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Ferrara. Immediately after the plane halted--with engines running to avoid a freeze-up (a practice still followed to this day)--U.S. Navy Adm. George J. Dufek., commander of
Operation Deep Freeze, stepped out onto the ice, along with pilot Douglas Cordiner, to plant the stars and stripes at the Pole. They were the first to stand there since Briton Robert Falcon Scott did more than 40 years before. Norwegian Roald Amundsen had beaten Scott in his race to the Pole. Amundsen's party survived the 800-mile return trip, Scott's did not. This flight was one part of the expeditions mounted for the IGY. This was not only the first aircraft to land at the South Pole, it was also the first time that Americans had ever set foot on the South Pole. The aircraft was named
1595:. Upon its deactivation in 2005, the detachment consisted of a full-time officer (Commander) and four full-time non-commissioned officers (Logistics, Communications, Security Forces, and Information Management) which remained in New Zealand year-round. Operational command now belongs to Commander, Thirteenth Air Force as part of USPACOM. In 2005, through the office of the Secretary of Defense, the commander of U.S. Pacific Command was designated to support the Joint Task Force Support Forces Antarctica, Operation Deep Freeze. CDRUSPACOM delegated this joint operation to the Commander,
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1468:(DEW) radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow, and the 109th would be largely out of business because its primary mission had ended. The unit had been informally keeping tabs on Navy LC-130 operations supporting the National Science Foundation in Antarctica. Because of its aging aircraft fleet and extensive depot maintenance period, the United States Navy asked if the 109th could provide limited emergency
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1366:) to support the International Geophysical Year. It was commissioned on January 1, 1957. The original station ("Old Byrd") lasted about four years before it began to collapse under the snow. Construction of a second underground station in a nearby location began in 1960, and it was used until 1972. The station was then converted into a summer-only field camp until it was abandoned in 2004–05. The mission's second base,
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1535:. At the end of the October 1997 – March 1998 season, the Air National Guard would assume command of the program. During the third year of the transition program (October 1998 to March 1999), the U.S. Navy would augment the ANG before the latter took over the entire program the following year. There would be seven LC-130s in theater. They would stage from
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1472:(SAR) capability for two years to support Operation Deep Freeze, which the Air Guard accepted. At that time, it had no thought of taking over the mission. The 109th believed it to be an exercise in futility for its aircraft to deploy to the Antarctic to merely wait for emergency SAR missions, so it asked if the Navy could help carry cargo to the
1975:
1190:, was formed to provide logistical support for the expedition. Operation Deep Freeze I prepared a permanent research station and paved the way for more exhaustive research in later Deep Freeze operations. The expedition transpired over the Antarctic summer of November 1955 to April 1956, and was filmed by the
1488:, and the United States Navy. Among other issues, it was difficult at first for the Air Guard to convince the Air Staff to commit long term resources to an area of the world that had not been declared a warfighting region because of international treaties. The Air Guard had supported military operations in
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in its inventory. These would include upgrades of four LC-130 aircraft in-service with the unit plus three new aircraft and three that would be transferred from the U.S. Navy. Air
National Guard estimates of the savings to be realized by consolidating the operation in the hands of the 109th Airlift
1370:, was a (former) research station in West Antarctica established by the US Navy for Operation Deep Freeze II during the International Geophysical Year. The United States Antarctic Program airfield, built to service Operation Deep Freeze (first mission) was later named Williams Field or Willy Field.
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Lockheed Martin is currently the prime contractor for the
National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program. The contract award was announced via a NSF press release on 28 December 2011 after a bid solicitation process of almost four years. Support operations began on 1 April 2012. The
1456:
in 1999. The
Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The 109th expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation. The decision to switch from Naval leadership to National Guard was one of a cost-saving measure due to post cold war
1345:
On
October 31, 1956, at 8:34 p.m. local time, the first aircraft ever to touch down at the South Pole skied to a halt atop the Antarctic ice sheet at 90 degrees South latitude. The U.S. Navy R4D, was piloted by Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Conrad C. "Gus" Shinn USN and included officer Frederick
1503:
In March 1993, the U.S. Navy hosted a two-day workshop with representatives of the
National Science Foundation, Air National Guard, and other interested parties to explore logistics support options for the operation. A draft concept of operations had been prepared by the Air Directorate of the
1006:
proposed 'Deep Freeze'). Given the continuing and constant US presence in
Antarctica since that date, "Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent, and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases, coordinated by the
1394:
The
Operation Deep Freeze activities were succeeded by "Operation Deep Freeze II", and so on. In 1960, the year of the fifth mission, codenames began to be based on the year (e.g., "Operation Deep Freeze 60"). The Coast Guard sometimes participated; among others, the
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to the Air
National Guard. In September 1996, senior officers from the 109th Airlift Wing briefed the National Guard Bureau on their concept of operations and the status of their preparations to implement Operation Deep Freeze.
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was to airlift fuel and supplies to the
National Science Foundation's South Pole Station so that its personnel could survive the isolation of the long Antarctic winter, which lasted from February to October.
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are conducted during the Antarctic summer (late September to early March) each year by The 109th Airlift Wing Scotia New York. The Ski equipped LC-130 Hercules is the backbone of Operation Deep Freeze.
1476:. The Navy resisted at first because its procedures and cargo configurations differed from those of the Air Guard, but eventually it agreed. The main mission of the U.S. Navy and Air National Guard
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specifically brought on board to support Operation Deep Freeze would all be involved in the mission. When fully transitioned to the Air National Guard, the 109th Airlift Wing would have ten
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Under the transition plan which they had developed, the Air National Guard would continue to augment the United States Navy during the October 1996 – March 1997 operating season for the
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1002:, beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56, followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II", "Operation Deep Freeze III", and so on. (There was an initial operation before
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NAVY MEDICINE SUPPORT COMMAND JACKSONVILLE FL (2010-03-01). Commander's Guidance 2010-2011 (Navy Medicine Support Command) (Report). Fort Belvoir, Virginia.
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An Air National Guard working group had been formed to study the idea in 1990. The following year, a dialog began among the Air National Guard, the
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assuming operational control of the mission had first emerged in 1988. The 109th Airlift Wing had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the
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By 1999, the United States Navy had transferred military support operations for Antarctica over to the United States Air Force and its contractor
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that it was not in the nation's best interest to abandon the capability to achieve quick and reliable air access to both polar regions.
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aircraft provide the logistical movement of cargo to remote operating locations on the continent. These aircraft are augmented by the
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since 1988. The official name for the Navy's command in Antarctica was US Naval Support Force Antarctica, (NSFA) Terminal Operations.
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1362:. This marked the beginning of the establishment of the first permanent base, by airlift, at the South Pole (today known as the
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National Guard Bureau in 1993. In February 1996, a commitment was made to transfer the Operation Deep Freeze mission and all
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agreed to go to the South Pole, the least explored area on Earth. Their goal was to advance world knowledge of Antarctic
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1957–58. IGY as it was known was a collaborative effort among forty nations to carry out earth science studies from the
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and the Arctic (including classified U.S. Navy operations) since the mid-1970s with the ski-equipped C-130s of the
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Deep Freeze: The United States, the International Geophysical Year, and the Origins of Antarctica's Age of Science
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Gillespie, Noel (November–December 1999). "'Deep Freeze': US Navy Operations in Antarctica 1955–1999, Part One".
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led an expedition that photographed over 450,000 square miles (1.1 million km) by air. Then in 1954–55, the
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2282:"NSF Awards Logistical Support Contract for U.S. Antarctic Program - NSF - National Science Foundation"
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to explore further inland, and conducted the first flight over the South Pole. From 1934 to 1935, the
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explored much further inland and also "wintered over". The third Byrd Expedition in 1940 charted the
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5 million to US$ 15 million a year. The actual transition to Air Guard control began in March 1996.
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was charged with supporting the U.S. scientists for their portion of the IGY studies. Rear Admiral
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original contract synopsis indicated that the government was contemplating a contract period of
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United States civilian and scientific operations on the Antarctic continent are overseen by the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1798:"February 1, 1955: Task Force 43 Commissioned to Plan and Execute Operation Deepfreeze"
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and the arctic compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped
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from 1946 to 1947, which charted most of the Antarctic coastline. In 1948, Commander
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already had a record of earlier exploration in Antarctica. As early as 1839, Captain
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1818:(director); Beebe, Lloyd (cameraman); and Jones, Elmo G. (cameraman) (25 Dec 1958).
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Operation Deep Freeze I – United States Navy Photographic Report – MN 8500 (1957)
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1959:"NSF Commemorates the 50th Anniversary of First Flight To Land at the South Pole"
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as well as the National Science Foundation. Military support missions flown from
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Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica 1956–2006
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2300:"Antarctic Support Contract - Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities"
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The ships of the task force were supplemented by a specially trained Navy
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2384:. Scott Air Force Base: Office of History, Air Mobility Command, 2006.
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Operation Deep Freeze: 50 Years of US Air Force Airlift in Antarctica
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deploys to Christchurch, New Zealand during the operational season.
1547:, Antarctica. Traditional Guardsmen, technicians, and the cadre of
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1993:"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Byrd History (page 1)"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Airmen saluting the last LC-130 to depart from Antarctica in 2010
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Squadron patch for the Navy Antarctic Development Squadron SIX (
4273:
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made a scouting expedition for future landing sites and bays.
29:
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making the first landing at the South Pole, 31 October 1956
2433:
Flight to the South Pole: Operation Deep Freeze USAF Film
2349:. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado, 2006.
1698:
Ice Eagles: An Account of American Aviation in Antarctica
1338:, formed at the Naval Construction Battalion Center at
2233:"Veteran recalls details of his mission to Antarctica"
2099:
Taylor, P. (1980). "Ship operations, Deep Freeze 80".
2168:"Navy Comes In From Cold, Ends Antarctica Operations"
2136:"Navy Comes In From Cold, Ends Antarctica Operations"
1924:
United States Antarctic Projects Officer (Jan 1961).
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Operation Deep Freeze web site at Pacific Air Forces
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had been flying scientific and military missions to
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1198:. For having designed the emblem of Task Force 43,
1108:The impetus behind Operation Deep Freeze I was the
2200:"OPERATION DEEP FREEZE DEPLOYMENT GUIDE 2004-2005"
1452:was slated to assume that entire mission from the
1186:In 1955, Task Force 43, commanded by Rear Admiral
1844:Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
1768:, online newspaper of the U.S. Antarctic Program
1241:Task Force 43 consisted of the following ships:
1933:Bulletin of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer
1413:occasionally supported the mission. The Navy's
2489:
2053:Wallwork, Ellery; Wilcoxson, Kathryn (2006).
1202:became an honorary member of the expedition.
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8:
2463:Operation Deep Freeze, The New Zealand Story
2413:Antarctic Highlights: Operation Deep Freeze
1567:. Operation Deep Freeze was managed by the
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2482:
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2468:Operation Deep Freeze Color Transparencies
2380:Ellery D. Wallwork, Kathryn A. Wilcoxson.
971:
957:
788:United States Antarctic Service Expedition
91:
2458:history.navy.mil: Operation Deep Freeze I
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
5554:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1842:Theatrical release which combines three
1700:, was scheduled to be released in 2016.
1055:into Antarctic waters. In 1929, Admiral
43:This article includes a list of general
5129:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2415:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1969.
1789:
1527:participating in Operation Deep Freeze.
1015:Prior to International Geophysical Year
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2453:Operation Deep Freeze Deployment Guide
1377:Helmut P. Jaron, Aurora Researcher at
273:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
1696:A documentary on the early missions,
7:
1078:Byrd was instrumental in the Navy's
4915:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3112:Norse colonization of North America
2205:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
5635:Expeditions from the United States
4444:United States Exploring Expedition
2370:. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1957.
2231:Mary Stortstrom (March 15, 2015).
1877:"Antarctica: Operation Deepfreeze"
1749:Military activity in the Antarctic
1661:Christchurch International Airport
1537:Christchurch International Airport
1415:Antarctic Development Squadron Six
1039:), known as the Puckered Penguins.
698:6th Norwegian Antarctic Expedition
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5518:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4886:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2018:"OAE's Williams Field Antarctica"
1828:. Los Angeles, California (USA):
1364:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5412:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4805:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1973:
1939:(5). Washington, DC: USAPO: 28.
1615:
1587:, and operationally reported to
1577:Air National Guard Detachment 13
871:
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212:
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34:
5630:United States and the Antarctic
1899:"To the South Pole for Science"
1772:United States Antarctic Program
1657:United States Antarctic Program
1533:United States Antarctic Program
1011:. Task Force 199 was involved.
914:2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition
896:1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition
5640:History of the Ross Dependency
1926:"Operation Deep Freeze Plaque"
1855:"Antarctica: Past and Present"
1689:. The United States Air Force
1508:aircraft operating within the
1120:and at points in between. The
1110:International Geophysical Year
994:) is codename for a series of
345:Shackleton's second expedition
147:International Geophysical Year
1:
4791:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4726:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1734:List of Antarctic expeditions
1589:United States Pacific Command
1496:. It convinced Headquarters,
1354:and is now on display at the
644:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
363:Shackleton's third expedition
291:Shackleton's first expedition
218:British Empire / Commonwealth
5148:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4964:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4770:French Antarctic Expeditions
4700:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4586:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2704:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2470:at Dartmouth College Library
2336:Resources in other libraries
2260:"Antarctic Support Contract"
2075:"Northwind, 1945 (WAGB 282)"
1691:13th Air Expeditionary Group
1438:United States National Guard
1059:established a naval base at
554:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
201:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
4233:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3912:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2777:Andrée's balloon expedition
1427:National Science Foundation
1053:first U.S. Naval expedition
608:Charcot's second expedition
27:US operations in Antarctica
5656:
3434:Franklin's lost expedition
3134:Christian IV's expeditions
1821:Seven Cities of Antarctica
1683:Air Force Materiel Command
1510:U.S. Department of Defense
1466:Distant Early Warning Line
1446:Schenectady County Airport
943:NBSX (Maudheim Expedition)
590:Charcot's first expedition
435:Trans-Antarctic Expedition
381:Mawson's second expedition
5610:1955 in the United States
4286:
4282:
4269:
3788:Great Northern Expedition
3464:Rae–Richardson expedition
2664:British Arctic Expedition
2528:
2524:
2511:
2331:Resources in your library
2079:United States Coast Guard
1885:. Season 3. Episode 26 .
1670:United States Coast Guard
1624:This article needs to be
327:Mawson's first expedition
309:Scott's second expedition
237:Southern Cross Expedition
5072:British Antarctic Survey
5066:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4311:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1907:. Season 4. Episode 9 .
1863:. Season 3. Episode 1 .
1687:Military Sealift Command
1340:Davisville, Rhode Island
770:Byrd's second expedition
255:Scott's first expedition
129:International Polar Year
110:International agreements
5548:Pole of inaccessibility
5211:Antarctic Treaty System
3552:2nd Grinnell expedition
1830:Walt Disney Productions
1565:Raytheon Polar Services
1549:Active Guard Reservists
1498:United States Air Force
1460:The possibility of the
1390:Subsequent developments
1330:, aviation fuel carrier
1323:, aviation fuel carrier
1104:Operation Deep Freeze I
752:Byrd's first expedition
165:Antarctic Treaty System
64:more precise citations.
18:Operation Deep Freeze I
2345:Belanger, Dian Olson.
2022:www.coolantarctica.com
1846:filmed in Antarctica:
1652:
1581:Andrews Air Force Base
1528:
1386:
1342:and several aircraft.
1336:Construction Battalion
1238:
1220:
1069:second Byrd Expedition
1040:
1028:
1009:United States military
399:Graham Land expedition
5625:Antarctic expeditions
5605:Operation Deep Freeze
5218:Transglobe Expedition
5117:Operation Deep Freeze
4526:Challenger expedition
3392:Coppermine expedition
2913:Drifting ice stations
2368:Operation Deep Freeze
2322:Operation Deep Freeze
2059:. Office of History,
1997:antarcticsun.usap.gov
1650:
1519:
1376:
1356:Naval Aviation Museum
1226:
1208:
1034:
1022:
984:Operation Deep Freeze
860:Operation Deep Freeze
518:New Swabia expedition
2443:Thirteenth Air Force
2212:on 30 September 2007
2061:Air Mobility Command
1429:support missions to
1210:Admiral Richard Byrd
1004:Admiral Richard Byrd
5388:South magnetic pole
4054:Brusilov expedition
3163:Danish colonization
2601:North magnetic pole
1895:Disney, Walt (host)
1873:Disney, Walt (host)
1851:Disney, Walt (host)
1777:Winter Quarters Bay
1440:announced that the
1436:In early 1996, the
1196:Walt Disney Studios
680:Amundsen expedition
500:Filchner expedition
5620:1956 in Antarctica
5615:1955 in Antarctica
5079:Operation Windmill
5060:Operation Highjump
4035:Rusanov expedition
3940:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3684:North East Passage
3488:McClure expedition
2264:lockheedmartin.com
2122:10.21236/ada524217
1824:(Motion picture).
1802:Naval History Blog
1653:
1597:Pacific Air Forces
1573:Air National Guard
1529:
1494:109th Airlift Wing
1462:Air National Guard
1454:United States Navy
1442:109th Airlift Wing
1387:
1385:are named for him.
1360:Pensacola, Florida
1308:Greenville Victory
1239:
1221:
1080:Operation Highjump
1041:
1029:
824:Operation Windmill
806:Operation Highjump
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5046:Operation Tabarin
4908:Far Eastern Party
4754:Nimrod Expedition
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
3824:M. Pronchishcheva
3746:Siberian Cossacks
3215:Northwest Passage
2548:Research stations
2505:Polar exploration
2366:Dufek, George J.
2317:Library resources
2172:Los Angeles Times
2140:Los Angeles Times
2102:Antarctic Journal
1826:People and Places
1765:The Antarctic Sun
1645:
1644:
1556:Wing ranged from
1543:, New Zealand to
1470:search and rescue
1302:, gasoline tanker
1166:glacial movements
981:
980:
716:Luncke expedition
417:Operation Tabarin
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5647:
5093:Ronne Expedition
4578:
4572:
4436:Dumont d'Urville
4284:
4271:
3819:V. Pronchishchev
2526:
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2498:
2491:
2484:
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2304:
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2296:
2290:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2266:. Archived from
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1805:
1804:. February 2013.
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1593:Honolulu, Hawaii
1525:C-141 Starlifter
1450:Scotia, New York
1425:had been flying
1310: (T-AK-237)
1290: (WAGB-279)
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4992:Modern research
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4481:Ross expedition
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2081:. March 9, 2020
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1404:USCGC Polar Sea
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1237:(Dec 1955)
1235:McMurdo Station
1219:(Dec 1955)
1188:George J. Dufek
1181:Richard E. Byrd
1162:weather systems
1106:
1057:Richard E. Byrd
1025:R4D-5L "Dakota"
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5253:Farthest South
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2558:Farthest North
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2397:Air Enthusiast
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2327:
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2315:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2273:
2270:on 2014-06-26.
2251:
2223:
2191:
2174:. 1998-03-13.
2159:
2142:. 1998-03-13.
2127:
2108:
2091:
2066:
2045:
2034:
2009:
1984:
1950:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1891:
1875:(5 Jun 1957).
1869:
1807:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1751:
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1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1643:
1642:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:Current status
1605:
1601:13th Air Force
1569:U.S. Air Force
1391:
1388:
1348:Que Sera, Sera
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1300: (AOG-55)
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1260: (AKA-56)
1253:
1250: (AKA-92)
1130:United Kingdom
1105:
1102:
1061:Little America
1049:Charles Wilkes
1016:
1013:
979:
978:
976:
975:
968:
961:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:
926:
925:
921:
920:
919:
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900:
879:
878:
867:
866:
865:
864:
846:
828:
810:
792:
774:
756:
735:
734:
723:
722:
721:
720:
702:
684:
663:
662:
651:
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627:
626:
615:
614:
613:
612:
594:
573:
572:
561:
560:
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558:
537:
536:
525:
524:
523:
522:
504:
486:
461:
460:
442:
441:
440:
439:
421:
403:
385:
367:
349:
331:
313:
295:
277:
259:
241:
220:
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208:
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206:
205:
184:
183:
172:
171:
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151:
133:
112:
111:
100:
99:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5652:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
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5602:
5600:
5577:
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5569:
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5557:
5555:
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5501:
5499:
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5489:
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5469:
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5119:
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5114:
5110:
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5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4947:
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4944:
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4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:
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4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
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4898:
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4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
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4837:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
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4816:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4671:Discovery Hut
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4557:
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4555:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:A. Sibiryakov
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:Glavsevmorput
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:J. Richardson
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:M. Corte-Real
3235:
3233:
3232:G. Corte-Real
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:C. Richardson
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2964:Georgiy Sedov
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Riiser-Larsen
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2399:(84): 54–63.
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2063:. p. 25.
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:public domain
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Mount Lisicky
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:McMurdo Sound
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1639:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(USPACOM) in
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
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1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:budget cuts.
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1384:
1381:in 1961. The
1380:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:, ice breaker
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:, ice breaker
1281:
1280: (AGB-4)
1279:
1274:
1272:, ice breaker
1271:
1270: (AGB-2)
1269:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
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1236:
1232:
1231:
1225:
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1163:
1159:
1155:
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1147:
1143:
1139:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:United States
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:an expedition
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:United States
993:
989:
985:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
955:
954:
952:
951:
944:
930:
929:
928:
927:
924:International
922:
915:
901:
897:
883:
882:
881:
880:
874:
868:
861:
847:
843:
829:
825:
811:
807:
793:
789:
775:
771:
757:
753:
739:
738:
737:
736:
733:United States
730:
724:
717:
703:
699:
685:
681:
667:
666:
665:
664:
658:
652:
645:
631:
630:
629:
628:
622:
616:
609:
595:
591:
577:
576:
575:
574:
568:
562:
555:
541:
540:
539:
538:
532:
526:
519:
505:
501:
487:
483:
481:
465:
464:
463:
462:
456:
449:
443:
436:
422:
418:
404:
400:
386:
382:
368:
364:
350:
346:
332:
328:
314:
310:
296:
292:
278:
274:
260:
256:
242:
238:
224:
223:
222:
221:
215:
209:
202:
188:
187:
186:
185:
179:
173:
166:
152:
148:
134:
130:
116:
115:
114:
113:
101:
97:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2024
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5546:
5534:Pole of Cold
5532:
5458:
5449:
5417:
5410:
5386:
5357:
5343:
5337:Borchgrevink
5329:
5316:
5301:
5281:
5266:
5235:
5216:
5209:
5193:
5179:
5170:
5153:
5146:
5127:
5116:
5115:
5091:
5077:
5070:
5058:
5044:
5030:
5016:
5009:
4970:
4962:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4893:
4884:
4846:
4838:
4829:
4822:
4810:
4803:
4789:
4777:Pourquoi-Pas
4776:
4768:
4760:
4752:
4747:Orcadas Base
4745:
4737:
4724:
4718:C. A. Larsen
4706:
4698:
4684:
4677:
4664:
4656:
4650:Borchgrevink
4643:
4635:
4592:
4584:
4559:C. A. Larsen
4552:
4533:
4524:
4506:
4488:
4479:
4466:
4451:
4442:
4429:
4390:
4376:
4369:
4350:
4335:
4245:
4238:
4221:
4214:
4200:
4185:
4171:
4158:
4133:
4119:
4117:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4059:
4052:
4033:
3999:
3997:
3983:
3981:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3931:
3929:
3910:
3786:
3744:
3727:
3695:
3659:
3657:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3615:
3601:
3588:
3573:
3559:
3550:
3537:
3508:
3496:Investigator
3495:
3486:
3462:
3449:
3441:
3432:
3419:
3390:
3367:
3352:
3337:
3307:
3292:
3262:
3181:
3161:
3132:
3128:Erik the Red
3110:
3088:
3081:
3038:submersibles
3035:
3029:Arktika 2007
3027:
3020:
3013:
3010:
2994:
2985:
2982:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2918:
2911:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2828:
2826:
2797:
2794:
2783:S. A. Andrée
2775:
2762:
2737:
2729:
2726:
2702:
2684:
2671:
2662:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2599:
2412:
2396:
2381:
2367:
2346:
2321:
2311:Bibliography
2294:
2285:
2276:
2268:the original
2263:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2207:the original
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2151:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1903:
1881:
1859:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1763:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1654:
1633:
1625:
1562:
1541:Christchurch
1530:
1522:US Air Force
1502:
1483:
1459:
1435:
1409:
1398:
1393:
1383:Jaron Cliffs
1379:Byrd Station
1368:Byrd Station
1352:popular song
1347:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1229:
1215:
1185:
1174:
1107:
1096:
1084:World War II
1077:
1042:
998:missions to
991:
987:
983:
982:
877:Soviet Union
859:
482:) expedition
479:
76:
67:
48:
5237:Lake Vostok
5187:Tryoshnikov
5109:Schlossbach
5000:Christensen
4942:James Caird
4863:E. R. Evans
4629:Dobrowolski
4599:de Gerlache
4301:Expeditions
4187:Aviaarktika
4141:Samoylovich
4012:Kolomeitsev
3906:Middendorff
3866:Gedenshtrom
3286:I. Fyodorov
3048:Chilingarov
2936:E. Fyodorov
2543:Expeditions
2238:The Journal
1963:www.nsf.gov
1575:members of
1286:USCGC
1262:, freighter
1252:, freighter
1233:mooring at
1200:Walt Disney
1170:marine life
1158:hydrography
1126:New Zealand
1124:along with
478:Drygalski (
98:expeditions
62:introducing
5599:Categories
5460:Terra Nova
5365:Shackleton
5308:J. C. Ross
5267:Resolution
5257:South Pole
5032:New Swabia
4956:Mackintosh
4928:Shackleton
4847:Terra Nova
4840:Terra Nova
4574:Heroic Age
4534:Challenger
4494:J. C. Ross
4404:Bransfield
4336:Resolution
4251:icebreaker
4215:Chelyuskin
3956:expedition
3934:Expedition
3876:Matyushkin
3834:Kh. Laptev
3829:Chelyuskin
3723:Heemskerck
3713:Chancellor
3708:Willoughby
3703:Koch boats
3646:Stefansson
3580:McClintock
3544:Inglefield
3386:J. C. Ross
3293:Resolution
3145:Cunningham
3043:Sagalevich
2732:expedition
2691:Stephenson
2651:C. F. Hall
2638:expedition
2612:J. C. Ross
2575:Heemskerck
2562:North Pole
2355:0870818309
2185:2019-07-07
2153:2019-07-07
2085:2022-12-26
1968:2023-09-02
1904:Disneyland
1882:Disneyland
1860:Disneyland
1784:References
1685:, and the
1678:Polar Star
1673:icebreaker
1636:April 2024
1474:South Pole
1431:Antarctica
1306:USNS
1152:, and the
1118:South Pole
1114:North Pole
1092:icebreaker
1088:Finn Ronne
1023:U.S. Navy
1000:Antarctica
162:–present:
45:references
5559:Tolstikov
5345:Discovery
5315:HMS
5300:HMS
5282:Adventure
5280:HMS
5265:HMS
5201:Tolstikov
4922:Endurance
4707:Antarctic
4692:Drygalski
4665:Discovery
4658:Discovery
4619:Arctowski
4532:HMS
4505:HMS
4499:Abernethy
4487:HMS
4465:USS
4452:Vincennes
4450:USS
4430:Astrolabe
4370:San Telmo
4351:Adventure
4349:HMS
4334:HMS
4329:Kerguelen
4291:Continent
4276:Antarctic
4153:Urvantsev
4111:Vilkitsky
3964:Jeannette
3962:USS
3954:Jeannette
3918:Weyprecht
3896:Pakhtusov
3846:Chichagov
3839:D. Laptev
3782:Permyakov
3757:Stadukhin
3752:Perfilyev
3729:Mangazeya
3667:H. Larsen
3632:Rasmussen
3587:HMS
3558:USS
3507:HMS
3494:HMS
3458:Collinson
3448:HMS
3440:HMS
3418:HMS
3366:HMS
3351:HMS
3336:HMS
3321:Mackenzie
3308:Discovery
3306:HMS
3291:HMS
3263:Discovery
3242:Frobisher
3205:Rasmussen
3118:Gunnbjörn
3064:Greenland
2993:USS
2984:USS
2856:Ellsworth
2798:Roosevelt
2728:Nansen's
2685:Discovery
2683:HMS
2670:HMS
2617:Abernethy
2585:Marmaduke
2405:0143-5450
2390:156828085
2244:March 15,
2180:0458-3035
2148:0458-3035
1945:0503-5392
1490:Greenland
1486:Air Staff
1419:Greenland
1399:Northwind
1316:freighter
1296:USS
1276:USS
1266:USS
1256:USS
1246:USS
1212:on board
1192:U.S. Navy
1177:U.S. Navy
1150:Argentina
1045:U.S. Navy
96:Antarctic
5571:A. Fuchs
5528:V. Fuchs
5508:McKinley
5471:E. Evans
5430:Bjaaland
5425:Amundsen
5375:Marshall
5288:Furneaux
5140:V. Fuchs
5104:E. Ronne
5099:F. Ronne
5038:Ritscher
4892:SY
4880:Filchner
4824:Framheim
4818:Amundsen
4624:Racoviță
4609:Amundsen
4604:Lecointe
4473:Ringgold
4467:Porpoise
4357:Furneaux
4193:Shevelev
4148:Begichev
4127:Amundsen
4089:Nagórski
4067:Brusilov
4061:Sv. Anna
3975:Melville
3945:Palander
3901:Tsivolko
3861:Sannikov
3856:Billings
3799:Chirikov
3718:Barentsz
3660:St. Roch
3651:Bartlett
3625:Amundsen
3609:Sverdrup
3509:Resolute
3398:Franklin
3326:Kotzebue
3193:Sverdrup
3176:Scoresby
3150:Lindenov
3001:Plaisted
2986:Nautilus
2931:Shirshov
2905:Belyakov
2900:Baydukov
2874:Nautilus
2836:Amundsen
2796:SS
2755:Sverdrup
2750:Johansen
2720:Brainard
2715:Lockwood
2570:Barentsz
2421:39250653
2376:41818128
2362:69594000
2216:26 March
2027:26 March
2002:26 March
1838:85925436
1759:Ross Sea
1729:Ice pier
1722:See also
1585:Maryland
1406:and the
1350:after a
1298:Nespelen
1288:Eastwind
1154:U.S.S.R.
1073:Ross Sea
1051:led the
5576:Messner
5523:Hillary
5503:Balchen
5451:Polheim
5445:Wisting
5323:Crozier
5295:Weddell
5273:J. Cook
5243:Kapitsa
5224:Fiennes
5166:Klenova
5135:Hillary
5085:Ketchum
5011:BANZARE
4986:·
4831:Polheim
4797:Shirase
4783:Charcot
4593:Belgica
4512:Crozier
4424:Morrell
4419:Weddell
4397:Lazarev
4342:J. Cook
4296:History
4246:Arktika
4222:Krassin
4207:Voronin
4179:Schmidt
4165:Ushakov
4104:Vaygach
4072:Albanov
4041:Rusanov
4022:Kolchak
4017:Matisen
3991:Makarov
3970:De Long
3871:Wrangel
3851:Lyakhov
3804:Malygin
3762:Dezhnev
3589:Pandora
3560:Advance
3527:Kennedy
3522:Belcher
3515:Kellett
3502:McClure
3426:Beechey
3420:Blossom
3413:Simpson
3381:Crozier
3374:Hoppner
3331:J. Ross
3299:J. Cook
3247:Gilbert
3140:J. Hall
3106:Ingólfr
3096:Naddodd
3090:Vikings
3077:Brendan
3072:Pytheas
3060:Iceland
3014:Arktika
3006:Herbert
2971:Badygin
2941:Krenkel
2926:Papanin
2895:Chkalov
2881:Wilkins
2846:Wisting
2790:F. Cook
2696:Markham
2656:Bessels
2645:Polaris
2636:Polaris
2607:J. Ross
2590:Carolus
2538:History
2286:nsf.gov
1718:years.
1713:⁄
1626:updated
1553:LC-130s
1506:LC-130H
1423:LC-130s
1410:Glacier
1278:Glacier
1248:Wyandot
1230:Wyandot
1216:Wyandot
1116:to the
1063:I, led
940:–1952:
934: (
911:–1958:
905: (
893:–1957:
887: (
857:–1956:
851: (
839:–1948:
833: (
821:–1948:
815: (
803:–1947:
797: (
785:–1941:
779: (
761: (
749:–1930:
743: (
713:–1958:
707: (
695:–1960:
689: (
677:–1912:
671: (
641:–1912:
635: (
605:–1910:
599: (
587:–1905:
581: (
551:–1904:
545: (
515:–1939:
509: (
497:–1912:
491: (
475:–1903:
469: (
459:Germany
432:–1958:
426: (
414:–1945:
408: (
396:–1937:
390: (
378:–1931:
372: (
360:–1922:
354: (
342:–1917:
336: (
324:–1914:
318: (
306:–1913:
300: (
288:–1909:
282: (
270:–1904:
264: (
252:–1904:
246: (
234:–1900:
228: (
198:–1899:
192: (
182:Belgium
156: (
144:–1958:
138: (
126:–1933:
120: (
58:improve
5486:Bowers
5481:Wilson
5440:Hassel
5435:Helmer
5404:Mackay
5394:Mawson
5359:Nimrod
5317:Terror
5302:Erebus
5229:Burton
5024:Rymill
4900:Mawson
4894:Aurora
4873:Lashly
4858:Wilson
4761:Nimrod
4738:Scotia
4545:Murray
4520:Cooper
4507:Terror
4489:Erebus
4458:Wilkes
4409:Palmer
4377:Vostok
4324:Bouvet
4248:-class
4228:Gakkel
4096:Taymyr
4077:Konrad
4046:Kuchin
3984:Yermak
3891:Lavrov
3809:Ovtsyn
3794:Bering
3772:Ivanov
3735:Hudson
3697:Pomors
3674:Cowper
3639:Karluk
3538:Isabel
3532:Bellot
3482:Austin
3450:Terror
3442:Erebus
3338:Griper
3314:Clerke
3274:Baffin
3257:Hudson
3188:Nansen
3101:Garðar
3022:Barneo
2889:ANT-25
2865:Italia
2841:Nobile
2810:Henson
2769:Amedeo
2745:Nansen
2710:Greely
2580:Hudson
2518:Arctic
2419:
2403:
2388:
2374:
2360:
2353:
2319:about
2178:
2146:
2105:: 230.
1943:
1836:
1681:, the
1676:USCGC
1478:C-130s
1408:USCGC
1402:, the
1397:USCGC
1328:YOG-70
1321:YOG-34
1268:Edisto
1168:, and
1142:Norway
1134:France
1128:, the
1082:after
988:OpDFrz
661:Norway
571:France
535:Sweden
47:, but
5566:Crary
5513:Dufek
5476:Oates
5466:Scott
5399:David
5380:Adams
5351:Barne
5172:Mirny
5161:Somov
4971:Quest
4868:Crean
4853:Scott
4732:Bruce
4686:Gauss
4679:Gauss
4553:Jason
4540:Nares
4414:Davis
4391:Mirny
4364:Smith
4319:Roché
4239:Lenin
4159:Sadko
4084:Wiese
4029:Sedov
4000:Zarya
3923:Payer
3886:Litke
3881:Anjou
3814:Minin
3777:Vagin
3767:Popov
3740:Poole
3595:Young
3408:Dease
3353:Hecla
3344:Parry
3269:Bylot
3252:Davis
3227:Cabot
3200:Peary
3182:Jason
3169:Egede
3083:Papar
2995:Skate
2976:Wiese
2956:NP-37
2949:NP-36
2829:Norge
2817:Sedov
2805:Peary
2763:Jason
2678:Nares
2672:Alert
2627:Hayes
2595:Parry
2533:Ocean
2210:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
1929:(PDF)
1558:US $
1258:Arneb
1146:Chile
1138:Japan
1037:VXE-6
625:Japan
480:Gauss
5498:Byrd
5419:Fram
5370:Wild
5052:Marr
5018:BGLE
5005:Byrd
4933:Wild
4812:Fram
4614:Cook
4135:AARI
4120:Maud
4007:Toll
3932:Vega
3618:Gjøa
3603:Fram
3566:Kane
3403:Back
3368:Fury
3359:Lyon
3281:Munk
2920:NP-1
2822:Byrd
2739:Fram
2730:Fram
2622:Kane
2417:OCLC
2401:ISSN
2386:OCLC
2372:OCLC
2358:OCLC
2351:ISBN
2246:2015
2218:2018
2176:ISSN
2144:ISSN
2029:2018
2004:2018
1941:ISSN
1834:OCLC
1571:and
1326:USS
1319:USS
1228:USS
1214:USS
1194:and
1175:The
1160:and
1097:Atka
1095:USS
1043:The
936:1949
932:1949
907:1956
903:1956
889:1955
885:1955
853:1955
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