Quayson of the
318:of the late twentieth century).
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365:to elements of the obscene and
214:University of the Witwatersrand
1182:Adeeko, Adeleke (2002-01-01).
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334:On Private Indirect Government
316:structural adjustment policies
289:Introduction: Time on the Move
136:University of California Press
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550:University of Central Florida
1270:"Mbembe's Extravagant Power"
1213:Lentz, Carola (1998-01-01).
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353:The Aesthetics of Vulgarity
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369:(in the terminology of
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602:. In other critiques,
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459:The final chapter of
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830:(1): 177–187. 2006.
169:by European powers (
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