522:). Her offspring, Huitzilopochtli, learned of this plan while still in the womb, and before it was put into action, sprang from his mother's womb fully grown and fully armed. He then killed his sister Coyolxauhqui and many of his 400 brothers. He tossed his sister's head into the sky, where it became the moon, so that his mother would be comforted in seeing her daughter in the sky every night. He threw his other brothers and sisters into the sky, where they became the stars. For the reconsecration of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, dedicated to
360:("Young Man"), he was said to appear at crossroads at night to challenge warriors. He presided over the telpochcalli ("young men's houses"), district schools in which the sons of the common people received an elementary education and military training. He was the protector of slaves and severely punished masters who ill-treated "Tezcatlipoca's beloved children". He rewarded virtue by bestowing riches and fame, and he chastised wrongdoers by sending them sickness (as
240:
265:, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge. He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge, patron of priests, the inventor of the calendar and of books, and the protector of goldsmiths and other craftsmen. As the morning and evening star, Quetzalcoatl was the symbol of death and resurrection. A feathered serpent deity has been worshipped by many different ethno-political groups in
404:("Flaying of Men"), the second ritual month of the Aztec year, the priests killed human victims by removing their hearts. They flayed the bodies and put on the skins, which were dyed yellow and called teocuitlaquemitl ("golden clothes"). Other victims were fastened to a frame and put to death with arrows; their blood dripping down was believed to symbolize the fertile spring rains. A hymn sung in honour of Xipe-Totec called him
368:, the fifth ritual month. Every year at that time the priest selected a young and handsome war prisoner. For one year he lived in princely luxury, impersonating the god. Four beautiful girls dressed as goddesses were chosen as his companions. On the appointed feast day, he climbed the steps of a small temple while breaking flutes that he had played. At the top he was sacrificed by the removal of his heart.
421:
309:
950:
377:
466:(One Reed). As the god of learning, of writing, and of books, Quetzalcoatl was particularly venerated in the calmecac, religious colleges annexed to the temples, in which the future priests and the sons of the nobility were educated. Outside of Tenochtitlan, the main centre of Quetzalcoatl's cult was
453:
culture, with its inspired ideals of priestly rule and peaceful behaviour. The pressure of the northern immigrants brought about a social and religious revolution, with a military ruling class seizing power from the priests. Quetzalcoatl's defeat symbolized the downfall of the
Classic theocracy. His
444:
by performing feats of black magic. Quetzalcoatl wandered down to the coast of the "divine water" (the
Atlantic Ocean) and then immolated himself on a pyre, emerging as the planet Venus. According to another version, he embarked upon a raft made of snakes and disappeared beyond the eastern horizon.
494:
Blue
Tezcatlipoca is Huitzilopochtli, and his representations usually show him as a hummingbird or as a warrior with armour and helmet made of hummingbird feathers. In a pattern similar to that found in many hummingbirds, his legs, arms, and the lower part of his face were painted one color (blue)
39:"Lord and Lady of Duality", "Lord and Lady of the Near and the Nigh", "Father and Mother of the Gods", "Father and Mother of us all", who received the gift of the ability to create other living beings without childbearing. They reside atop a mythical thirteenth heaven Ilhuicatl-
741:
Dictionnaire universel, historique et comparatif, de toutes les religions du monde : comprenant le judaisme, le christianisme, le paganisme, le sabéisme, le magisme, le druidisme, le brahmanisme, le bouddhismé, le chamisme, l'islamisme, le fétichisme; Volumen
483:
495:
and the upper half of his face was another (black). He wore an elaborate feathered headdress and brandished a round shield and a turquoise snake. Huitzilopochtli is presented as the deity who guided the long migration the Aztecs undertook from
526:
and
Huitzilopochtli, the Aztecs reported that they sacrificed about 20,400 prisoners over the course of four days. While accepted by some scholars, this claim also has been considered Aztec propaganda. There were 19 altars in the city of
320:
Black
Tezcatlipoca is Tezcatlipoca, and he was generally represented with a stripe of black paint across his face and an obsidian mirror in place of one of his feet. The post-Classic (after ad 900) Maya-Quiche people of
503:. During the journey his image, in the form of a hummingbird, was carried upon the shoulders of priests, and at night his voice was heard giving orders. The Aztecs believed that the sun god needed daily nourishment (
400:, in connection with the Mazapan culture—that is, during the post-Classic Toltec phase (9th–12th century ad). The Aztecs adopted his cult during the reign of Axayacatl (1469–81). During
336:
By Aztec times (14th–16th century ad), Tezcatlipoca's manifold attributes and functions had brought him to the summit of the divine hierarchy, where he ruled together with
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802:
755:
731:
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440:, the capital of the Toltecs. He never offered human victims, only snakes, birds, and butterflies. But the god of the night sky, Tezcatlipoca, expelled him from
1792:
1000:
275:
was also a tribal god and a legendary wizard of the Aztecs. Originally he was of little importance to the Nahuas, but after the rise of the Aztecs, the
907:
1567:
1797:
82:, the Fifth Sun. In his new position of power, he refuses to go into motion until the gods make sacrifice to him. In an elaborate ceremony,
507:) in the form of human blood and hearts and that they, as people of the sun, were required to provide Huitzilopochtli with his sustenance.
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616:
873:
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with his mirror on his chest. In it he saw everything; invisible and omnipresent, he knew all the deeds and thoughts of humans.
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1742:
291:, making him a solar god. Huitzilopochtli is presented as the deity who guided the long migration the Aztecs undertook from
900:
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God of providence, the invisible and darkness, lord of the Night and the Ursa Major. Ruler of the North
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98:. It is predicted that eventually, like the previous epochs, this one will come to a cataclysmic end.
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probably reflects historical fact. The first century of the Toltec civilization was dominated by the
364:) or by reducing them to poverty and slavery. The main rite of Tezcatlipoca's cult took place during
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408:("Night Drinker") because beneficent rains fell during the night; it thanked him for bringing the
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1341:
1201:
1181:
1008:
796:
749:
725:
692:
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Biblioteca Porrúa. Imprenta del Museo
Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología, ed. (1905).
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God of force and agriculture, lord of seasons, regeneration and crafts. Ruler of the East
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Red
Tezcatlipoca is Xipe-Totec or Camaxtle, and his representations first appeared at
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White
Tezcatlipoca is Quetzalcoatl that one important body of myths describes
248:
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God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. Ruler of the
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sea voyage to the east should probably be connected with the invasion of
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The
Tezcatlipocas created four couple-gods to control the waters by
94:). All of this occurs in the ancient and sacred, pre-Aztec city of
885:
481:
419:
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God of war and will, lord of the Sun and fire. Ruler of the South
219:
159:
543:
Códice
Chimalpopoca. Anales de Cuauhtitlán y Leyenda de los Soles
1306:
243:
Blue and Red Tezcatlipoca described in the Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
212:
197:
178:
889:
46:
Each of the four sons takes a turn as Sun, these suns are the
412:, who was the symbol of plenty, and for averting drought.
86:
cuts the hearts out of each of the gods and offers it to
144:
312:
Black Tezcatlipoca (bottom), god of providence in the
541:
Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, ed. (1975).
1535:
1507:
1431:
1365:
999:
957:
923:
445:The legend of the victory of Tezcatlipoca over the
850:(in Spanish). Editorial Universo. pp. 60–70.
510:The legend of Huitzilopochtli is recorded in the
325:revered him as a lightning god under the name
901:
820:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. p. 136.
70:). Each world is destroyed. The present era,
8:
462:features. Quetzalcoatl's calendar name was
908:
894:
886:
801:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
730:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
697:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
664:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
631:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
598:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
565:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
848:El Mundo Mágico de los Dioses del Anáhuac
779:El Mundo Mágico de los Dioses del Anáhuac
642:El Mundo Mágico de los Dioses del Anáhuac
486:Blue Huitzilopochtli Tezcatlipoca in the
329:("One Foot"). Other representations show
261:was also related to gods of the wind, of
458:by the Itza, a tribe that showed strong
1793:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
777:Editorial Universo México, ed. (1981).
769:
640:Editorial Universo México, ed. (1981).
424:White Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca in the
78:sacrifices himself in fire and becomes
841:
839:
837:
794:
747:
723:
690:
657:
624:
591:
558:
673:Oxford University Press, ed. (2001).
31:, the children of the creator couple
7:
644:(in Spanish). México. p. 153.
611:(in Spanish). México. p. 851.
578:(in Spanish). México. p. 162.
545:(in Spanish). México. p. 161.
380:Red Xipe-Totec Tezcatlipoca in the
781:(in Spanish). México. p. 13.
14:
1688:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
933:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
744:(in French). France. p. 602.
706:Library of Congress, ed. (2004).
499:, their traditional home, to the
295:, their traditional home, to the
948:
708:Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses
574:Panorama Editorial, ed. (1998).
279:reformed their religion and put
74:is ushered in when a lowly god,
1863:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1743:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1693:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
1703:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
818:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
710:. United States. p. 402.
677:. United States. p. 608.
609:Diccionario de Mitología Nahua
576:Dioses Prehispánicos de México
1:
675:Dictionary of Ancient Deities
1838:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1698:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
1920:
1798:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1578:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
816:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
1813:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1603:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1573:Codices Becker I & II
946:
153:
150:
1753:Plano en papel de maguey
1563:Codices Azoyú I & II
230:Left-handed Hummingbird
189:Our Lord The Flayed One
43:"the place of duality".
16:Aztec gods and goddesses
1904:Mythology-related lists
1548:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1683:Lienzo Antonio de León
491:
436:as the priest-king of
429:
385:
317:
251:is also recognized as
244:
1843:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
1783:Relación de Michoacán
1733:Códice Maya de México
1718:Matrícula de Tributos
1643:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1088:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
485:
423:
379:
311:
283:at the same level as
242:
25:Creator-Brothers gods
1873:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1823:Anales de Tlatelolco
1713:Codex Magliabechiano
963:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
876:May 8, 2012, at the
846:Otilia Meza (1981).
512:Mexicayotl Chronicle
267:Mesoamerican history
66:, rain god replaces
1763:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1758:Primeros Memoriales
1673:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1668:Humboldt fragment 1
1658:Códice de Huichapan
1568:Badianus Manuscript
1522:The Stinking Corpse
739:Migne, ed. (1881).
148:Cardinal direction
1728:Crónica Mexicayotl
1613:Codex Chimalpopoca
1202:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1182:Huitztlampaehecatl
1043:Tezcatlipoca (see
1009:Lords of the Night
492:
430:
416:White Tezcatlipoca
402:Tlacaxipehualiztli
386:
318:
304:Black Tezcatlipoca
245:
227:(Huītzilopōchtli)
208:Feathered Serpent
129:; and the fire by
117:; the underworld (
27:are the only four
1881:
1880:
1858:Codex Vaticanus B
1818:Tira de Tepechpan
1663:Codex Huexotzinco
1608:Codex Chimalpahin
1527:Use of entheogens
1494:Tlillan-Tlapallan
1388:Centzon Tōtōchtin
1383:Centzonhuītznāhua
1109:Acuecueyotl (see
964:
478:Blue Tezcatlipoca
447:Feathered Serpent
410:Feathered Serpent
356:("Warrior"), and
237:
236:
205:(Quetzalcohuātl)
1911:
1828:Codex Tlatelolco
1648:Codex Florentine
1588:Codex Borbonicus
1558:Codex Azcatitlan
1553:Aubin Tonalamatl
1484:Thirteen Heavens
1247:Mictlanpachecatl
1207:Itzpapalotltotec
1127:Chalchiuhtotolin
1068:Lords of the Day
962:
952:
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903:
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501:Valley of Mexico
488:Codex Borbonicus
372:Red Tezcatlipoca
352:("Night Wind"),
297:Valley of Mexico
145:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1899:Aztec goddesses
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1723:Codex Mexicanus
1653:Codex Huamantla
1628:Codex Cozcatzin
1618:Codex Colombino
1531:
1509:
1503:
1427:
1378:Centzonmīmixcōa
1361:
1212:Itztlacoliuhqui
1111:Chalchiuhtlicue
1034:Piltzintecuhtli
1019:Chalchiuhtlicue
995:
971:Huītzilōpōchtli
961:
953:
944:
919:
917:Aztec mythology
914:
884:
883:
878:Wayback Machine
871:Huitzilopochtli
869:
865:
858:
845:
844:
835:
828:
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766:
746:
738:
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656:
652:
639:
623:
619:
606:
590:
586:
573:
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537:
505:tlaxcaltiliztli
480:
418:
374:
338:Huitzilopochtli
306:
281:Huitzilopochtli
273:Huitzilopochtli
225:Huitzilopochtli
170:Smoking Mirror
167:(Tezcatlipōca)
143:
123:Mictlantecuhtli
109:; the Earth by
107:Chalchiuhtlicue
21:Aztec mythology
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1901:
1896:
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1853:Anales de Tula
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1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
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1768:Mapa Quinatzin
1765:
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1598:Codex Boturini
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1459:Huēyi Teōcalli
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1232:Malinalxochitl
1229:
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1204:
1199:
1194:
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1119:
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1078:Mictēcacihuātl
1075:
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1053:
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1029:Mictlāntēcutli
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983:
978:
973:
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935:Tōnacātēcuhtli
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684:978-0195145045
683:
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618:978-9684327955
617:
604:
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571:
551:
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533:
514:. His sister,
479:
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417:
414:
406:Yoalli Tlauana
373:
370:
350:Yoalli Ehecatl
305:
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256:
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127:Mictecacihuatl
90:(and the moon
15:
13:
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9:
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1808:Mapa Sigüenza
1806:
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1801:
1799:
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1794:
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1779:
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1773:Codex Ramírez
1771:
1769:
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1764:
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1759:
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1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
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1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Codex Dresden
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
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1611:
1609:
1606:
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1576:
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1534:
1528:
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1506:
1500:
1497:
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1490:
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1480:
1477:
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1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
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1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Ehecatotontli
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
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1340:
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1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Macuilxochitl
1225:
1223:
1222:Macuiltochtli
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Ilamatecuhtli
1190:
1188:
1187:Huixtocihuatl
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Cihuatecayotl
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:Acolnahuacatl
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
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1049:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
960:
956:
951:
940:
939:Tōnacācihuātl
936:
932:
929:
928:
926:
922:
918:
911:
906:
904:
899:
897:
892:
891:
888:
879:
875:
872:
867:
864:
859:
857:968-35-0093-5
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
834:
829:
827:970-07-3149-9
823:
819:
812:
809:
804:
798:
790:
788:968-35-0093-5
784:
780:
773:
770:
763:
757:
751:
743:
737:
733:
727:
719:
717:0-8160-5923-3
713:
709:
704:
700:
694:
686:
680:
676:
671:
667:
661:
653:
651:968-35-0093-5
647:
643:
638:
634:
628:
620:
614:
610:
605:
601:
595:
587:
585:968-38-0306-7
581:
577:
572:
568:
562:
554:
552:968-36-2747-1
548:
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521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
489:
484:
477:
475:
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469:
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452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
427:
422:
415:
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411:
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391:
383:
378:
371:
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355:
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347:
343:
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334:
332:
328:
324:
315:
310:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
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278:
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264:
260:
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250:
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241:
232:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
191:
188:
186:(Xīpe Tōtec)
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
147:
146:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:the Fifth Sun
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:Tezcatlipocas
26:
22:
1868:Codex Xolotl
1848:Codex Tudela
1833:Mapa Tloztin
1708:Codex Madrid
1593:Codex Borgia
1583:Codex Bodley
1508:Beliefs and
1467:
1423:Xiuhtotontli
1352:Yacatecuhtli
1332:Xōchiquetzal
1292:Tlacotzontli
1282:Temazcalteci
1277:Tēcciztēcatl
1177:Huēhuecoyōtl
1167:Coyolxāuhqui
1137:Chicomecōātl
1110:
1093:Tlaltecuhtli
1061:Xiuhtecuhtli
1045:Creator gods
1044:
981:Tezcatlipoca
976:Quetzalcoatl
959:Creator gods
958:
866:
847:
817:
811:
778:
772:
740:
707:
674:
641:
608:
575:
542:
535:Bibliography
529:Tenochtitlan
516:Coyolxauhqui
509:
493:
434:Quetzalcoatl
431:
426:Codex Borgia
387:
382:Codex Borgia
346:Quetzalcoatl
335:
331:Tezcatlipoca
319:
314:Codex Borgia
289:Tezcatlipoca
285:Quetzalcoatl
259:Quetzalcoatl
203:Quetzalcoatl
165:Tezcatlipoca
154:Description
135:Xiuhtecuhtli
111:Tlaltecuhtli
100:
84:Quetzalcoatl
60:sun of water
48:sun of earth
45:
28:
24:
18:
1803:Selden Roll
1778:Codex Reese
1748:Paris Codex
1738:Codex Osuna
1638:Codex Durán
1623:Codex Cospi
1543:Aubin Codex
1479:Teotihuacan
1454:Chicomoztoc
1413:Tiānquiztli
1357:Zacatzontli
1337:Xochitlicue
1297:Tlalocayotl
1287:Tepoztēcatl
1197:Ītzpāpālōtl
1083:Nanahuatzin
1056:Tlazōlteōtl
1039:Tepēyōllōtl
924:Primordials
451:Teotihuacan
394:Teotihuacan
115:Tlalcihuatl
96:Teotihuacan
76:Nanahuatzin
56:sun of fire
33:Ometecuhtli
1894:Aztec gods
1888:Categories
1788:Codex Ríos
1678:Codex Laud
1474:Tamoanchan
1468:Underworld
1449:Cemanahuac
1418:Tzitzimitl
1398:Cihuateteo
1373:Ahuiateteo
1327:Xōchipilli
1157:Cipactonal
1147:Cihuacōātl
1073:Citlālicue
986:Xipe Totec
764:References
358:Telpochtli
249:Xipe Totec
184:Xipe Totec
68:Xipe-Totec
52:sun of air
37:Omecihuatl
1517:Five Suns
1403:Civateteo
1317:Tonantzin
1312:Toltecatl
1217:Ixtlilton
1162:Cōātlīcue
797:cite book
750:cite book
726:cite book
693:cite book
660:cite book
627:cite book
594:cite book
561:cite book
474:plateau.
470:, on the
396:, and at
390:Xollalpan
348:. Called
323:Guatemala
1510:practice
1489:Tlālōcān
1393:Cintēteo
1272:Patecatl
1257:Opochtli
1252:Mixcoatl
1237:Mayahuel
1142:Chīmalmā
1132:Chantico
1122:Atlacoya
1098:Tōnatiuh
1024:Cinteotl
1014:Centeōtl
990:Camaxtle
931:Ōmeteōtl
874:Archived
520:feathers
464:Ce Acatl
253:Camaxtle
88:Tonatiuh
80:Tonatiuh
41:Omeyocan
1536:Codices
1464:Mictlān
1439:Anahuac
1322:Xilonen
1302:Tlilhua
1262:Oxomoco
1242:Metztli
1172:Ehecatl
1117:Atlahua
1001:Deities
742:1,2,3,4
468:Cholula
456:Yucatán
398:Texcoco
392:, near
366:Toxcatl
362:leprosy
327:Hurakan
277:Nahuals
131:Xantico
119:Mictlan
1499:Tōllān
1444:Aztlán
1432:Places
1366:Groups
1347:Xolotl
1342:Xocotl
1267:Painal
1051:Tláloc
854:
824:
785:
714:
681:
648:
615:
582:
549:
524:Tlaloc
497:Aztlan
472:Puebla
460:Toltec
344:, and
342:Tlaloc
293:Aztlan
151:Names
103:Tlaloc
92:Meztli
64:Tlaloc
58:, the
54:, the
50:, the
1466:(The
354:Yaotl
263:Venus
220:South
160:North
121:) by
1307:Toci
988:(or
937:and
852:ISBN
822:ISBN
803:link
783:ISBN
756:link
732:link
712:ISBN
699:link
679:ISBN
666:link
646:ISBN
633:link
613:ISBN
600:link
580:ISBN
567:link
547:ISBN
442:Tula
438:Tula
287:and
213:West
198:West
179:East
141:List
133:and
125:and
113:and
105:and
35:and
19:In
1890::
836:^
799:}}
795:{{
752:}}
748:{{
728:}}
724:{{
695:}}
691:{{
662:}}
658:{{
629:}}
625:{{
596:}}
592:{{
563:}}
559:{{
531:.
340:,
137:.
23:,
1470:)
1113:)
1047:)
992:)
941:)
909:e
902:t
895:v
860:.
830:.
805:)
791:.
758:)
734:)
720:.
701:)
687:.
668:)
654:.
635:)
621:.
602:)
588:.
569:)
555:.
490:.
428:.
384:.
316:.
299:.
269:.
255:.
62:(
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