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pressure (source terms) and those that limit flow (permeability and drainage path length). Sediment permeability and incoming sediment thickness are the most important factors, whereas fault permeability and the partitioning of sediment have a small effect. In one such study, it was found that as sediment permeability is increased, pore pressure decreases from near-lithostatic to hydrostatic values and allows stable taper angles to increase from ~2.5° to 8°–12.5°. With increased sediment thickness (from 100–8,000 m (330–26,250 ft)), increased pore pressure drives a decrease in stable taper angle from 8.4°–12.5° to <2.5–5°. In general, low-permeability and thick incoming sediment sustain high pore pressures consistent with shallowly tapered geometry, whereas high-permeability and thin incoming sediment should result in steep geometry. Active margins characterized by a significant proportion of fine-grained sediment within the incoming section, such as northern
389:
overpressured fluid. Dilatant fracturing will create escape routes, so the fluid pressure is likely to be buffered at the value required for the transition between shear and oblique tensile (dilatant) fracture, which is slightly in excess of the load pressure if the maximum compression is nearly horizontal. This in turn buffers the strength of the wedge at the cohesive strength, which is not pressure-dependent, and will not vary greatly throughout the wedge. Near the wedge front the strength is likely to be that of the cohesion on existing thrust faults in the wedge. The shear resistance on the base of the wedge will also be fairly constant and related to the cohesive strength of the weak sediment layer that acts as the basal detachment. These assumptions allow the application of a simple plastic continuum model, which successfully predicts the observed gently convex taper of accretionary wedges.
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margin of North
America. This process formed a stacking sequence in which the structurally highest rocks (on the east) are the oldest, and in which each major thrust wedge to the west becomes younger. Within each of the terrane blocks, however, the rocks become younger upsection, but the sequence may be repeated multiple times by thrust faults.
404:
basement, where imaged, appears to diverge from the sedimentary package, dipping under the wedge while the overlying sediments are often lifted up against it. Backthrusting may be favored where relief is high between the crest of the wedge and the surface of the forearc basin because the relief must be supported by
403:
of accretionary wedges dip back toward the arc, and that accreted material is emplaced below such backstops, is contradicted by observations from many active forearcs that indicate (1) backthrusting is common, (2) forearc basins are nearly ubiquitous associates of accretionary wedges, and (3) forearc
573:
in Italy are largely an accretionary wedge formed as a consequence of subduction. This region is tectonically and geologically complex, involving both subduction of the Adria micro-plate beneath the
Apennines from east to west, continental collision between the Eurasia and Africa plates building the
565:
range in age from about 200 million to 80 million years old. The
Franciscan Complex is composed of a complex amalgamation of semi-coherent blocks, called tectonostratigraphic terranes, that were episodically scraped from the subducting oceanic plate, thrust eastward, and shingled against the western
349:
of the South China Sea slope. The existence of the South China Sea slope also leads the strike of impinging folds with NNW-trend to turn more sharply to a NE-strike, parallel to strike of the South China Sea slope. Analysis shows that the pre-orogenic mechanical/crustal heterogeneities and seafloor
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margin, suggesting that pre-orogenic sediment thickness is the major control on the geometry of frontal structures. The preexisting South China Sea slope that lies obliquely in front of the advancing accretionary wedge has impeded the advancing of frontal folds resulting in a successive termination
511:
is dominated by two major lithologic units, the Valdez Group (Late
Cretaceous) and the Orca Group (Paleocene and Eocene). The Valdez Group is part of a 2,200-km-long by 100-km-wide belt of Mesozoic accretionary complex rocks called the Chugach terrane. This terrane extends along the Alaska coastal
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and trench rollback of the Ionian basin under
Eurasia, causing the opening of the Liguro-Provençal and Tyrrhenian back-arc basins and the formation of the Calabrian accretionary wedge. The Calabrian accretionary wedge is a partially submerged accretionary complex located in the Ionian offshore and
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as critically tapered wedges of sediment demonstrate that pore pressure controls their taper angle by modifying basal and internal shear strength. Results from some studies show that pore pressure in accretionary wedges can be viewed as a dynamically maintained response to factors which drive pore
188:, are transported toward the subduction zone and accreted to the continental margin. Since the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous periods, some 360 million years ago, subduction beneath the western margin of North America has resulted in several collisions with terranes, each producing a
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Rapid tectonic loading of wet sediment in accretionary wedges is likely to cause the fluid pressure to rise until it is sufficient to cause dilatant fracturing. Dewatering of sediment that has been underthrust and accreted beneath the wedge can produce a large steady supply of such highly
973:, and Campbell R.B., 1979, The Border Ranges fault in the Saint Elias Mountains in Johnson, K.M., and Williams, J.L., eds., Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 804-B, p. 102–104.
262:
The topographic expression of the accretionary wedge forms a lip, which may dam basins of accumulated materials that, otherwise, would be transported into the trench from the overriding plate. Accretionary wedges are the home of
329:, are preserved on land. They provide a valuable natural laboratory for studying the composition and character of the oceanic crust and the mechanisms of their emplacement and preservation on land. A classic example is the
1043:
Nemcok, M., Coward, M. P., Sercombe, W. J. and
Klecker, R. A., 1999: Structure of the West Carpathian Accretionary Wedge: Insights from Cross Section Construction and Sandbox Validation. Phys. Chem. Earth (A), 24, 8, pp.
385:, have steep taper angles. Observations from active margins also indicate a strong trend of decreasing taper angle (from >15° to <4°) with increased sediment thickness (from <1 to 7 km).
961:
Jones, D.L., Siberling, N.J., Coney, P.J., and Monger, J.W.H., 1987, Lithotectonic terrane map of Alaska (west of the 141st meridian): U.S. Geological Survey
Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF 1847-A.
851:
Tsang, Man-Yin; Bowden, Stephen A.; Wang, Zhibin; Mohammed, Abdalla; Tonai, Satoshi; Muirhead, David; Yang, Kiho; Yamamoto, Yuzuru; Kamiya, Nana; Okutsu, Natsumi; Hirose, Takehiro (February 1, 2020).
781:
Saffer, D. M., and B. A. Bekins (2006), An evaluation of factors influencing pore pressure in accretionary complexes: Implications for taper angle and wedge mechanics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B04101,
546:, Alaska – Subduction accretion and repeated terrane collision shaped the Alaskan convergent margin. The Yakutat Terrane is currently colliding with the continental margin below the central
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are not equivalent to tectonic plates, but rather are associated with tectonic plates and accrete as a result of tectonic collision. Materials incorporated in accretionary wedges include:
952:
Schrader, F.C., 1900, A reconnaissance of a part of Prince
William Sound and the Copper River District, Alaska, in 1898: U.S. Geological 20th Anniversary Report, pt. 7, p. 341–423.
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Fruehn, J., R. von Huene, and M. Fisher (1999), Accretion in the wake of terrane collision: The
Neogene accretionary wedge off Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Tectonics, 18(2), 263–277.
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Period, roughly 170 million years ago, in an extensional regime within either a back-arc or a forearc basin. It was later accreted to the continental margin of
Laurasia.
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Backthrusting of the rear of the accretionary wedge, arcward over the rocks of the forearc basin, is a common aspect of accretionary tectonics. An older assumption that
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Material exposed in the forearc ridge may include fragments of oceanic crust or high pressure metamorphic rocks thrust from deeper in the subduction zone.
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Pelayo, A., and D. Wiens (1992), Tsunami Earthquakes: Slow Thrust-Faulting Events in the Accretionary Wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 97(B11), 15321–15337.
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event. The piecemeal addition of these accreted terranes has added an average of 600 km (370 mi) in width along the western margin of the
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554:. This wedge incorporates sediment eroded from the continental margin and marine sediments carried into the subduction zone on the Pacific plate.
452:. In recent years, this is the site of attention for studying the temperature of subseafloor life and underground hot fluids in subducting zones.
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Longitudinal sedimentary tapering of pre-orogenic sediments correlates strongly with curvature of the submarine frontal accretionary belt in the
993:
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A Seismic Sequence from Northern Apennines (Italy) Provides New Insight on the Role of Fluids in the Active Tectonics of Accretionary Wedges.
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of California, which is one of the most extensive ophiolite terranes in North America. This oceanic crust likely formed during the middle
732:"Tectonic Features Associated with the Overriding of an Accretionary Wedge on top of a Rifted Continental Margin: An Example from Taiwan"
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853:"Hot fluids, burial metamorphism and thermal histories in the underthrust sediments at IODP 370 site C0023, Nankai Accretionary Complex"
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In accretionary wedges, seismicity activating superimposed thrusts may drive methane and oil upraising from the upper crust.
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524:. The Orca Group is part of an accretionary complex of Paleogene age called the Prince William terrane that extends across
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630:
550:. During the Neogene the terrane's western part was subducted after which a sediment wedge accreted along the northeast
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Platt, J. (1990), Thrust Mechanics in Highly Overpressured Accretionary Wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 95(B6), 9025–9034.
85:
is a current (in modern use) or former accretionary wedge. Accretionary complexes are typically made up of a mix of
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have resulted from rupture through the sedimentary rock along the basal decollement of an accretionary wedge.
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are formed with the youngest most outboard structures progressively uplifting the older more inboard thrusts.
373:, exhibit thin taper angles, whereas those characterized by a higher proportion of sandy turbidites, such as
66:. Most of the material in the accretionary wedge consists of marine sediments scraped off from the downgoing
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508:
909:
Minelli, L. and C. Faccenna (2010), Evolution of the Calabrian accretionary wedge (central Mediterranean),
293:. This failure will result in a mature wedge that has an equilibrium triangular cross-sectional shape of a
816:
Silver, E., and D. Reed (1988), Backthrusting in Accretionary Wedges, J. Geophys. Res., 93(B4), 3116–3126.
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The internal structure of an accretionary wedge is similar to that found in a thin-skinned foreland
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832:. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program. International Ocean Discovery Program.
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Piggy-back basins, which are small basins located in surface depression on the accretionary prism.
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Alpine mountain belt further to the north and the opening of the Tyrrhenian basin to the west.
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located in Washington State. The mountains began to form about 35 million years ago when the
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The small sections of oceanic crust that are thrust over the overriding plate are said to be
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The sediments accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary
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Pelagic sediments – typically immediately overlying oceanic crust of the subducting plate
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morphology exert strong controls on the thrust-belt development in the incipient Taiwan
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The shape of the wedge is determined by how readily the wedge will fail along its basal
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Lin, Andrew T.; Liu, Char-Shine; Lin, Che-Chuan; et al. (December 5, 2008).
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Material transported into the trench by gravity sliding and debris flow from the
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651:"Introduction to the Landforms and Geology of Japan: Japan in a subduction zone"
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425:- part of the active collision zone between the African and Eurasian plates
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Ocean-floor basalts – typically seamounts scraped off the subducting plate
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Davis, George H. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. (1996). pp583.
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thin-skinned zone of Carpathian thrustbelt, which is thrust over the
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Calderoni, Giovanna et al. Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
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Calabrian Accretionary Wedge in the Central Mediterranean – The
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616:. Represents a continuation of Alpine Rhenodanubian Flysch of
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325:. Where this occurs, rare slices of ocean crust, known as
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Adjacent continental masses located along strike (such as
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laterally bounded by the Apulia and Malta escarpments.
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Volume 281, Issues 1-2, April 30, 2009, pages 99–109.
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829:Temperature Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto
289:and in its interior; this is highly sensitive to
148:Continental volcanic arc and cordilleran orogen
36:Diagram of the geological process of subduction
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512:margin from Baranof Island in southeastern
392:Pelayo and Weins have postulated that some
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707:van Andel, Tjeerd H. (December 2, 2015).
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
826:Heuer; et al. (November 23, 2017).
561:of California – Franciscan rocks in the
184:(such as Madagascar or Japan), known as
31:
1058:Visual Glossary - Accretionary Wedge. (
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1021:. US Geological Survey. Archived from
994:"Geology of the Golden Gate Headlands"
120:Materials within an accretionary wedge
116:is made up of accretionary complexes.
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232:adding citations to reliable sources
1332:List of tectonic plate interactions
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124:Accretionary wedges and accreted
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78:formed on the overriding plate.
1060:United States Geological Survey
1019:"Magnitude 6.3 - CENTRAL ITALY"
878:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.104080
467:BahĂa Mansa Metamorphic Complex
219:needs additional citations for
679:. Britannica. January 22, 2014
176:such as linear island chains,
1:
532:area, underlying much of the
360:Mechanical models that treat
138:Trench sediments – typically
857:Marine and Petroleum Geology
756:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.10.002
631:Subduction zone metamorphism
172:Elevated regions within the
145:Oceanic, volcanic island arc
838:10.14379/iodp.proc.370.2017
442:Nankai accretionary complex
345:of folds against and along
108:. For example, most of the
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448:is subducting beneath the
274:belt. A series of thrusts
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1417:Thick-skinned deformation
476:tectonics of the central
142:that may be derived from:
89:of terrestrial material,
64:convergent plate boundary
1422:Thin-skinned deformation
1198:Stereographic projection
1188:Orthographic projection
1171:Measurement conventions
1117:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
999:. National Park Service
542:accretionary wedge off
509:Chugach National Forest
465:between 38°S and 43°S (
417:Currently active wedges
614:East European Platform
578:Carpathian Flysch Belt
457:Exhumed ancient wedges
435:is subducting beneath
408:along the backthrust.
362:accretionary complexes
318:
37:
1699:Paleostress inversion
1392:Strike-slip tectonics
1262:Extensional tectonics
1242:Continental collision
1112:Deformation mechanism
657:on September 16, 2016
528:westward through the
507:– The geology of the
331:Coast Range ophiolite
312:
35:
1277:Fold and thrust belt
919:10.1029/2009TC002562
787:10.1029/2005JB003990
559:Franciscan Formation
526:Prince William Sound
503:Kodiak Shelf in the
498:North American Plate
446:Philippine Sea Plate
433:South American Plate
313:Accretionary wedge (
228:improve this article
162:ridge (olistostrome)
83:accretionary complex
1709:Section restoration
1585:Rock microstructure
1247:Convergent boundary
1147:Strain partitioning
1132:Overburden pressure
1122:Mohr–Coulomb theory
932:"Olympic Mountains"
869:2020MarPG.11204080T
748:2008MGeol.255..186L
522:southwestern Alaska
480:are related to the
463:Chilean Coast Range
423:Mediterranean Ridge
291:pore fluid pressure
110:geological basement
1686:Kinematic analysis
1342:Mountain formation
1257:Divergent boundary
1222:Accretionary wedge
1098:Structural geology
992:Elder, William P.
494:Juan de Fuca Plate
319:
46:accretionary prism
42:accretionary wedge
38:
18:Accretionary prism
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1694:3D fold evolution
1580:Pressure solution
1575:Oblique foliation
1455:Exfoliation joint
1445:Columnar jointing
1105:Underlying theory
1025:on April 14, 2010
709:"Plate Tectonics"
677:"Deep-sea Trench"
534:continental shelf
490:Olympic Mountains
260:
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190:mountain-building
182:crustal fragments
16:(Redirected from
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1493:Cataclastic rock
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736:Marine Geology
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690:
668:
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
626:
623:
622:
621:
575:
567:
555:
548:Gulf of Alaska
537:
505:Gulf of Alaska
501:
486:
470:
458:
455:
454:
453:
439:
429:Barbados Ridge
426:
418:
415:
413:
410:
394:tsunami events
306:
303:
295:critical taper
258:
257:
216:
214:
207:
201:
198:
194:North American
170:
169:
166:
163:
156:
149:
146:
143:
136:
133:
121:
118:
60:tectonic plate
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1788:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Transfer zone
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Mohr's circle
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
995:
988:
985:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
933:
927:
924:
920:
916:
912:
906:
903:
898:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
835:
831:
830:
822:
819:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
771:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
723:
710:
703:
700:
694:
691:
678:
672:
669:
656:
652:
646:
643:
636:
632:
629:
628:
624:
619:
618:Penninic Unit
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:Kodiak Island
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Mediterranean
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
416:
411:
409:
407:
402:
397:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
358:
355:
353:
352:arc-continent
348:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
254:
251:
243:
233:
229:
223:
222:
217:This section
215:
211:
206:
205:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
130:
129:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
72:oceanic crust
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:onto the non-
54:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
1523:Thrust fault
1221:
1212:Large-scale
1183:Inclinometer
1157:Stress field
1059:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:
957:
948:
936:. Retrieved
934:. Britannica
926:
910:
905:
860:
856:
846:
828:
821:
812:
803:
794:
777:
769:
764:
739:
735:
725:
713:. Retrieved
711:. Britannica
702:
693:
681:. Retrieved
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:the original
645:
536:to the west
518:Sanak Island
406:shear stress
398:
391:
387:
369:and eastern
359:
356:
339:
320:
305:Significance
284:
278:towards the
269:
261:
246:
237:
226:Please help
221:verification
218:
180:, and small
178:ocean ridges
174:ocean basins
171:
123:
82:
80:
45:
41:
39:
29:
1704:Paleostress
1590:Slickenside
1565:Crenulation
1518:Fault trace
1513:Fault scarp
1503:Disturbance
1488:Cataclasite
1377:Rift valley
1297:Half-graben
1267:Fault block
1252:DĂ©collement
1029:January 14,
1003:January 14,
938:January 14,
715:January 14,
683:January 14,
287:decollement
240:August 2021
196:continent.
103:hemipelagic
95:ocean floor
76:island arcs
48:forms from
1776:Subduction
1732:Pure shear
1719:Shear zone
1676:Competence
1560:Compaction
1437:Fracturing
1232:Autochthon
1227:Allochthon
888:2164/13157
863:: 104080.
661:August 12,
637:References
602:Cretaceous
600:represent
482:subduction
450:Amur Plate
327:ophiolites
140:turbidites
87:turbidites
57:subducting
1668:Boudinage
1648:Monocline
1643:Homocline
1623:Anticline
1605:Tectonite
1595:Stylolite
1570:Fissility
1547:lineation
1543:Foliation
1407:Syneclise
1352:Obduction
1322:Inversion
1214:tectonics
911:Tectonics
897:0264-8172
571:Apennines
401:backstops
106:sediments
93:from the
50:sediments
1770:Category
1755:Category
1727:Mylonite
1658:Vergence
1653:Syncline
1555:Cleavage
1480:Faulting
625:See also
586:Slovakia
563:Bay Area
412:Examples
375:Cascadia
367:Antilles
335:Jurassic
323:obducted
200:Geometry
186:terranes
153:Barbados
126:terranes
53:accreted
1628:Chevron
1615:Folding
1460:Fissure
1412:Terrane
1357:Orogeny
1337:MĂ©lange
1272:Fenster
1162:Tension
1044:659-665
865:Bibcode
744:Bibcode
606:Neogene
598:Romania
594:Ukraine
582:Bohemia
540:Neogene
474:Neogene
276:verging
265:mélange
160:forearc
99:pelagic
91:basalts
1402:Suture
1387:Saddle
1327:Klippe
1292:Graben
1152:Stress
1142:Strain
895:
590:Poland
514:Alaska
444:- the
431:- the
383:Mexico
381:, and
371:Nankai
347:strike
280:trench
272:thrust
97:, and
1737:Shear
1465:Joint
1347:Nappe
1307:Horst
1302:Horse
997:(PDF)
379:Chile
114:Japan
62:at a
1638:Dome
1545:and
1470:Vein
1450:Dike
1382:Rift
1193:Rake
1031:2016
1005:2016
940:2016
893:ISSN
717:2016
685:2016
663:2016
612:and
596:and
569:The
557:The
488:The
315:USGS
101:and
68:slab
915:doi
883:hdl
873:doi
861:112
834:doi
783:doi
752:doi
740:255
604:to
580:in
520:in
516:to
230:by
112:of
81:An
70:of
44:or
40:An
1772::
891:.
881:.
871:.
859:.
855:.
750:.
738:.
734:.
592:,
588:,
584:,
469:).
377:,
301:.
155:).
1090:e
1083:t
1076:v
1062:)
1033:.
1007:.
942:.
921:.
917::
899:.
885::
875::
867::
840:.
836::
789:.
785::
758:.
754::
746::
719:.
687:.
665:.
620:.
500:.
253:)
247:(
242:)
238:(
224:.
20:)
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