78:
193:. Uncontrolled lytic infection is manifested as oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompromised hosts. OHL usually arises where the immunocompromise is secondary to HIV/AIDS. Rarely are other causes of immunocompromise associated with OHL, but it has been reported in people who have received transplants and are taking immunosuppressive medication. OHL may also accompany chronic
233:
rate of 17% compared to more objective methods. The appearance of OHL in a person who is known to be infected with HIV does not usually require further diagnostic tests as the association is well known. OHL in persons with no known cause of immunocompromise usually triggers investigations to look for
332:
The oral lesion itself is benign and self-limiting, however this may not necessarily be the case for the underlying cause of immunocompromise. For instance, OHL with HIV/AIDS is a predictor of bad prognosis, (i.e. severe immunosuppression and advanced disease).
382:. A link with OHL was not initially reported as scientific understanding of HIV/AIDS was just beginning to develop at that time. It was subsequently thought to occur only in HIV-infected, homosexual males, however, this is now known to not always be the case.
885:
870:
125:
There are no symptoms associated with the lesion itself, although many and varied symptoms and signs may be associated with the underlying cause of immunosuppression. The lesion is a white patch, which almost exclusively occurs on the
345:. It is the most common HIV/AIDS related condition caused by EBV, although EBV associated lymphomas may also occur. OHL mainly occurs in adult males, less commonly in adult females and rarely in children. The incidence rises as the
807:
Greenspan, D; Greenspan, JS; Conant, M; Petersen, V; Silverman S Jr; de Souza, Y (Oct 13, 1984). "Oral "hairy" leucoplakia in male homosexuals: evidence of association with both papillomavirus and a herpes-group virus".
349:
count falls, and the appearance of OHL may signify progression of HIV to AIDS. A study from 2001 reported a significant decrease in the incidence of some oral manifestations of AIDS (including OHL and
2982:
177:(glandular fever). After the primary EBV infection has been overcome, the virus will persist for the rest of the host's life and "hides" from the immune system by latent infection of
110:, which cannot be scraped off, is benign and does not require any treatment, although its appearance may have diagnostic and prognostic implications for the underlying condition.
290:
Treatment is not necessary since the lesion is benign, however, the person may have aesthetic concerns about the appearance. The condition often resolves rapidly with high dose
2133:
2315:
789:
270:
In a classification of the oral lesions in HIV disease, OHL is grouped as "lesions strongly associated with HIV infection" (group I). It could also be classed as an
1362:
2320:
2972:
974:
2947:
2145:
2096:
416:
321:
209:, and this may aid in the diagnosis. Diagnosis of OHL is mainly clinical, but can be supported by proof of EBV in the lesion (achieved by
2630:
2473:
1747:
1231:
568:
441:
103:
2874:
254:
usually is seen growing in the parakeratin layer, but there are no normal inflammatory reactions to this in the tissues. There is no
1507:
653:
354:), which was attributed to the use of HAART, whilst the incidence of other HIV-associated oral lesions did not alter significantly.
2849:
2786:
2781:
2663:
2091:
2071:
983:
351:
2987:
2695:
2332:
1786:
793:
2680:
2515:
2520:
242:
appearance is of hyperplastic and parakeratinized epithelium, with "balloon cells" (lightly staining cells) in the upper
2044:
1653:
1357:
1342:
1280:
1226:
1149:
967:
99:
2572:
2535:
2265:
1546:
1458:
150:
surface of the tongue. The texture is vertically corrugated ("hairy") or thickly furrowed and shaggy in appearance.
2582:
2530:
2337:
2270:
2039:
1539:
1534:
1485:
2992:
2587:
2305:
2209:
1680:
1144:
214:
194:
2894:
2673:
2658:
2354:
2310:
2255:
2128:
2086:
1854:
1700:
900:
174:
2727:
2059:
320:
may be effective in producing a significant regression of OHL. Recurrence of the lesion may also signify that
2791:
2592:
2557:
2383:
2250:
2054:
1834:
1675:
1621:
1551:
1473:
1453:
1440:
1417:
960:
271:
2937:
2904:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2504:
2431:
2387:
2283:
2278:
2064:
1894:
1889:
1864:
1710:
1641:
1468:
1377:
1295:
1022:
1561:
1285:
2746:
2648:
2260:
2138:
2118:
2000:
1959:
1822:
1810:
1759:
1422:
210:
1495:
250:
and clear nuclei, created by displacement of chromatin to the peripheral nucleus by EBV replication).
117:
is used, hairy leukoplakia is sometimes considered a subtype of leukoplakia, or a distinct diagnosis.
2844:
2483:
2468:
2034:
1967:
1573:
1305:
218:
77:
2899:
2635:
2615:
2605:
2478:
2411:
2293:
2288:
2214:
2113:
1766:
1690:
1529:
1478:
1427:
1407:
1320:
1310:
1236:
1211:
1069:
889:
313:
226:
1176:
390:
It has been suggested that OHL be renamed according to its causative factor as “EBV leucoplakia”.
90:
is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by
2942:
2796:
2600:
2416:
2364:
2325:
2022:
1938:
1869:
1578:
1402:
1382:
1335:
1221:
1166:
1129:
1119:
1104:
1034:
833:
371:
299:
91:
2889:
2864:
2525:
295:
246:
and "nuclear beading" in the superficial layers (scattered cells with peripheral margination of
560:
2977:
2640:
2229:
2194:
2027:
1923:
1781:
1705:
1412:
1315:
1290:
1139:
1017:
1012:
911:
825:
771:
713:
649:
615:
564:
510:
437:
412:
367:
363:
222:
127:
62:
2610:
2245:
2235:
2199:
2108:
1859:
1798:
1732:
1722:
1670:
1568:
1463:
1300:
817:
761:
753:
703:
695:
605:
597:
500:
342:
251:
243:
206:
147:
95:
67:
2766:
2552:
2347:
2240:
2076:
1995:
1975:
1899:
1884:
1754:
1658:
1626:
1597:
1519:
1445:
1241:
1124:
1114:
1059:
1044:
229:) and HIV serotesting. When clinical appearance alone is used to diagnose OHL, there is a
205:
The white lesion cannot be wiped away, unlike some other common oral white lesions, e.g.
341:
Hairy leukoplakia is one of the most common oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, along with
298:
but recurs once this therapy is stopped, or as the underlying immunocompromise worsens.
2932:
2884:
2854:
2722:
2653:
2620:
2342:
2081:
1815:
1695:
1490:
1275:
1088:
766:
741:
708:
683:
610:
585:
505:
488:
239:
230:
159:
894:
821:
601:
17:
2966:
2834:
2712:
2540:
2359:
2123:
2103:
2012:
1879:
1839:
1636:
1397:
1372:
1347:
1325:
1109:
1099:
1064:
757:
553:
379:
190:
178:
131:
2685:
2461:
2456:
2441:
2421:
2391:
2224:
1933:
1874:
1805:
1727:
1717:
1685:
1648:
1609:
1601:
1216:
1171:
1156:
1054:
1049:
952:
837:
279:
259:
173:. The causative agent implicated is Epstein-Barr virus, the same virus that causes
31:
940:
487:
Cherry-Peppers, G; Daniels, CO; Meeks, V; Sanders, CF; Reznik, D (February 2003).
905:
730:
EC Clearinghouse. Oral
Problems Related to HIV Infection, revised classification.
457:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2776:
2771:
2702:
1776:
1737:
1556:
1432:
1392:
1260:
1181:
1161:
303:
182:
170:
135:
114:
2839:
2625:
2451:
2219:
2049:
1990:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1844:
1827:
1771:
1742:
1663:
1524:
1502:
1387:
1367:
916:
879:
648:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 216, 308, 310–312.
317:
197:. Even more rare are reports of OHL in persons with competent immune systems.
186:
167:
2707:
2690:
2426:
2204:
2007:
1631:
1514:
1134:
1029:
1007:
935:
790:"Pioneering AIDS Researcher Receives Major Accolade | UC San Francisco"
291:
255:
247:
143:
71:
717:
646:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
619:
514:
829:
775:
278:
disease. Hairy leukoplakia occurs on the tongue and has a similar name to
2717:
2668:
2436:
2189:
2170:
2150:
1971:
1849:
1793:
1039:
699:
307:
862:
2803:
2761:
2446:
2406:
2300:
2174:
1963:
1330:
163:
139:
2545:
2017:
1605:
1200:
874:
436:(7th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 223, 224.
235:
107:
275:
27:
Benign lesion on the side of the tongue due to
Epstein-Barr virus
742:"Diagnosing HIV-related disease: using the CD4 count as a guide"
2921:
2820:
2744:
2502:
2381:
2167:
1957:
1595:
1258:
1198:
1086:
994:
956:
374:(EBV). Oral hairy leukoplakia was first described by Greenspan
996:
346:
586:"Molecular diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases"
130:
surfaces of the tongue, although rarely it may occur on the
407:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
282:, but these are separate conditions with different causes.
370:, and in 1985 they identified a connection between it and
310:
has also been reported to produce temporary remission.
559:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.
434:
CawsonĹ› essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
482:
480:
478:
852:
926:
856:
409:
61:
47:
42:
2396:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
552:
551:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE (2002).
684:"The significance of oral health in HIV disease"
189:, but is kept in check by a normal, functioning
2751:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
546:
544:
1363:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
2321:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
968:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
8:
378:in 1984, a few years after the start of the
94:(EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are
493:Journal of the National Medical Association
2918:
2817:
2741:
2499:
2378:
2164:
1954:
1592:
1255:
1195:
1083:
991:
975:
961:
953:
853:
76:
39:
765:
707:
682:Chapple, IL; Hamburger, J (August 2000).
609:
504:
489:"Oral manifestations in the era of HAART"
362:Oral hairy leukoplakia was discovered by
2948:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2097:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
399:
2983:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases
2134:As a manifestation of systemic disease
432:Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2002).
740:Jung, AC; Paauw, DS (February 1998).
146:. The lesion may grow to involve the
7:
1980:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
746:Journal of General Internal Medicine
590:The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics
462:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
352:necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
322:highly active antiretroviral therapy
2631:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2474:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
158:The white appearance is created by
2973:Conditions of the mucous membranes
1748:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1232:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
555:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
113:Depending upon what definition of
104:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
25:
324:(HAART) is becoming ineffective.
2850:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2787:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2782:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2664:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2092:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2072:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
984:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
792:. April 15, 2022. Archived from
758:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00031.x
56:HIV-associated hairy leukoplakia
2696:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2333:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1787:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
688:Sexually Transmitted Infections
234:an underlying cause. If tissue
2681:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2516:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1:
2875:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2824:Soft tissues around the mouth
2521:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
822:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90872-9
602:10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60642-3
2045:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1654:Failure of eruption of teeth
1358:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1343:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1281:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1227:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1150:Transient lingual papillitis
584:Gulley, ML (February 2001).
207:pseudomembranous candidiasis
100:human immunodeficiency virus
2573:Salivary gland diverticulum
2536:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1547:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1459:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3009:
2583:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2531:HIV salivary gland disease
2040:Gingival cyst of the adult
1486:Oral florid papillomatosis
29:
2928:
2917:
2830:
2822:Orofacial soft tissues –
2816:
2757:
2740:
2588:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2511:
2498:
2402:
2377:
2316:Bisphosphonate-associated
2210:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2185:
2163:
1986:
1953:
1681:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1617:
1591:
1271:
1254:
1207:
1194:
1145:Median rhomboid glossitis
1095:
1082:
1003:
990:
215:polymerase chain reaction
195:graft versus host disease
2895:Orofacial granulomatosis
2674:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2659:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2593:Salivary gland neoplasms
2384:Temporomandibular joints
2355:Periapical periodontitis
2087:Linear gingival erythema
1855:Regional odontodysplasia
1701:Enamel hypocalcification
181:. The virus also causes
175:infectious mononucleosis
98:, especially those with
30:Not to be confused with
2792:Obstructive sleep apnea
2558:Salivary duct stricture
2338:Paget's disease of bone
1835:Pulp canal obliteration
1676:Dentin hypersensitivity
1622:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1474:Squamous cell carcinoma
1454:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1441:Squamous cell papilloma
1418:Melanocytic oral lesion
2988:Oral mucosal pathology
2938:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2905:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2578:Salivary gland fistula
2568:Salivary gland atresia
2563:Salivary gland aplasia
2417:Mandibular dislocation
2388:muscles of mastication
2266:Calcifying odontogenic
1895:Vertical root fracture
1890:Cracked tooth syndrome
1865:Shovel-shaped incisors
1760:Wisdom tooth impaction
1642:Early childhood caries
1508:Benign mucous membrane
1469:Spindle cell carcinoma
1378:Intraoral dental sinus
1296:Burning mouth syndrome
499:(2 Suppl 2): 21S–32S.
106:(HIV/AIDS). The white
52:Oral hairy leukoplakia
18:Oral hairy leukoplakia
2747:Stomatognathic system
2649:Acinic cell carcinoma
2271:Glandular odontogenic
1423:Molluscum contagiosum
411:. Saunders Elsevier.
211:in situ hybridization
2890:Oral Crohn's disease
2845:Basal cell carcinoma
2484:Condylar hyperplasia
2469:Maxillary hypoplasia
2035:Gingival enlargement
1968:periodontal ligament
1574:Verruciform xanthoma
1306:Condyloma acuminatum
700:10.1136/sti.76.4.236
314:Antiretroviral drugs
238:is carried out, the
219:immunohistochemistry
2900:Perioral dermatitis
2636:Pleomorphic adenoma
2616:Monomorphic adenoma
2606:Canalicular adenoma
2479:Condylar hypoplasia
2412:Condylar resorption
2256:Lateral periodontal
2215:Mandibular fracture
2114:Periodontal abscess
1711:Turner's hypoplasia
1479:Verrucous carcinoma
1428:Morsicatio buccarum
1408:Lupus erythematosus
1321:Erythema multiforme
1237:Stomatitis nicotina
386:Research directions
227:electron microscopy
162:(overproduction of
2943:Facial hemiatrophy
2797:Periodic breathing
2728:Sjögren's syndrome
2601:Basal cell adenoma
2365:Torus mandibularis
2343:Periapical abscess
2326:Osteoradionecrosis
2251:Buccal bifurcation
2230:Intraosseous cysts
2119:Periodontal trauma
2023:Pyogenic granuloma
1870:Supernumerary root
1823:Pulp calcification
1811:Premature eruption
1782:Odontogenic tumors
1579:White sponge nevus
1552:Submucous fibrosis
1496:Smoker's melanosis
1383:Irritation fibroma
1222:High-arched palate
1130:Foliate papillitis
1120:Cunnilingus tongue
1105:Black hairy tongue
1035:Congenital lip pit
927:External resources
372:Epstein-Barr virus
121:Signs and symptoms
92:Epstein-Barr virus
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2913:
2912:
2812:
2811:
2736:
2735:
2641:Sebaceous adenoma
2494:
2493:
2373:
2372:
2284:Median mandibular
2279:Nasopalatine duct
2195:Alveolar osteitis
2159:
2158:
2146:Perio-endo lesion
2028:Congenital epulis
1949:
1948:
1706:Enamel hypoplasia
1587:
1586:
1562:Riga–Fede disease
1413:Melanocytic nevus
1353:Hairy leukoplakia
1316:Epulis fissuratum
1250:
1249:
1190:
1189:
1140:Geographic tongue
1078:
1077:
950:
949:
796:on 15 April 2022.
644:Scully C (2008).
418:978-0-7216-2921-6
368:John S. Greenspan
364:Deborah Greenspan
223:Southern blotting
96:immunocompromised
88:Hairy leukoplakia
85:
84:
43:Hairy leukoplakia
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3000:
2993:Tongue disorders
2919:
2818:
2742:
2611:Ductal papilloma
2500:
2379:
2276:Non-odontogenic:
2261:Globulomaxillary
2200:Buccal exostosis
2165:
2109:Peri-implantitis
1955:
1671:Dentin dysplasia
1593:
1569:Verruca vulgaris
1464:Mucosal melanoma
1311:Darier's disease
1286:Behçet's disease
1256:
1212:Bednar's aphthae
1196:
1084:
1070:Trumpeter's wart
992:
977:
970:
963:
954:
854:
842:
841:
804:
798:
797:
786:
780:
779:
769:
737:
731:
728:
722:
721:
711:
679:
660:
659:
641:
624:
623:
613:
581:
575:
574:
558:
548:
519:
518:
508:
484:
473:
472:
470:
468:
454:
448:
447:
429:
423:
422:
404:
343:oral candidiasis
244:stratum spinosum
81:
80:
68:Gastroenterology
40:
21:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2924:
2909:
2865:Ludwig's angina
2826:
2808:
2767:Mouth breathing
2753:
2732:
2553:Pneumoparotitis
2526:Frey's syndrome
2507:
2505:Salivary glands
2490:
2398:
2369:
2348:Phoenix abscess
2181:
2177:hard tissues –
2155:
2077:Hypercementosis
1996:Cementoblastoma
1982:
1945:
1659:Dens evaginatus
1613:
1583:
1535:Denture-related
1520:Plasmoacanthoma
1446:Keratoacanthoma
1267:
1265:Lining of mouth
1246:
1242:Torus palatinus
1203:
1186:
1167:Lingual thyroid
1125:Fissured tongue
1115:Crenated tongue
1091:
1074:
1060:Nasolabial cyst
1045:Herpes labialis
999:
986:
981:
951:
946:
945:
922:
921:
865:
851:
846:
845:
816:(8407): 831–4.
806:
805:
801:
788:
787:
783:
739:
738:
734:
729:
725:
681:
680:
663:
656:
643:
642:
627:
583:
582:
578:
571:
550:
549:
522:
486:
485:
476:
466:
464:
456:
455:
451:
444:
431:
430:
426:
419:
406:
405:
401:
396:
388:
360:
339:
330:
288:
268:
240:histopathologic
203:
183:lytic infection
156:
123:
75:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3006:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Eagle syndrome
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Cystic hygroma
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:Sialolithiasis
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Adenocarcinoma
2651:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Myoepithelioma
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2294:Traumatic bone
2291:
2289:Median palatal
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2082:Hypocementosis
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1816:Neonatal teeth
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1698:
1696:Ectopic enamel
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1491:Oral melanosis
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Bohn's nodules
1288:
1283:
1278:
1276:Amalgam tattoo
1272:
1269:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1004:
1001:
1000:
995:
988:
987:
982:
980:
979:
972:
965:
957:
948:
947:
944:
943:
931:
930:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
908:
897:
882:
866:
861:
860:
858:
857:Classification
850:
849:External links
847:
844:
843:
799:
781:
732:
723:
661:
654:
625:
576:
570:978-0721690032
569:
520:
474:
449:
443:978-0443071065
442:
424:
417:
398:
397:
395:
392:
387:
384:
359:
356:
338:
335:
329:
326:
287:
284:
267:
266:Classification
264:
258:(OHL is not a
231:false positive
202:
199:
160:hyperkeratosis
155:
152:
122:
119:
83:
82:
65:
59:
58:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3005:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Actinomycosis
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Sialodochitis
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:malocclusions
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Stafne defect
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:Osteonecrosis
2309:
2307:
2306:Osteomyelitis
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:Bones of jaws
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:Periodontitis
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Pericoronitis
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Granulomatous
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Eruption cyst
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Pulp necrosis
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:Dens in dente
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Discoloration
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Lichen planus
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Herpes zoster
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Fordyce spots
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Erythroplakia
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Caviar tongue
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Ankyloglossia
1098:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Sun poisoning
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
985:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
958:
955:
942:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
925:
918:
914:
913:
909:
907:
903:
902:
898:
896:
892:
891:
887:
883:
881:
877:
876:
872:
868:
867:
864:
859:
855:
848:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
803:
800:
795:
791:
785:
782:
777:
773:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
733:
727:
724:
719:
715:
710:
705:
701:
697:
694:(4): 236–43.
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
662:
657:
655:9780443068188
651:
647:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
577:
572:
566:
562:
557:
556:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
463:
459:
458:"Leukoplakia"
453:
450:
445:
439:
435:
428:
425:
420:
414:
410:
403:
400:
393:
391:
385:
383:
381:
380:AIDS epidemic
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
348:
344:
336:
334:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:opportunistic
265:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
198:
196:
192:
191:immune system
188:
184:
180:
179:B lymphocytes
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:buccal mucosa
129:
120:
118:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
79:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2823:
2750:
2686:Sialadenitis
2645:
2597:
2462:Scissor bite
2457:Retrognathia
2442:Overeruption
2422:Malocclusion
2395:
2275:
2234:
2225:Micrognathia
2178:
2169:Periapical,
2055:Desquamative
1979:
1960:Periodontium
1934:Acid erosion
1875:Taurodontism
1806:Open contact
1718:Enamel pearl
1686:Dilaceration
1649:Concrescence
1450:
1437:
1352:
1264:
1217:Cleft palate
1177:Microglossia
1172:Macroglossia
1157:Glossoptosis
1055:Microcheilia
1050:Macrocheilia
934:
910:
899:
884:
869:
813:
809:
802:
794:the original
784:
752:(2): 131–6.
749:
745:
735:
726:
691:
687:
645:
593:
589:
579:
554:
496:
492:
465:. Retrieved
461:
452:
433:
427:
408:
402:
389:
375:
361:
340:
337:Epidemiology
331:
312:
289:
280:hairy tongue
269:
260:premalignant
204:
157:
124:
112:
87:
86:
55:
51:
32:Hairy tongue
2880:Microstomia
2870:Macrostomia
2860:Gnathophyma
2777:Catathrenia
2772:Sleep apnea
2703:Sialectasis
2246:Dentigerous
2236:Odontogenic
2065:Plasma cell
2001:Gigantiform
1777:Microdontia
1767:Macrodontia
1738:Hyperdontia
1433:Oral cancer
1393:Leukoplakia
1301:Candidiasis
1261:Oral mucosa
1182:Rhabdomyoma
1162:Hypoglossia
1023:Plasma cell
596:(1): 1–10.
304:podophyllum
171:hyperplasia
136:soft palate
115:leukoplakia
48:Other names
2967:Categories
2840:Angioedema
2646:Malignant:
2626:Oncocytoma
2452:Prognathia
2241:periapical
2220:Microgenia
2171:mandibular
2129:Aggressive
2050:Gingivitis
1991:Cementicle
1929:Abfraction
1919:Tooth wear
1912:Edentulism
1907:Tooth loss
1860:Resorption
1845:Pulp polyp
1828:Pulp stone
1772:Meth mouth
1743:Hypodontia
1733:Gemination
1664:Talon cusp
1557:Ulceration
1525:Stomatitis
1503:Pemphigoid
1451:Malignant:
1403:Linea alba
1388:Leukoedema
1368:Herpangina
1336:Giant-cell
912:DiseasesDB
394:References
318:zidovudine
296:desiclovir
187:oropharynx
168:epithelial
102:infection/
54:, OHL, or
2708:Sialocele
2691:Parotitis
2432:Open bite
2427:Crossbite
2205:Cherubism
2175:maxillary
2008:Cementoma
1939:Attrition
1755:Impaction
1723:Fluorosis
1632:Anodontia
1627:Ankylosis
1515:Pemphigus
1135:Glossitis
1030:Cleft lip
1008:Cheilitis
936:eMedicine
328:Prognosis
308:retinoids
306:resin or
292:acyclovir
286:Treatment
262:lesion).
256:dysplasia
248:chromatin
201:Diagnosis
144:esophagus
72:dentistry
63:Specialty
2978:HIV/AIDS
2718:Sialosis
2669:Lymphoma
2541:Mucocele
2437:Overbite
2190:Agnathia
2151:Teething
1976:alveolus
1972:cementum
1924:Abrasion
1900:Occlusal
1885:Avulsion
1850:Pulpitis
1794:Odontoma
1540:Herpetic
1530:Aphthous
1040:Eclabium
718:11026876
620:11227065
515:12656429
467:1 August
316:such as
2804:Snoring
2762:Bruxism
2598:Benign:
2447:Overjet
2407:Bruxism
2301:Osteoma
2139:Chronic
1964:gingiva
1438:Benign:
1331:Fibroma
1018:Angular
1013:Actinic
941:med/938
906:D017733
838:7928436
830:6148571
776:9502375
767:1496917
709:1744197
611:1907346
506:2568277
358:History
302:use of
300:Topical
252:Candida
185:in the
164:keratin
140:pharynx
128:lateral
2546:Ranula
2018:Epulis
1880:Trauma
1728:Fusion
1637:Caries
1610:enamel
1606:dentin
1201:Palate
1089:Tongue
836:
828:
810:Lancet
774:
764:
716:
706:
652:
618:
608:
567:
563:–242.
513:
503:
440:
415:
376:et al.
236:biopsy
166:) and
154:Causes
148:dorsal
108:lesion
74:
2923:Other
1598:Teeth
895:528.6
880:K13.3
834:S2CID
276:viral
225:, or
2885:Noma
2390:and
2173:and
1978:) –
1602:pulp
997:Lips
917:5594
901:MeSH
890:9-CM
826:PMID
772:PMID
714:PMID
650:ISBN
616:PMID
565:ISBN
511:PMID
469:2021
438:ISBN
413:ISBN
366:and
886:ICD
871:ICD
818:doi
762:PMC
754:doi
704:PMC
696:doi
606:PMC
598:doi
561:241
501:PMC
347:CD4
294:or
142:or
2969::
2749:–
2394:–
2386:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1608:,
1604:,
1263:–
939::
915::
904::
893::
878::
875:10
832:.
824:.
812:.
770:.
760:.
750:13
748:.
744:.
712:.
702:.
692:76
690:.
686:.
664:^
628:^
614:.
604:.
592:.
588:.
523:^
509:.
497:95
495:.
491:.
477:^
460:.
274:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
138:,
134:,
70:,
2238::
1962:(
1612:)
1600:(
976:e
969:t
962:v
888:-
873:-
863:D
840:.
820::
814:2
778:.
756::
720:.
698::
658:.
622:.
600::
594:3
573:.
517:.
471:.
446:.
421:.
34:.
20:)
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