97:, expelled water molecules from the electrode surface. This minimizes competing water decomposition and creates a favorable environment for SEI to form. This version of the battery also demonstrated resilience against extreme levels of abuse due to the slow-reacting nature of the SEI When subjected to cutting, external puncture, exposure to salt water, and ballistic testing, the battery did not produce any smoke or fire and continued to operate even with severe external damages.
80:, which operated under the principle that a high concentration of a specific type of lithium salt resulted in the formation of a protective solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in between the electrode surfaces and electrolyte in water-based batteries. Previously, it was thought that this phenomenon could only occur in non-aqueous batteries. Using this approach to create SEI, Wang and Xu dissolved extremely high concentrations of
36:. In contrast to non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries are nonflammable and do not pose any significant risks of explosion, because of the water-based nature of their electrolyte. They also lack the poisonous chemicals and environmental risks associated with their non-aqueous counterparts.
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Aqueous Li-ion batteries have a relatively short battery cycle life, ranging from 50 to 100 cycles. As of 2018, research is being conducted to increase the number of cycles to 500 to 1000 cycles, allowing them to feasibly compete against other types of batteries that have a higher energy density. In
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occurs outside the stability window causing either oxygen or hydrogen gas formation. Keeping the output voltage low avoids gas evolution and promotes cycling stability, however, it limits energy density and the usage of highly reducing and highly oxidizing electrodes. On the other hand, continuous
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In 2017, Wang and Xu's research team developed an "inhomogeneous additive" to coat the graphite electrode in their aqueous Li-ion battery, which allowed the battery to reach a 4V threshold and operate up to 70 cycles at that level or higher. The coating, created using an extremely hydrophobic and
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Aqueous Li-ion batteries have been of great interest for military use due to their safety and durability. Unlike the high voltage yet volatile non-aqueous Li-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries have the potential to serve as a more reliable energy source on the battlefield, because external
106:
damage to the battery would not diminish performance or cause it to explode. In addition, they are less heavy than traditional batteries and can be manufactured in different shapes, allowing for lighter gear and more efficient placement.
384:
Yang, Chongyin; Chen, Ji; Qing, Tingting; Fan, Xiulin; Sun, Wei; von Cresce, Arthur; Ding, Michael S.; Borodin, Oleg; Vatamanu, Jenel; Schroeder, Marshall A.; Eidson, Nico; Wang, Chunsheng; Xu, Kang (September 2017).
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in water (molality > 20 m) to create a WiSE that expanded the voltage window from 1.5V to around 3.0V. The resulting aqueous Li-ion batteries was also capable of cycling up to 1000 times with almost 100%
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The lower risk of danger that come with aqueous Li-ion batteries make them appealing for industries that manufacture vehicles that prioritize safety over energy density, such as airplanes and submarines.
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made it possible for an aqueous Li-ion battery to remain electrochemically stable at approximately 3.0 volts and withstand severe external damage to a degree not present in non-aqueous Li-ion batteries.
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The narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous Li-ion batteries has remained the bottleneck for development of high-energy aqueous batteries with long cycle life and infallible safety. Water
221:
Suo, L.; Borodin, O.; Gao, T.; Olguin, M.; Ho, J.; Fan, X.; Luo, C.; Wang, C.; Xu, K. (2015). "'Water-in-salt' electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries".
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addition, issues relating to the manufacturing of the protective HFE coating would need to be resolved before the batteries can be scaled up in production for commercial use.
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as the negative electrode. In 2014, a team of researchers led by
Chunsheung Wang from UMD and Kang Xu from ARL created a new class of aqueous electrolytes called
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258:
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Sui, Yiming; Ji, Xiulei (2021-06-09). "Anticatalytic
Strategies to Suppress Water Electrolysis in Aqueous Batteries".
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than a non-aqueous Li-ion battery and can only reach a maximum voltage of 1.5 volts. However, researchers from the
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of stability (1.23 V). When built using conventional methods, an aqueous Li-ion has a much smaller
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The prototype for the lithium-ion aqueous rechargeable battery was first proposed by
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Liang, Yanliang; Yao, Yan (15 November 2022). "Designing modern aqueous batteries".
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Xu, Kang; Wang, Chunsheng (6 October 2016). "Batteries: Widening voltage windows".
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Aqueous Li-ion batteries are currently severely limited in use due to their narrow
427:"UMD and U.S. Army Research Lab Engineers Develop 4.0 Aqueous Lithium-Ion Battery"
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Liu, Jilei; Xu, Chaohe; Chen, Zhen; Ni, Shibing; Shen, Ze Xiang (January 2018).
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gas evolution of water during high voltage battery cycling or idling lowers the
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188:"UMD & Army Researchers Discover Salty Solution to Better, Safer Batteries"
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259:"Water-based lithium-ion batteries without explosive risks now a reality"
361:"Watch: Cuts and dunks don't stop new lithium-ion battery - Futurity"
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24:(Li-ion) that uses a concentrated saline solution as an
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1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2′,2′,2′-trifluoroethyl ether
153:"Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries: Now in Striking Distance"
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and causes serious safety concerns over explosions.
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lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)
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280:"Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries"
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32:between electrodes and induce an
387:"4.0 V Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries"
93:highly fluorinated ether (HFE),
151:Malik, Rahul (September 2017).
284:Green Energy & Environment
53:Army Research Laboratory (ARL)
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70:lithium manganese oxide
49:University of Maryland
41:electrochemical window
547:Lithium-ion batteries
265:. September 6, 2017.
87:coulombic efficiency
325:2016NatEn...116161X
22:lithium-ion battery
194:. December 2, 2015
68:in 1994, who used
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