172:
was employed to assess the magnitudes of fluxes of Na, K, and H. The experiment involved cutting 8–10 mm long root segments and placing them in a
Perspex holder. Then they put the holder inside a 4 mL chamber containing the required solution. They gave around 50 minutes for that setting to reach
176:
Looking at plants responses to salinity might help us distinguish the plants that show the best responses, that is plants that show the least negative impacts on their fitness upon salinity exposure. This might open up the possibility of planting them into soils that other plants cannot survive in.
35:
has negative effects on plants. For example, it reduces the yield that crop plants can produce in 7% of the land. On the other side, some plants show adaptations to changes in soil salinity, in that the plant's exposure to salt initiates certain mechanisms for cell
605:
Shabala, Lana; Cuin, Tracey A.; Newman, Ian A.; Shabala, Sergey (2005). "Salinity-induced ion flux patterns from the excised roots of
Arabidopsis sos mutants".
75:, and it absorbs Na through Na permeable transporters. The plant then reduces the impact of high Na+ abundance by improving Na+ efflux from its cells through
453:"Phosphorylation of SOS3-Like Calcium-Binding Proteins by Their Interacting SOS2-Like Protein Kinases is a Common Regulatory Mechanism in Arabidopsis"
136:
The SOS2-SOS3 complex is necessary for generating the full response of SOS1. But in mutants missing SOS2-SOS3, Sodium can directly regulate SOS1.
157:, a protein kinase regulating translation efficiency in high salinity conditions. Then MPK6 phosphorylates SOS1 and again causes sodium efflux.
56:
and was introduced to some parts of North
America. It grows in rocky, sandy and disturbed terrains. It has been found in many studies that
410:
Yu, Lijuan; Nie, Jianing; Cao, Chunyan; Jin, Yakang; Yan, Min; Wang, Fuzheng; Liu, Ji; Xiao, Yun; Liang, Yongheng; Zhang, Wenhua (2010).
197:
Hasegawa, Paul M.; Bressan, Ray A.; Zhu, Jian-Kang; Bohnert, Hans J. (2000). "Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity".
311:"Early Effects of Salinity on Water Transport in Arabidopsis Roots. Molecular and Cellular Features of Aquaporin Expression"
741:
40:
regulation and causes changes in this plant's water obtaining and loss behaviors. One of such plants is the model plant
751:
658:"Sodium Fluxes through Nonselective Cation Channels in the Plasma Membrane of Protoplasts from Arabidopsis Roots"
88:
84:
80:
108:
746:
129:, then activates SOS1. Finally, this causes the extrusion of any extra Sodium to the outside through Na/H
451:
Du, W.; Lin, H.; Chen, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Fuglsang, A. T.; Palmgren, M. G.; Wu, W.; Guo, Y. (2011).
708:
Babourina, O. (2000). "Effect of Sudden Salt Stress on Ion Fluxes in Intact Wheat
Suspension Cells".
614:
556:
509:
19:
169:
173:
equilibrium, then took the measurements. Through such a technique, they measured net ion fluxes.
638:
76:
165:
412:"Phosphatidic acid mediates salt stress response by regulation of MPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana"
687:
630:
584:
525:
482:
433:
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showed enhanced Na and H extrusion from their cells after exposure to high salinity. Part of
717:
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379:
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330:
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154:
126:
618:
560:
545:"The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter"
513:
477:
452:
384:
359:
335:
310:
309:
Boursiac, Y.; Chen, S.; Luu, D. T.; Sorieul, M.; Van Den Dries, N.; Maurel, C. (2005).
119:
64:’ range might have included high salinity soil and the plant started adapting to that.
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32:
71:
experiences a negative osmotic pressure gradient between the salty solution and its
45:
642:
521:
122:, which builds up the complex SOS2-SOS3 attached to calcium, then activates SOS2
626:
500:
Liu, J. (1998). "A Calcium Sensor
Homolog Required for Plant Salt Tolerance".
130:
28:
is studied to aid understanding of other more economically important crops.
721:
691:
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588:
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111:, a protein that detects high calcium level in the cytosol and binds to it.
529:
468:
326:
375:
270:"The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) Pathway: Established and Emerging Roles"
24:
286:
269:
104:
100:
53:
37:
673:
115:
72:
146:
160:
One of the experiments providing the previous pathway utilized
199:
Annual Review of Plant
Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
83:, a molecule that causes sodium efflux. One path is the
79:
Two different paths in the SOS pathway can activate
543:Shi, H.; Ishitani, M.; Kim, C.; Zhu, J.-K. (2000).
145:High salinity increases the activity of the enzyme
360:"Na+ Tolerance and Na+ Transport in Higher Plants"
549:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
107:. SOS3 can detect elevated calcium by making a
95:. This is shown in figure 1. SOS2-SOS3 path:
8:
168:. Researchers used 6–8 days old plants. The
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99:After exposure to high sodium level,
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125:Activation of SOS2 pushes it to the
114:SOS3 proteins interact with protein
149:, which causes the accumulation of
656:Demidchik, V.; Tester, M. (2002).
14:
429:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03422.x
211:10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.463
1:
522:10.1126/science.280.5371.1943
236:"About Arabidopsis thaliana"
768:
268:Ji, Hongtao (March 2013).
627:10.1007/s00425-005-0074-2
67:Upon high salt exposure,
44:, a member of the family
16:As a model organism, the
164:seedlings grown inside
109:calcium-binding protein
103:level increases in the
722:10.1006/anbo.2000.1136
570:10.1073/pnas.120170197
31:High concentration of
469:10.1104/pp.111.173377
327:10.1104/pp.105.065029
742:Arabidopsis thaliana
58:Arabidopsis thaliana
50:Arabidopsis thaliana
42:Arabidopsis thaliana
20:Arabidopsis thaliana
619:2005Plant.222.1041S
561:2000PNAS...97.6896S
514:1998Sci...280.1943L
508:(5371): 1943–1945.
358:Tester, M. (2003).
133:which is near SOS1.
91:, the other is the
376:10.1093/aob/mcg058
674:10.1104/pp.010524
555:(12): 6896–6901.
287:10.1093/mp/sst017
151:phosphatidic acid
759:
752:Plant physiology
726:
725:
710:Annals of Botany
705:
696:
695:
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662:Plant Physiology
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613:(6): 1041–1050.
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463:(4): 2235–2243.
457:Plant Physiology
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364:Annals of Botany
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315:Plant Physiology
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33:salt in the soil
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274:Molecular Plant
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153:. PA activates
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127:plasma membrane
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5:
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716:(6): 759–767.
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668:(2): 379–387.
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422:(3): 762–773.
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370:(5): 503–527.
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321:(2): 790–805.
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280:(2): 275–286.
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170:MIFE technique
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120:phosphorylated
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747:Plant ecology
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52:is native to
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243:. Retrieved
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166:X-gal dishes
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68:
66:
61:
57:
49:
46:Brassicaceae
41:
30:
23:response to
18:
17:
15:
205:: 463–499.
162:Arabidopsis
118:, then get
77:SOS pathway
69:Arabidopsis
62:Arabidopsis
736:Categories
245:2018-05-14
181:References
141:(PLD) path
131:antiporter
692:11842142
635:16079998
589:10823923
487:21685179
438:20796215
394:12646496
345:16183846
296:23355543
219:15012199
93:PLD path
25:salinity
615:Bibcode
557:Bibcode
530:9632394
510:Bibcode
502:Science
478:3149935
385:4242248
336:1255996
116:kinases
105:cytosol
101:calcium
54:Eurasia
38:osmotic
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683:148901
680:
643:337766
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607:Planta
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217:
639:S2CID
580:18772
240:unPAK
73:xylem
688:PMID
631:PMID
585:PMID
526:PMID
483:PMID
434:PMID
390:PMID
341:PMID
292:PMID
215:PMID
155:MPK6
147:PLD1
89:SOS3
85:SOS2
81:SOS1
718:doi
678:PMC
670:doi
666:128
623:doi
611:222
575:PMC
565:doi
518:doi
506:280
473:PMC
465:doi
461:156
424:doi
420:188
380:PMC
372:doi
331:PMC
323:doi
319:139
282:doi
207:doi
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