359:
278:
51:
287:
407:
558:
activities. Other risk factors include gender, age, improper stretching, and overuse. Another risk factor is any congenital condition in which an individual's legs rotate abnormally, which in turn causes the lower extremities to overstretch and contract; this puts stress on the
Achilles tendon and will eventually cause Achilles tendinitis.
410:
This photo demonstrates a calf raise exercise that can be performed to strengthen two of the major ankle plantar flexor muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus. This exercise can be performed with minimal to no equipment. A step can be added under the foot to enhance range of motion and weights can
349:
or paratendon. When an injury occurs to the tendon, cells from surrounding structures migrate into the tendon to assist in repair. Some of these cells come from blood vessels that enter the tendon to provide direct blood flow to increase healing. With the blood vessels come nerve fibers. Researchers
306:
Achilles tendinitis is thought to have physiological, mechanical, or extrinsic (i.e. footwear or training) causes. The
Achilles tendon has a generally poor blood supply throughout its length, as measured by the number of vessels per cross-sectional area. Blood is supplied via the synovial sheaths
241:
to support them, namely pre-exercise stretching. Strengthening calf muscles, avoiding over-training, and selecting more appropriate footwear are more well-regarded options. Running mechanics can be improved with simple exercises that will help runners avoid
Achilles injury. Treatment typically
557:
Risk factors include participating in a sport or activity that involves running, jumping, bounding, and change of speed. Although
Achilles tendinitis is mostly likely to occur in runners, it also is more likely in participants in basketball, volleyball, dancing, gymnastics and other athletic
425:
before beginning an exercise session is often recommended, however evidence to support this practice is limited. Prevention of recurrence includes following appropriate exercise habits and wearing low-heeled shoes. In the case of incorrect foot alignment,
1855:
1840:
430:
can be used to properly position the feet. Footwear that is specialized to provide shock-absorption can be utilized to defend the longevity of the tendon. Achilles tendon injuries can be the result of exceeding the tendon's capabilities for
1235:
Alfredson, H.; Ohberg, L.; Forsgren, S. (Sep 2003). "Is vasculo-neural ingrowth the cause of pain in chronic
Achilles tendinosis? An investigation using ultrasonography and colour Doppler, immunohistochemistry, and diagnostic injections".
281:
Demonstration of the right foot in pronation, neutral and supinated subtalar joint placements. Over-pronation (excessive pronation) occurs when the ankle begins to roll inward by more than 5 degrees, demonstrated with the
294:
Achilles tendinitis is a common injury, particularly in sports that involve lunging and jumping, occurs both laterally and bilaterally, and is often induced in a single ankle by trauma. It is also a known side effect of
350:
including
Alfredson and his team in Sweden believe these nerve fibers to be the cause of the pain - they injected local anaesthetic around the vessels and this decreased significantly the pain in the Achilles tendon.
307:
that surround it. This lack of blood supply can lead to the degradation of collagen fibers and inflammation. Tightness in the calf muscles has also been known to be involved in the onset of
Achilles tendinitis.
553:
varies among different ages and groups of people. Achilles tendinitis is most commonly found in individuals aged 30–40 Runners are susceptible, as well as anyone participating in sports, and men aged 30–39.
262:. With this condition, the pain is usually worse during and after activity, and the tendon and joint area can become stiff the following day, as swelling impinges on the movement of the tendon.
1778:
Kainberger, F; Fialka, V; Breitenseher, M; Kritz, H; Baldt, M; Czerny, C; Imhof, H (1996). "Differential diagnosis of diseases of the
Achilles tendon. A clinico-sonographic concept".
337:
intensity too soon. Another consideration would be the use of improper or worn-down footwear, which lack the necessary support to maintain the foot in the natural/normal pronation.
2206:
1647:"The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction"
1944:
203:. It is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the back of the
1427:
207:. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual.
265:
Achilles tendon injuries can be separated into insertional tendinopathy (20%–25% of the injuries), midportion tendinopathy (55%–65%), and proximal
250:. In those whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.
237:
There are several simple actions that individuals can take to prevent or reduce tendinitis. Though commonly used, some of these have limited or no
333:
refers to repeated stress and strain, which is likely the case in endurance runners. Overuse can simply mean an increase in running, jumping or
1282:
471:
243:
172:
2196:
1937:
454:
of the tendon and lengthen the musculotendinous junction, decreasing the amount of strain experienced with ankle joint movements. This
2079:
1547:
724:
258:
Symptoms can vary from an ache or pain and swelling in the local area of one or both ankles, or a burning that surrounds the whole
1186:
McCrory J. L.; Martin D. F.; Lowery R. B.; Cannon D. W.; Curl W. W.; Read Jr H. M.; Hunter D.M.; Craven T.; Messier S. P. (1999).
840:
345:
Because the
Achilles tendon does not have good blood supply, injuries can be slow to heal. The tendon receives nutrients from the
1494:"Foam Rolling of the Calf and Anterior Thigh: Biomechanical Loads and Acute Effects on Vertical Jump Height and Muscle Stiffness"
534:
366:
within the
Achilles tendon at its calcaneal insertion. The Achilles tendon is wider than normal, further suggesting inflammation.
596:
Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders".
490:
may increase range of motion, but there is only weak evidence for the direct treatment of stiffness. Other treatments include:
1584:
2409:
1930:
1318:
Hess G.W. (2009). "Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Review of Etiology, Population, Anatomy, Risk Factors, and Injury Prevention".
358:
2201:
2044:
1615:
2023:
753:
Park, DY; Chou, L (December 2006). "Stretching for prevention of Achilles tendon injuries: a review of the literature".
290:
Walking gait cycle starting with the left leg demonstrated. The loading cycle is where foot pronation naturally occurs.
865:
2364:
1585:"JBJS | Limited Evidence Supports the Effectiveness of Autologous Blood Injections for Chronic Tendinopathies"
521:
387:
2404:
266:
2241:
379:
214:, but also occurs due to injury. Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise,
2374:
2094:
161:
2342:
2157:
2038:
391:
156:
2337:
319:
2369:
2084:
2074:
1997:
1953:
416:
375:
296:
231:
219:
149:
127:
1447:"Effectiveness of customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial"
2246:
2017:
2004:
1987:
1859:
906:
436:
334:
238:
1412:
G T Allison, C Purdam. Eccentric loading for Achilles tendinopathy — strengthening or stretching?
2152:
2104:
2069:
1803:
1716:
1474:
1395:
1343:
1261:
1217:
1165:
1122:
778:
621:
495:
455:
432:
75:
799:
Peters, JA; Zwerver, J; Diercks, RL; Elferink-Gemser, MT; van den Akker-Scheek, I (March 2016).
2332:
2327:
2216:
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2123:
2089:
1970:
1899:
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1708:
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1387:
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888:
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395:
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63:
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1787:
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1004:
963:
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762:
685:
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605:
475:
451:
247:
176:
487:
371:
277:
223:
215:
200:
131:
123:
2116:
435:, therefore it is important to gradually adapt to exercise if someone is inexperienced,
419:
and strength of the tendon, which will assist in resisting the forces that are applied.
310:
During the loading phase of the running and walking cycle, the ankle and foot naturally
2256:
2056:
2030:
1992:
1864:
1520:
1493:
1153:
1140:
Kannus P (1997). "Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic tendon disorders in sports".
1071:
1046:
968:
933:
690:
665:
515:
330:
323:
227:
135:
1367:
1019:
992:
524:- results have not been highly encouraging and there is little evidence for their use.
2398:
2261:
2111:
2009:
1982:
1623:
1383:
1204:
1187:
1110:
443:
346:
300:
1807:
1720:
1399:
1347:
1265:
1221:
1126:
625:
2379:
2352:
2221:
2177:
2167:
1910:
1592:
1562:
1478:
1428:"Customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy RCT: responding to the critics"
782:
363:
68:
50:
17:
1616:"Autologous growth factor injections in chronic tendinopathy: a systematic review"
1169:
406:
286:
1663:
1646:
1462:
2356:
1894:
817:
800:
117:
1875:
1704:
1305:
Floyd, R.T. (2009). Manual of Structural Kinesiology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill
766:
2290:
2286:
2266:
2172:
1849:
1752:
1735:
1249:
934:"Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management"
609:
550:
546:
459:
458:
training method is especially important for individuals with chronic Achilles
422:
1331:
1062:
959:
681:
666:"Current Clinical Concepts: Conservative Management of Achilles Tendinopathy"
2323:
1978:
1905:
1446:
479:
427:
383:
1672:
1570:
1529:
1470:
1391:
1368:"Chronic Achilles Tendinosis: Recommendations for Treatment and Prevention"
1339:
1257:
1213:
1080:
1028:
977:
826:
774:
699:
617:
1799:
1791:
1761:
1712:
1510:
1161:
1118:
950:
892:
2064:
1614:
de Vos RJ, van Veldhoven PL, Moen MH, Weir A, Tol JL, Maffulli N (2012).
866:"Avoid Achilles injuries by adding these three exercises to your routine"
483:
315:
1922:
58:
Drawing of Achilles tendinitis with the affected part highlighted in red
1645:
Korakakis, V; Whiteley, R; Tzavara, A; Malliaropoulos, N (March 2018).
311:
211:
2315:
1844:
447:
1832:
1691:
Leach R. E.; James S.; Wasilewski S. (1981). "Achilles tendinitis".
390:(MRI) can determine the extent of tendon degeneration, and may show
1188:"Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners"
1009:
405:
357:
285:
276:
259:
204:
44:
Achilles tendinopathy, Achilles tendonitis, Achilles tenosynovitis
993:"The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon"
801:"Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review"
1926:
1546:
Kearney, RS; Parsons, N; Metcalfe, D; Costa, ML (26 May 2015).
518:
injections. These can also increase the risk of tendon rupture.
326:
is a type of mechanical mechanism that can lead to tendinitis.
932:
Kader, D.; Saxena, A.; Movin, T.; Maffulli, N. (2002-08-01).
462:
which is classified as the degeneration of collagen fibers.
439:, or is an athlete who is not progressing at a steady rate.
1097:
Hintermann B., Nigg B. M. (1998). "Pronation in runners".
879:
Kvist, M (1991). "Achilles tendon injuries in athletes".
486:
may also be helpful, but evidence for either is limited.
415:
Performing consistent physical activity will improve the
382:
shows calcification deposits within the tendon at its
269:(9%–25%) injuries, according to the location of pain.
510:
The evidence to support injection therapies is poor.
1822:
230:
class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and
2351:
2314:
2307:
2275:
2230:
2185:
2166:
2145:
2136:
2055:
1969:
1960:
1885:
1826:
991:Fenwick S. A.; Hazleman B. L.; Riley G. P. (2002).
182:
167:
155:
142:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
74:
62:
40:
35:
907:"FDA orders 'black box' label on some antibiotics"
210:It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as
2207:Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
1047:"Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management"
122:Trauma, lifestyle that includes little exercise,
386:insertion in approximately 60 percent of cases.
370:Achilles tendinitis is usually diagnosed from a
1548:"Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy"
1045:Maffulli N.; Sharma P.; Luscombe K. L. (2004).
1938:
1773:
1771:
1287:American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society
8:
1734:Leppilant J.; Puranen J.; Orava S. (1996).
1555:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1192:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
841:"Achilles tendinitis - Symptoms and causes"
2311:
2182:
2142:
1966:
1945:
1931:
1923:
1823:
1541:
1539:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1313:
1311:
1181:
1179:
1040:
1038:
748:
746:
591:
498:routine designed to strengthen the tendon.
49:
32:
1751:
1662:
1519:
1509:
1203:
1070:
1018:
1008:
967:
949:
816:
794:
792:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
689:
659:
657:
655:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
442:Eccentric strengthening exercises of the
80:Pain, swelling around the affected tendon
1993:Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
1686:
1684:
1682:
1277:
1275:
1051:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
805:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
470:Treatment typically involves rest, ice,
1693:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1142:Scandinavian Journal of Sports Medicine
567:
533:Tentative evidence supports the use of
27:Medical condition of the ankle and heel
1092:
1090:
318:by approximately 5 degrees. Excessive
1736:"Incidence of Achilles Tendon Injury"
1426:Munteanu, Shannon (3 November 2014).
472:non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents
244:non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents
173:non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents
7:
450:muscles are utilized to improve the
411:be added to increase the resistance
303:, as are other types of tendinitis.
2197:Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
1366:Alfredson H., Lorentzon R. (2012).
1238:Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
1651:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1451:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1432:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1154:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00123.x
938:British Journal of Sports Medicine
362:Calcification deposits forming an
25:
1283:"Insertional Achilles Tendinitis"
1384:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00005
1205:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00003
1111:10.2165/00007256-199826030-00003
535:extracorporeal shockwave therapy
729:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1563:10.1002/14651858.CD010960.pub2
755:Foot & Ankle International
501:Application of a boot or cast.
1:
2202:Shoulder impingement syndrome
2045:Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
2024:Synovial osteochondromatosis
1664:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347
1492:Baumgart, Christian (2019).
1463:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093845
670:Journal of Athletic Training
1320:Foot & Ankle Specialist
818:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.03.008
664:Silbernagel, Karin (2020).
522:Autologous blood injections
297:fluoroquinolone antibiotics
104:Noninsertional, insertional
2426:
1705:10.1177/036354658100900204
1445:Munteanu, Shannon (2015).
767:10.1177/107110070602701215
388:Magnetic resonance imaging
1753:10.3109/17453679608994688
1250:10.1007/s00167-003-0391-6
610:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006
267:musculotendinous junction
222:, and medications of the
57:
48:
2242:Iliotibial band syndrome
1332:10.1177/1938640009355191
1063:10.1177/0141076809701004
682:10.4085/1062-6050-356-19
380:Projectional radiography
322:(over 5 degrees) in the
2375:Aggressive fibromatosis
2365:Dupuytren's contracture
162:Achilles tendon rupture
2039:villonodular synovitis
1620:bmb.oxfordjournals.org
1591:. 2012. Archived from
412:
392:differential diagnoses
367:
291:
283:
157:Differential diagnosis
148:Based on symptoms and
2410:Soft tissue disorders
1954:Soft tissue disorders
1792:10.1007/s001170050037
1511:10.3390/sports7010027
951:10.1136/bjsm.36.4.239
725:"Achilles Tendinitis"
409:
361:
320:pronation of the foot
289:
280:
197:Achilles tendinopathy
130:, medications of the
2370:Plantar fibromatosis
1998:De Quervain syndrome
376:physical examination
242:involves rest, ice,
220:rheumatoid arthritis
128:rheumatoid arthritis
2252:Achilles tendinitis
2247:Patellar tendinitis
2018:osteochondromatosis
2005:Transient synovitis
1988:Calcific tendinitis
335:plyometric exercise
239:scientific evidence
193:Achilles tendinitis
36:Achilles tendinitis
18:Achilles tendonitis
2153:Ligamentous laxity
1886:External resources
997:Arthritis Research
868:. 3 December 2019.
496:eccentric exercise
413:
368:
292:
284:
254:Signs and symptoms
199:, is soreness the
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2212:Rotator cuff tear
2132:
2131:
2124:Calcific bursitis
1920:
1919:
1740:Acta Orthopaedica
1626:on April 15, 2013
1595:on March 29, 2012
1198:(10): 1374–1381.
881:Ann Chir Gynaecol
190:
189:
144:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2417:
2405:Overuse injuries
2312:
2280:
2235:
2190:
2183:
2143:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1688:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1207:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1012:
988:
982:
981:
971:
953:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
876:
870:
869:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
837:
831:
830:
820:
796:
787:
786:
750:
741:
740:
738:
736:
721:
704:
703:
693:
661:
630:
629:
593:
476:physical therapy
452:tensile strength
248:physical therapy
195:, also known as
177:physical therapy
53:
33:
21:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2347:
2295:
2276:
2271:
2231:
2226:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2138:
2128:
2051:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1881:
1880:
1835:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1557:(5): CD010960.
1550:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1457:(15): 989–994.
1444:
1443:
1439:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1416:2009;43:276-279
1414:Br J Sports Med
1411:
1407:
1372:Sports Medicine
1365:
1364:
1355:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1099:Sports Medicine
1096:
1095:
1088:
1057:(10): 472–476.
1044:
1043:
1036:
990:
989:
985:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
878:
877:
873:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
839:
838:
834:
798:
797:
790:
761:(12): 1086–95.
752:
751:
744:
734:
732:
723:
722:
707:
663:
662:
633:
595:
594:
569:
564:
543:
531:
508:
468:
404:
378:of the tendon.
372:medical history
356:
343:
341:Pathophysiology
275:
256:
224:fluoroquinolone
216:high-heel shoes
201:Achilles tendon
132:fluoroquinolone
124:high-heel shoes
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2278:other/general:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Calcaneal spur
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:Golfer's elbow
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Retrocalcaneal
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2031:Plica syndrome
2028:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1852:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:Classification
1820:
1819:External links
1817:
1814:
1813:
1767:
1726:
1678:
1657:(6): 387–407.
1637:
1606:
1576:
1535:
1484:
1437:
1418:
1405:
1378:(2): 135–146.
1353:
1307:
1298:
1271:
1227:
1175:
1132:
1105:(3): 169–176.
1086:
1034:
1003:(4): 252–260.
983:
944:(4): 239–249.
924:
898:
887:(2): 188–201.
871:
857:
832:
811:(3): 205–211.
788:
742:
705:
631:
604:(2): 289–303.
566:
565:
563:
560:
542:
539:
530:
527:
526:
525:
519:
516:corticosteroid
514:This includes
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
474:(NSAIDs), and
467:
464:
403:
400:
355:
352:
342:
339:
331:overuse injury
324:subtalar joint
274:
271:
255:
252:
246:(NSAIDs), and
188:
187:
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2310:
2306:
2292:
2288:
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2284:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Metatarsalgia
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
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2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:Hypermobility
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:Synovial cyst
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
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2036:
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2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:Ganglion cyst
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:Tenosynovitis
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1912:
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1785:
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1780:Der Radiologe
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1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1746:(3): 277–79.
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925:
913:. 8 July 2008
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676:(5): 0–0000.
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444:gastrocnemius
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347:tendon sheath
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301:ciprofloxacin
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79:
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73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2380:Knuckle pads
2353:Fibromatosis
2343:Eosinophilic
2277:
2251:
2232:
2222:Tennis elbow
2187:
2178:Tendinopathy
2168:Enthesopathy
2117:Baker's cyst
2080:Trochanteric
2037:
2016:
1971:Synoviopathy
1904:
1893:
1869:
1854:
1839:
1786:(1): 38–46.
1783:
1779:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1699:(2): 93–98.
1696:
1692:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1630:February 12,
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1619:
1609:
1599:February 12,
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1588:
1579:
1554:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1375:
1371:
1326:(1): 29–32.
1323:
1319:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1244:(5): 334–8.
1241:
1237:
1230:
1195:
1191:
1148:(2): 78–85.
1145:
1141:
1135:
1102:
1098:
1054:
1050:
1000:
996:
986:
941:
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
901:
884:
880:
874:
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:
835:
808:
804:
758:
754:
733:. Retrieved
731:. March 2018
728:
673:
669:
601:
598:Primary Care
597:
556:
549:of Achilles
544:
541:Epidemiology
532:
509:
488:Foam rolling
469:
441:
421:
414:
369:
364:enthesophyte
344:
328:
309:
305:
293:
264:
257:
236:
209:
196:
192:
191:
118:Risk factors
69:Rheumatology
2357:contracture
2338:Necrotizing
2316:Fasciopathy
2137:Noncapsular
2085:Subacromial
2075:Prepatellar
1895:MedlinePlus
845:Mayo Clinic
232:examination
171:Rest, ice,
150:examination
85:Usual onset
41:Other names
2399:Categories
2291:Tendinosis
2287:Tendinitis
2233:lower limb
2188:upper limb
2173:Enthesitis
2057:Bursopathy
1871:DiseasesDB
1292:2017-01-17
562:References
551:tendinitis
547:prevalence
529:Procedures
506:Injections
460:tendinosis
423:Stretching
417:elasticity
402:Prevention
175:(NSAIDs),
2324:Fasciitis
2267:Bone spur
2105:Iliopsoas
2070:Olecranon
1979:Synovitis
1906:eMedicine
1504:(1): 27.
960:0306-3674
484:orthotics
480:heel lift
466:Treatment
456:eccentric
437:sedentary
428:orthotics
384:calcaneal
354:Diagnosis
183:Frequency
168:Treatment
64:Specialty
2308:Nonjoint
2146:Symptoms
2090:Achilles
2065:Bursitis
1961:Capsular
1911:sports/2
1808:25971164
1721:10111816
1673:28954794
1589:jbjs.org
1571:26009861
1530:30669477
1471:25246441
1400:36957036
1392:10701715
1348:19237310
1340:20400437
1266:12264939
1258:14520512
1222:25204643
1214:10527307
1127:24812917
1081:15459257
1029:12106496
978:12145112
827:25981200
775:17207437
700:32267723
626:46886582
618:29759125
396:bursitis
394:such as
316:supinate
299:such as
93:Duration
76:Symptoms
2333:Nodular
2328:Plantar
2100:Ischial
1800:8820370
1762:8686468
1713:7223927
1521:6359537
1479:5588570
1162:9211608
1119:9802173
1072:1079614
969:1724537
893:1897886
850:27 June
783:8233009
735:27 June
691:7249277
433:loading
374:, and
312:pronate
282:arrows.
228:steroid
212:running
136:steroid
112:Overuse
88:Gradual
1900:001072
1865:726.71
1806:
1798:
1760:
1719:
1711:
1671:
1569:
1528:
1518:
1498:Sports
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1469:
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1220:
1212:
1170:664841
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1160:
1125:
1117:
1079:
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1027:
1020:128932
1017:
976:
966:
958:
917:8 July
891:
825:
781:
773:
698:
688:
624:
616:
448:soleus
186:Common
109:Causes
96:Months
2139:joint
1963:joint
1876:31726
1850:M76.6
1804:S2CID
1717:S2CID
1551:(PDF)
1475:S2CID
1396:S2CID
1344:S2CID
1262:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1123:S2CID
779:S2CID
622:S2CID
273:Cause
260:joint
205:ankle
138:class
101:Types
1860:9-CM
1796:PMID
1758:PMID
1709:PMID
1669:PMID
1632:2012
1601:2012
1567:PMID
1526:PMID
1467:PMID
1388:PMID
1336:PMID
1254:PMID
1210:PMID
1158:PMID
1115:PMID
1077:PMID
1025:PMID
974:PMID
956:ISSN
919:2008
889:PMID
852:2018
823:PMID
771:PMID
737:2018
696:PMID
614:PMID
545:The
478:. A
446:and
314:and
1856:ICD
1841:ICD
1788:doi
1748:doi
1701:doi
1659:doi
1559:doi
1516:PMC
1506:doi
1459:doi
1380:doi
1328:doi
1246:doi
1200:doi
1150:doi
1107:doi
1067:PMC
1059:doi
1015:PMC
1005:doi
964:PMC
946:doi
911:CNN
813:doi
763:doi
686:PMC
678:doi
606:doi
494:An
482:or
329:An
226:or
134:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
