Conservation and restoration of cultural property

989:). Active controls typically require much higher energy use. Energy use increases with specificity - e.g. in will require more energy to maintain a quantity of air to a narrow temperature range (20-22 °C) than to a broad range (18-25 °C). In the past, conservation recommendations have often called for very tight, inflexible temperature and relative humidity set points. In other cases, conservators have recommended strict environmental conditions for buildings that could not reasonably be expected to achieve them, due to the quality of build, local environmental conditions (e.g. recommending temperate conditions for a building located in the tropics) or the financial circumstances of the organisation. This has been an area of particular debate for cultural heritage organisations who lend and borrow cultural items to each other - often, the lender will specify strict environmental conditions as part of the loan agreement, which may be very expensive for the borrowing organisation to achieve, or impossible. 664: 308: 793: 779: 706: 261: 639: 683:

the object. Interventive actions are carried out for a variety of reasons, including aesthetic choices, stabilization needs for structural integrity, or cultural requirements for intangible continuity. Examples of interventive treatments include the removal of discolored varnish from a painting, the application of wax to a sculpture, and the washing and rebinding of a book. Ethical standards within the field require that the conservator fully justify interventive actions and carry out documentation before, during, and after the treatment.

723: 464: 31: 758: 109: 1094: 811: 737: 343:). He not only developed a scientific approach to the care of objects in the collections, but disseminated this approach by publishing a Handbook of Conservation in 1898. The early development of conservation of cultural heritage in any area of the world is usually linked to the creation of positions for chemists within museums. In British archaeology, key research and technical experimentation in conservation was undertaken by women such as 544: 245: 656: 2354: 391:. The creation of this department moved the focus for the development of conservation theory and practice from Germany to Britain, and made the latter a prime force in this fledgling field. In 1956 Plenderleith wrote a significant handbook called The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, which supplanted Rathgen's earlier tome and set new standards for the development of art and 43: 535: 687:

intervention. Although this concept remains a guiding principle of the profession, it has been widely critiqued within the conservation profession and is now considered by many to be "a fuzzy concept." Another important principle of conservation is that all alterations should be well documented and should be clearly distinguishable from the original object.

1275:, whereby an apprentice slowly developed the necessary skills to undertake their job. For some specializations within conservation this is still the case. However, it is more common in the field of conservation today that the training required to become a practicing conservator comes from a recognized university course in conservation of cultural heritage. 563: 3683: 402:, and Edward Waldo Forbes, its director from 1909 to 1944. He encouraged technical investigation, and was Chairman of the Advisory Committee for the first technical journal, Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, published by the Fogg from 1932 to 1942. Importantly he also brought onto the museum staff chemists. 2770: 2452: 249: 246: 925:

Another dilemma is that many conservation-grade materials are chosen because they do not biodegrade. For example, when selecting a plastic with which to make storage enclosures, conservators prefer to use relatively long-lived plastics because they have better ageing properties - they are less likely

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Conservators and restorers use a wide variety of materials - in conservation treatments, and those used to safely transport, display and store cultural heritage items. These materials can include solvents, papers and boards, fabrics, adhesives and consolidants, plastics and foams, wood products, and

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It is of major concern to us that the only part of this section which makes any acknowledgement of the need for greater resourcing is the part which refers to acquisitions. The original consultation paper made quite extensive reference to the importance of collections, the role of new technologies,

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was established in 1991 by 14 European Conservator-Restorers' Organisations. Currently representing close to 6.000 professionals within 23 countries and 26 members organisations, including one international body (IADA), E.C.C.O. embodies the field of preservation of cultural heritage, both movable

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film, which can deteriorate beyond use within decades at ambient conditions. Digital storage costs are rising for both born-digital cultural heritage (photographs, audiovisual, time-based media) and to store digital preservation and access copies of cultural heritage. Digital storage capacity is a

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A principal aim of a cultural conservator is to reduce the rate of deterioration of an object. Both non-interventive and interventive methodologies may be employed in pursuit of this goal. Interventive conservation refers to any direct interaction between the conservator and the material fabric of

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Keeping up with the international contemporary scenario, recent concerns with sustainability in conservation have emerged. The common understanding that "the care of an artifact should not come at the undue expense of the environment" is generally well accepted within the community and is already

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in London; it was here that he established a set of guidelines or environmental controls for the best conditions in which objects could be stored and displayed within the museum environment. Although his exact guidelines are no longer rigidly followed, they did inspire this field of conservation.

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The care of cultural heritage has a long history, one that was primarily aimed at fixing and mending objects for their continued use and aesthetic enjoyment. Until the early 20th century, artists were normally the ones called upon to repair damaged artworks. During the 19th century, however, the

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Stoner, Joyce Hill. "Changing Approaches in Art Conservation: 1925 to the present". The publication exists in two editions. The earlier one is "Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques on Conservation and Analysis" and was published by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. The later

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The scope has widened from art conservation, involving protection and care of artwork and architecture, to conservation of cultural heritage, also including protection and care of a broad set of other cultural and historical works. Conservation of cultural heritage can be described as a type of

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Collections care is an important element of museum policy. It is an essential responsibility of members of the museum profession to create and maintain a protective environment for the collections in their care, whether in store, on display, or in transit. A museum should carefully monitor the

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was incorporated under British law in 1950 as "a permanent organization to co-ordinate and improve the knowledge, methods, and working standards needed to protect and preserve precious materials of all kinds." The rapid growth of conservation professional organizations, publications, journals,

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When asked by the Commons Culture Media and Sport elect Committee CMS committee what he would like to see as a priority in the DCMS document arising from the 'Understanding the Future' consultation, Mr MacGregor responded 'I would like to see added there the need to conserve and research the

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Conservation OnLine provides resources on ethical issues in conservation, including examples of codes of ethics and guidelines for professional conduct in conservation and allied fields; and charters and treaties pertaining to ethical issues involving the preservation of cultural property.

248: 1246:, in which they argue for integrating the public directly into efforts to conserve material culture, particularly that which is in the public, their argument, as stated on page 16, demonstrates their belief that society can benefit from conservation as a paradigm as well as a profession: 686:

One of the guiding principles of conservation of cultural heritage has traditionally been the idea of reversibility, that all interventions with the object should be fully reversible and that the object should be able to be returned to the state in which it was prior to the conservator's

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in the UK, although there had been craftsmen in many museums and in the commercial art world for generations. This department was created by the museum to address the deteriorating condition of objects in the collection, damages which were a result of their being stored in the

410:, the founder and first editor of Technical Studies. Gettens and Stout co-authored Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia in 1942, reprinted in 1966. This compendium is still cited regularly. Only a few dates and descriptions in Gettens' and Stout's book are now outdated. 2472: 421:

paintings in 1920s; he filed a patent for the table in 1937. Taylor's prototype table, which he designed and constructed, is still in operation. Oliver Brothers is believed to be the first and the oldest continuously operating art restoration company in the United States.

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The university can rarely provide all the necessary training in first hand experience that an apprenticeship can, and therefore in addition to graduate level training the profession also tends towards encouraging conservation students to spend time as an

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Often there are compromises between preserving appearance, maintaining original design and material properties, and ability to reverse changes. Reversibility is now emphasized so as to reduce problems with future treatment, investigation, and use.

1109:, a governmental department, authored a document: "Understanding the Future: Priorities for England's Museums". This document was based on several years of consultation aimed to lay out the government's priorities for museums in the 21st century. 124:

involves protection and restoration using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible." Conservation of cultural heritage is often associated with

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many others. Stability and longevity are two important factors conservators consider when selecting materials; sustainability is becoming an increasingly important third. Examples of sustainable material choices and practices include:

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This involves upholding professional standards, promoting research and publications, providing educational opportunities, and fostering the exchange of knowledge among cultural conservators, allied professionals, and the public.

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Within the various schools that teach conservation of cultural heritage, the approach differs according to the educational and vocational system within the country, and the focus of the school itself. This is acknowledged by the

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Today, professional conservators join and take part in the activities of numerous conservation associations and professional organizations with the wider field, and within their area of specialization. In Europe,

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have also played a significant role in developing conservation science theory. In recent years ethical concerns have been at the forefront of developments in conservation. Most significantly has been the idea of

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who advise "Specific admission requirements differ and potential candidates are encouraged to contact the programs directly for details on prerequisites, application procedures, and program curriculum".

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carried out scientific analysis on paint as well. However, perhaps the first organized attempt to apply a theoretical framework to the conservation of cultural heritage came with the founding in the

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edition of the publication is "Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia: Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis". It was published by the National Academies Press in 2005.

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No sector can look with confidence to the future if its key asset is worked harder and harder across an ever broadening range of objectives while the inputs required to sustain it are neglected.

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newsletters, both internationally and in localities, has spearheaded the development of the conservation profession, both practically and theoretically. Art historians and theorists such as

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conservators provide a paradigm not just for fixing things when they are broken, but for a wider social ethos of care, where we individually and collectively take responsibility and action.

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water filters in laboratories reduces waste associated with purchasing bottled products, but increases energy consumption. Similarly, locally-made papers and boards may reduce inherent

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apply both to work within cultural institutions (e.g. museums, art galleries, archives, libraries, research centres and historic sites) as well as to businesses and private studios.

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or harmful solvents. A number of research projects, working groups, and other initiatives have explored how conservation can become a more environmentally sustainable profession.

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Bartoletti, Angelica; Ferreira, Joana Lia (2020). "Sustainable strategies using supercritical carbon dioxide for the conservation of plastics: insight from the PlasCO2 project".

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A commitment to examine the potential for using Museum Accreditation as a more effective driver for improving recruitment, diversity, and career development across the sector.

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Conservators routinely use chemical and scientific analysis for the examination and treatment of cultural works. The modern conservation laboratory uses equipment such as

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In order for conservators to decide upon an appropriate conservation strategy and apply their professional expertise accordingly, they must take into account views of the

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Siège social: rue Coudenberg 70, BE-1000 Bruxelles, Belgique, Entreprise N° 0447.118.530 E.C.C.O. European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers' Organisations A.I.S.B.L

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regime instruments to better understand objects and their components. The data thus collected helps in deciding the conservation treatments to be provided to the object.

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materials. Changes in temperature will also bring about changes in relative humidity. Therefore, the conservation profession has placed great importance on controlling

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The focus of conservation development then accelerated in Britain and America, and it was in Britain that the first International Conservation Organisations developed.

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Individuals at all levels of government and in the private sector must assume responsibility for providing the support that will allow these collections to survive.

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DCMS to take full account of the eventual findings of the current Commons Select Committee enquiry into Care of Collections in the final version of this document

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HR consultants to be brought in from the commercial sector to review recruitment, career development and working practices in the national and regional museums.

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moment in which the work of art is appreciated in its material form and in its historical and aesthetic duality, with a view to transmitting it to the future".

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A review of survey results and prioritisation of the various intrinsic, instrumental and institutional values to provide a clear basis for a 10-year strategy

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Societies devoted to the care of cultural heritage have been in existence around the world for many years. One early example is the founding in 1877 of the

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The sector needs to work with partners in academia and beyond to create an intellectual framework supporting museums' capacity to tackle issues of identity.

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Improving the energy performance of cultural buildings by installing insulation, sealing gaps, reducing the number of windows and installing double-glazing:

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at 10 °C instead of 21 °C is estimated to increase its usable life by over 100 years. Controlling the relative humidity of air helps to reduce

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Many conservators and cultural organisations have sought to reduce the energy costs associated with controlling indoor storage and display environments (

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Observing recommended disposal protocols for chemicals, recyclable materials and compostable materials, particularly to avoid contamination of waterways;

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and involves collection care and management through tracking, examination, documentation, exhibition, storage, preventive conservation, and restoration.

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Museums' international roles will be strengthened to improve museum programmes in this country and Britain's image, reputation and relationships abroad.

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Government and the sector will find new ways to encourage museums to collect actively and strategically, especially the record of contemporary society.

5894: 5002: 4947: 4927: 4359: 2387: 623:. These works must be protected in controlled environments where such variables are maintained within a range of damage-limiting levels. For example, 507:. Ethical standards have been established across the world, and national and international ethical guidelines have been written. One such example is: 472: 3169: 2382: 1379:

work to preserve their cultural heritage with organizations including the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts and an international network of eight

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The value of museums' collections as a research resource will be well understood and better links built between the academic community and museums.

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As well as standards of practice conservators deal with wider ethical concerns, such as the debates as to whether all art is worth preserving.

3978: 3512: 3286:"Sustainability in Conservation: Saving Our Heritage and Our Planet | International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works" 4063: 4042: 3752: 3584: 2796: 2619: 2575: 1394:

in 1889 as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, was the United States' first statewide historic preservation group.

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Exhibition lighting - e.g. using lower-energy LED lighting systems and light sensors that switch lights on only when visitors are present;

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A national survey to find out what the public want from museums, what motivates them to visit them and what makes for a rewarding visit.

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Museums will embrace their role in fostering, exploring, celebrating and questioning the identities of diverse communities (pp 11–14).

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In the United Kingdom, pioneering research into painting materials and conservation, ceramics, and stone conservation was conducted by

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A consistent evidence base of the contribution of all kinds of museums to the full range of public service agendas will be developed.

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collections, so that the collections can really play the role across the whole of the United Kingdom that they should.' So would we.

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to house small groups of climate-sensitive objects instead of seeking to control the environmental conditions of the whole building.

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Copies of this volume are available for free pdf download from the Smithsonian's digital library by clicking on the included link.

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Understanding of the effectiveness of museum education will be improved further and best practice built into education programmes.

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Interamerican Seminar on the Conservation and Restoration of the Architectural Heritage of the Colonial and Republican Periods –

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and Sara Carroll (eds). 1999. Reversibility – Does it Exist? British Museum Occasional Paper Number 135. London: British Museum.

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condition of collections to determine when an artifact requires conservation work and the services of a qualified conservator.

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Waste and Materials; Collections Care: Packing, Storage & Transport; A Step-By-Step Guide for Sustainable Action; Volume 1

1932: 1595: 1471: 1331: 4349: 3708: 2729: 113: 2336: 1571: 958:, and lighting levels) as well as those associated with the transport of cultural heritage items for exhibitions and loans. 475:

are visible to the public through floor-to-ceiling glass walls that allow visitors to see firsthand all the techniques that

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There will be deeper and longer lasting partnerships between the national museums and a broader range of regional partners.

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Every collecting institution must develop an emergency plan to protect its collections and train staff to carry it out.

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are also gaining more attention. Cold storage is a very effective strategy to preserve at-risk collections such as

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An example of a highly publicized interventive conservation effort would be the conservation work conducted on the

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The sector will develop new collaborative approaches to sharing and developing collections and related expertise.

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The museum sector must continue to develop improved practical techniques for engaging communities of all sorts.

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Pye, E, 2001. Caring for the Past: Issues in Conservation for Archaeology and Museums. London: James and James

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Conservation of cultural heritage as a distinct field of study initially developed in Germany, where in 1888

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Furniture conservation – Re-glueing loose element of solid nut marriage chest (probably Italy, 19th century)

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with Alexander Scott in the recently created Research Laboratory, although he was actually employed by the

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Koestler, Robert J.; Koestler, Victoria H.; Charola, A. Elena; Nieto-Fernandez, Fernando E., eds. (2003).

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These organizations exist to "support the conservation professionals who preserve our cultural heritage".

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The built heritage was at the forefront of the growth of member based organizations in the United States.

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Some consider the tradition of conservation of cultural heritage in Europe to have begun in 1565 with the

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Plastics in Peril: Focus on Conservation of Polymeric Materials in Cultural Heritage,16-19 November 2020

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Choosing protective work wear that can be washed or cleaned and reused, rather than disposable options;

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Recognising that conservation practices should not harm the environment, harm people, or contribute to

35: 3365:"How Green Possibilities Can Help in a Future Sustainable Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Europe" 2095: 1917: 6159: 5953: 5906: 5703: 5592: 5411: 4670: 4615: 4527: 4354: 3094: 2815: 2453:"The Preservation and Conservation of Aboriginal and Pacific Cultural Material in Australian Museums" 2286: 1067:, a U.S. federal agency, produced The Heritage Health Index. The results of this work was the report 624: 476: 126: 65: 47: 2429: 2241: 1626: 1458: 1185:(ICON) published their response under the title "A Failure of Vision". It had the following to say: 1093: 1075:

Institutions must give priority to providing safe conditions for the collections they hold in trust.

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in the early years. Plenderleith's appointment may be said to have given birth to the conservation

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and cultural property issues, but this appears to have been whittled away in the present document.

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to become yellow, leach plasticisers, or lose structural integrity and crumble (examples include

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Every institution must assign responsibility for caring for collections to members of its staff.

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In the United States, the development of conservation of cultural heritage can be traced to the

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The conservation profession response to this report was on the whole less than favourable, the

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Tracking stock quantities to avoid over-buying, especially for materials with expiration dates;

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A Public Trust at Risk: The Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America's Collections

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Further to this the ICON website summary report lists the following specific recommendations:

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A Public Trust at Risk: The Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America's Collections

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Removal of adherent surface deposits by physical chemical means (by cotton swab) at Church of

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Museums' governing bodies and workforce will be representative of the communities they serve.

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was the first of such in the US to be permanently employed by an art museum. He worked with

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Stoner, Joyce Hill (2005). "Changing Approaches in Art Conservation: 1925 to the Present".

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Museums will work more closely with each other and partners outside the sector (pp 23–26).

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First archaeological search in the 19th-century layer by French archaeologist and restorer

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in Britain to protect the built heritage, this society continues to be active today. The

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Bacchus after restoration with colors closer to original and details better visible again.

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Other areas where energy use can be reduced within conservation and restoration include:

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use to examine, treat and preserve artworks within a functioning conservation Laboratory.

3433:"The Contribution of Conservators to Sustainability at the National Maritime Museum, UK" 3263: 1267:

Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property

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Museums will be embedded into the delivery of education in every school in the country.

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Reusing packaging materials such as cardboard boxes, plastic wrap and wooden crates;

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A teaching programme of interventive conservation was established in the UK at the

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Museums' workforce will be dynamic, highly skilled and representative (pp 17–22).

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A temporary windowed partition along restoration work area in the cloister of the

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Training in conservation of cultural heritage for many years took the form of an

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Work of preventive conservation in a rock wall with prehistoric paintings at the

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The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC)

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The adoption of those recommendations of the recent House of Lords inquiry into

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Installation of green energy capture systems in cultural organisations, such as

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fields of science and art became increasingly intertwined as scientists such as

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In France, training for heritage conservation is taught by four schools :

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Using locally produced products whenever possible, to reduce carbon footprints;

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both in the field and in archaeological collections, particularly those of the

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The conservator's work is guided by ethical standards. These take the form of

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Pye, Elizabeth; Brommelle, Norman (January 1977). "A Tribute to Ione Gedye".

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Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis

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II International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments

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Using durable materials for packing that may be washed and re-used, such as

534: 320: 2085: 2034:

Carta della conservazione e del restauro degli oggetti d'arte e di cultura

973:

reactions and minimises cracking, distortion and other physical changes in

253:

An early video showing some activities in a conservation laboratory at the

3786: 3202:

The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Work

1444:

International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments

698:

Example of an archaeological discovery and restoration of a mural painting

5860: 5757: 5497: 5482: 5453: 5406: 5154: 5114: 5109: 4655: 4479: 3391: 2236: 1158:

Find more varied ways for a broader range of skills to come into museums.

981:. Temperature and humidity can be controlled through passive means (e.g. 951: 907:

These decisions are not always straightforward - for example, installing

833: 612: 526:

contemplated in guidelines of diverse institutions related to the field.

4120:

BCIN, the Bibliographic Database of the Conservation Information Network

4074: 3456: 3432: 961:

In general, lowering the temperature reduces the rate at which damaging

903:

Using standard sizes of packaging and package designs that reduce waste;

276:

began to study the damaging effects of the environment to works of art.

88:, research, treatment, and education. This field is closely allied with 5614: 5524: 5401: 5386: 4542: 4224: 4090: 3888: 3676:

Understanding the Future: Priorities for England's Museums October 2006

3381: 3364: 2885:"Responsible Stewardship: Exploring Sustainability within Conservation" 2860: 2686: 1299: 890:

Repurposing consumables such as blotting paper, non-woven fabrics, and

628: 562: 332: 93: 4033: 3620: 3407: 2326: 1400:

E.C.C.O. European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers Organisations

1141:

Museums' collections will be more dynamic and better used (pp 15–18).

1005:

major factor in the complexity of preserving digital heritage such as

867:

Preparing smaller amounts of material (e.g. adhesives) to avoid waste;

607:

Many cultural works are sensitive to environmental conditions such as

5582: 5534: 5529: 5448: 4434: 4424: 4129: 2663:"Friedrich Rathgen: The Father of Modern Archaeological Conservation" 2311: 2216: 2212: 2191: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2100: 2080: 2055: 2019: 1974: 1922: 1902: 1852: 1698: 1677: 1656: 1611: 1566: 1541: 1280: 1116:

Museums will fulfil their potential as learning resources (pp 7–10).

1112:

The document listed the following as priorities for the next decade:

336: 159:

Conservation of cultural property applies simple ethical guidelines:

130: 77: 4001: 3487:"Simple sustainability practices in Conservation – What can you do?" 2678: 4130:

Conservation OnLine (CoOL) Resources for Conservation Professionals

2611: 2565: 5443: 4469: 4374: 3953:

Charola, A. Elena; Koestler, Robert J., eds. (11 September 2019).

1092: 1014: 884: 880: 667:

Antique conservation – Re-painting of the frame by museum employee

662: 654: 637: 616: 561: 553: 492: 462: 306: 259: 243: 107: 41: 29: 4135:

DOCAM — Documentation and Conservation of the Media Arts Heritage

4073:

Szczepanowska, H. M.; Jha, D.; Mathia, Th G. (25 February 2015).

4234: 4139: 3981:

Art, biology, and conservation: biodeterioration of works of art

3493:. Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material 2499:

Conservation of cultural heritage: key principles and approaches

1947: 1743: 938:). These plastics will also take longer to degrade in landfill. 857:

products or those with less environmental impact where possible;

467:

The Lunder Conservation Center. Conservation staff for both the

315:

wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this "

5336: 4157: 4003:

La nascita del restauro : dall'antichità all'alto Medioevo

2432:. International Council of Museums - Committee for Conservation 817:

Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by Tilly Kettle, after cleaning

417:(Est. 1850 in New York City) invented the vacuum hot table for 3844: 2949:

Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Material

837: 3622:

Energy, A Step-By-Step Guide for Sustainable Action, Volume 1

627:

usually require shielding from sunlight to prevent fading of

3577:

Museum lighting : a guide for conservators and curators

2777:, March 16, 1937. Patft1.uspto.gov. Retrieved on 2012-06-29. 2606:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 41. 894:

film when they are no longer fit for their original purpose;

224:

List of dates in the history of conservation and restoration

4250:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

4024:

Cultural heritage ethics : between theory and practice

679:, which is still teaching interventive conservators today. 584:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

450:, first published in 1978. Thomson was associated with the 415:

Oliver Brothers Art Restoration and Art Conservation-Boston

154:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

3930:"Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past" 2752: 2750: 2408:"Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past" 1832:

International Seminar on Contemporary Tourism and Humanism

439:. This concept is based in part on the pioneering work by 4255:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

4125:

CAMEO: Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia OnLine

580:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

296:, both of whom were deeply influenced by the writings of 149:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

4641:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

4124: 3087:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

1363:

Conservation associations and professional organizations

1343:

L'École supérieure des Beaux-Arts Tours, Angers, Le Mans

5289:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

4134: 4119: 3869: 3060:. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 185. 729:

Painting of the 15th century cleared before restoration

3544:"The Fate of Video Game Preservation Is in Your Hands" 2974:"E.C.C.O. Professional Guidelines (II) Code of Ethics" 3934:

The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law

3517:

National Film and Sound Archive Preservation Handbook

3363:

Di Turo, Francesca; Medeghini, Laura (January 2021).

2412:

The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law

189:

of the work, and the physical needs of the material.

4006:(Primaizione italiana ed.). Milano: Jaca book. 5979: 5848: 5786: 5650: 5575: 5374: 5238: 5051: 4780: 4724: 4591: 4493: 4195: 3159:"Working group on sustainability mandate 2020–2022" 2491: 2489: 4055:Historical perspectives on preventive conservation 2858:Weil, Stephen E. (October 1989). "Too much Art?". 2667:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 1244:It's a material world: caring for the public realm 992:The energy costs associated with cold storage and 6155:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage 5294:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 4430:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 4245:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 4140:ICOMOS Open Archive: EPrints on Cultural Heritage 3741:It's a material world caring for the public realm 3614: 3612: 3610: 1492:Consiglio Superiore Per Le Antichità e Belle Arti 58:conservation and restoration of cultural property 5317:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 5307:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 5271:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 3959:Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation 767:, the painting originating from the Workshop of 376:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research 232:, but more ancient examples include the work of 5840:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America 5312:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 5284:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 3891:. Conservation-us.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-29. 3781: 3779: 3652:. Washington, DC: Heritage Health Index. 2005. 3314:de Silva, Megan; Henderson, Jane (2011-03-01). 1791:Congress on the European Architectural Heritage 1369:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 1248: 1201: 1192: 1187: 1063:Heritage Preservation, in partnership with the 362:from 1900. Laurie's interests were fostered by 286:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 5248:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 4405:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 3812:"Formation initiale - Ministère de la Culture" 1806:European Charter of the Architectural Heritage 1290:field as conservators have backgrounds in the 750:Examples of the restoration of an oil painting 62:cultural property (tangible cultural heritage) 5348: 4169: 4058:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. 2567:Cassiodoro alle origini dell'idea di restauro 2373:Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles 965:occur within materials. For example, storing 166:Appropriate materials and reversible methods; 8: 4000:Pergoli Campanelli, Alessandro, ed. (2015). 3985:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 3709:"The Future of Museums: A Failure of Vision" 2383:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Collections Care 1306:), and closely related disciplines, such as 1161:Improve continuing professional development. 919:but they may be made with pulp sourced from 1357:Associations and professional organizations 1242:published an influential pamphlet entitled 5355: 5341: 5333: 4813:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 4176: 4162: 4154: 3599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 556:before (2001) and after (2009) restoration 514:Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice 230:restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes 169:Full documentation of all work undertaken. 4360:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 4079:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 4032: 3966: 3390: 3380: 3331: 3316:"Sustainability in conservation practice" 3106: 2810: 2808: 2553:. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 2388:International Day For Monuments and Sites 1414:International cultural property documents 1231:which might affect the future of museums. 651:Interventive conservation and restoration 4260:Conservation science (cultural property) 3668: 3666: 3320:Journal of the Institute of Conservation 2712:"Brief biography of Professor AP Laurie" 1994:World Conference on Cultural Policies – 1417: 1286:Conservation of cultural heritage is an 1065:Institute of Museum and Library Services 213:Conservation science (cultural property) 4027:. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. 3406:Kraczon, Kim; Wuebold, Justine (2021). 3195:"Climate Change and museum collections" 2564:Pergoli Campanelli, Alessandro (2013). 2398: 1107:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 753: 701: 27:Process of protecting cultural property 3928:Sullivan, Ann Marie (1 January 2016). 3592: 2768:U.S. "Art of Oil Painting Restoration" 1347:L'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne 3153: 3151: 1261:Conservation and restoration training 38:, burial chamber, in Suceava, Romania 7: 3879:. Apva.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-29. 3738:Jones, Samuel; Holden, John (2008). 3081:Appendino, Federica (October 2017). 985:, building design) or active means ( 358:, academic chemist and Principal of 288:in 1877. The society was founded by 3791:American Institute for Conservation 3058:Contemporary theory of conservation 1324:American Institute for Conservation 799:Rear-Admiral Richard Kempenfelt by 595:Risk management (cultural property) 512:American Institute for Conservation 54: 5939:Index of painting-related articles 4445:Preservation (library and archive) 2570:. Milano: Jaca book. p. 140. 2281:Declaration of Cartagena de Indias 1464:Conferenza Internazionale di Atene 838:Sustainable conservation practices 603:Preservation (library and archive) 339:, the Koniglichen Museen, Berlin ( 80:. Conservation activities include 60:focuses on protection and care of 25: 4021:Sandis, Constantine, ed. (2014). 3719:from the original on 6 March 2012 112:Revision and conservation of the 5299:Conservation-restoration of the 5175:Indigenous intellectual property 3851:. Central Tibetan Administration 3659:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3166:International Council of Museums 2834:"Ethical issues in conservation" 2496:Szczepanowska, Hanna M. (2013). 2352: 1332:École supérieure d'art d'Avignon 809: 791: 777: 756: 735: 721: 704: 566:Preserved historical quarter in 542: 533: 199:, describes restoration as "the 144:It may broadly be divided into: 4410:Inventory (library and archive) 4310:Cultural property documentation 4052:Staniforth, Sarah, ed. (2013). 3764:from the original on 2022-10-09 3689:from the original on 2022-10-09 3485:Fox, Jefferey; Ronai, Lucilla. 3211:from the original on 2022-10-09 3175:from the original on 2022-10-09 2990:from the original on 2022-10-09 2955:from the original on 2021-01-20 2901:from the original on 2022-10-09 1430:Text (English where available) 1351:Institut national du patrimoine 1235:In November 2008, the UK-based 1097:Conservation in Progress note, 771:, seen here before restoration. 644:Serra da Capivara National Park 469:Smithsonian American Art Museum 6175:Cultural heritage conservation 4808:Bone, horn, and antler objects 4350:Digital photograph restoration 3292:. 29 June 2019. Archived from 3260:Sustainability in Conservation 3235:Sustainability in Conservation 3108:10.1088/1757-899x/245/6/062002 3056:Muñoz Viñas, Salvador (2005). 2528:South Florida Art Conservation 114:Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc 1: 4993:South Asian household shrines 4691:Reconstruction (architecture) 4621:Cultural property radiography 4578:Registrar (cultural property) 4330:Cultural resources management 4290:Collections management system 3023:10.1080/01400096.1977.9635631 2883:Hernandez, Christian (2013). 266:Church of St. Trophime, Arles 5878:Museum collection management 5801:Art history (academic study) 5680:alternative exhibition space 5262:Conservation-restoration of 5253:Conservation-restoration of 4626:Detachment of wall paintings 4400:Intangible cultural heritage 4315:Cultural property exhibition 4300:Cultural heritage management 4149:Getty Conservation Institute 4145:Publications & Resources 3333:10.1080/19455224.2011.566013 2430:"Definition of a Profession" 2406:Sullivan, Ann Marie (2016). 6039:Colossal sculptures in situ 5743:Artist-in-residence program 4706:Transfer of panel paintings 3619:Southwick, Caitlin (2021). 2524:"What is Art Conservation?" 1826:Charter on Cultural Tourism 1714:Carta Italiana del Restauro 1487:Carta Italiana del restauro 6191: 6049:Contemporary art galleries 5944:Outline of the visual arts 5170:Heritage language learning 4440:Optical media preservation 3961:. Washington, D.C.: 1–72. 3870:APVA Preservation Virginia 3834:. Retrieved on 2012-06-29. 3673:Lammy, David, ed. (2006). 3431:O'Dwyer, Dervilla (2010). 3144:. University of Cambridge. 2945:"Environmental Guidelines" 2838:Conservation OnLine (CoOL) 2187:Declaration of San Antonio 1360: 1264: 1258: 1099:Victoria and Albert Museum 1013:, messaging services, and 743:Painting after restoration 592: 577: 221: 210: 6119: 5210:Oral history preservation 4325:Cultural property storage 4320:Cultural property imaging 3449:10.1179/sic.2010.55.3.155 2469:10.1179/iccm.1978.4.4.002 1183:Institute of Conservation 473:National Portrait Gallery 459:Conservation laboratories 6103:Most expensive paintings 5890:Conservation-restoration 5692:Contemporary art gallery 5257:by Elías García Martínez 4475:Sustainable preservation 3575:Saunders, David (2020). 2820:www.culturalheritage.org 1786:Declaration of Amsterdam 1759:Santo Domingo Resolution 1536:New Delhi Recommendation 824:Sustainable conservation 673:Institute of Archaeology 349:Institute of Archaeology 116:(Czech Republic) in 2006 6111:works by living artists 5873:Classificatory disputes 5215:Preservation of meaning 5200:Language revitalization 4868:Illuminated manuscripts 4646:Historic paint analysis 4538:Conservation technician 4340:Deaccessioning (museum) 4280:Collections maintenance 4205:Agents of deterioration 3968:10.5479/si.19492359.1.1 3682:. ABC 5 Public report. 3437:Studies in Conservation 3099:2017MS&E..245f2002A 2787:Thomson, Garry (1986). 2661:Gilberg, Mark. (1987). 2549:Brandi, Cesare (1963). 2156:European Recommendation 1054:Country by country look 599:Collections maintenance 589:Preventive conservation 568:Beirut Central District 437:preventive conservation 404:Rutherford John Gettens 341:Royal Museums of Berlin 82:preventive conservation 5225:Tradition preservation 4878:Iron and steel objects 4767:Outdoor bronze objects 4711:UVC-based preservation 4568:Photograph conservator 4533:Conservation scientist 4285:Collections management 4215:Archaeological science 3787:"Become a Conservator" 3513:"Cold Storage of Film" 3290:www.iiconservation.org 3231:"Sustainable Practice" 2925:www.iiconservation.org 2789:The museum environment 2232:Carta de Mar del Plata 2165:Committee of Ministers 1847:Nairobi Recommendation 1294:, sciences (including 1252: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1102: 967:cellulose acetate film 668: 660: 647: 570: 480: 366:. In 1924 the chemist 360:Heriot-Watt University 324: 268: 257: 117: 51: 39: 5748:Artist-run initiative 5635:Visual arts education 5230:Traditional knowledge 5195:Language preservation 4803:Ancient Greek pottery 4701:Textile stabilization 4563:Paintings conservator 4450:Preservation metadata 4335:Database preservation 4189:historic preservation 3443:(3 (2010)): 155–158. 2502:. London: Routledge. 1761:, Dominican Republic 1739:Stockholm Declaration 1388:Preservation Virginia 1105:In October 2006, the 1096: 1031:photovoltaic plates, 666: 658: 641: 625:watercolour paintings 621:ultraviolet radiation 565: 466: 413:George T. Oliver, of 370:began to work at the 356:Arthur Pillans Laurie 310: 302:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 263: 252: 197:Theory of Restoration 163:Minimal intervention; 111: 45: 33: 6044:Contemporary artists 5907:Destination painting 5704:Single-artist museum 5593:Conservator-restorer 5018:Time-based media art 4828:Copper-based objects 4742:Archaeological sites 4671:Mass deacidification 4616:Cradling (paintings) 4528:Conservator-restorer 4355:Digital preservation 3889:About AIC – Overview 2816:"Our Code of Ethics" 2451:Walston, S. (1978). 2306:Paris Recommendation 2207:Declaration of Sofia 2075:Paris Recommendation 1970:Tlaxcala Declaration 1868:Machu Picchu Charter 1693:Paris Recommendation 1651:Paris Recommendation 1606:Paris Recommendation 1561:Paris Recommendation 1229:Science and Heritage 393:conservation science 335:to be employed by a 90:conservation science 48:Horses of Saint Mark 46:Conservation of the 6034:Art reference books 5828:History of painting 5412:Fine-art photograph 5322:World Heritage Site 5185:Indigenous language 5085:Endangered language 4983:Shipwreck artifacts 4963:Photographic plates 4913:Musical instruments 4666:Lining of paintings 4583:Textile conservator 4558:Objects conservator 4548:Exhibition designer 4455:Preservation survey 4380:Found in collection 4270:Collection (museum) 4240:Calendar (archives) 4210:Archival processing 3825:History of the SPAB 3542:Bunting, Geoffrey. 3523:on 17 November 2022 3266:on 10 November 2021 2822:. AIC. August 1994. 2551:Teoria del restauro 2015:Declaration of Rome 1943:Nairobi Declaration 1925:: Historic Gardens 979:indoor environments 921:old growth forests. 844:Choice of materials 387:tunnels during the 368:Harold Plenderleith 364:William Holman Hunt 207:History and science 185:, artist's intent, 6129:Visual arts portal 6059:National galleries 5912:Eclecticism in art 5867:Catalogue raisonné 5738:Artist cooperative 5180:Indigenous culture 4523:Collection manager 4420:Media preservation 4415:Inventory (museum) 4275:Collection catalog 4091:10.1039/C4JA00337C 3875:2008-06-13 at the 3830:2008-05-16 at the 3382:10.3390/su13073609 2773:2016-01-24 at the 2766:Patent# 2,073,802 2734:The British Museum 2530:. 28 February 2014 2378:The Georgian Group 2051:Washington Charter 1990:México Declaration 1958:2009-02-18 at the 1726:2009-05-23 at the 1502:2009-05-23 at the 1474:2009-05-23 at the 1103: 963:chemical reactions 669: 661: 648: 571: 481: 448:Museum Environment 385:London Underground 325: 313:Harvard University 269: 258: 118: 78:museum collections 52: 40: 36:Sucevița Monastery 6170:Cultural heritage 6142: 6141: 5733:Artist collective 5547:Site-specific art 5397:Cultural artifact 5330: 5329: 5279:Pompeian frescoes 5165:Heritage language 5055:cultural heritage 4843:Flags and banners 4788:cultural property 4752:Heritage railways 4732:cultural property 4681:Paleo-inspiration 4365:Film preservation 4305:Cultural property 4295:Cultural heritage 4185:Cultural heritage 4065:978-1-60606-142-8 4044:978-1-78374-067-3 4034:10.11647/obp.0047 3754:978-1-906693-07-7 3747:. London: DEMOS. 3586:978-1-60606-637-9 2798:978-0-7506-2041-3 2636:"Art Under Wraps" 2621:978-0-309-09625-6 2577:978-88-16-41207-1 2343: 2342: 2327:Delhi Declaration 2161:Council of Europe 1811:Council of Europe 1515:Charter of Athens 1304:materials science 1288:interdisciplinary 1002:cellulose acetate 998:cellulose nitrate 952:relative humidity 803:, before cleaning 769:Leonardo da Vinci 331:became the first 329:Friedrich Rathgen 250: 122:cultural property 16:(Redirected from 6182: 6098:Stolen paintings 5966:Sociology of art 5917:Economics of art 5768:Sculpture garden 5753:Artist-run space 5552:Social sculpture 5422:Installation art 5357: 5350: 5343: 5334: 5266:by Thomas Eakins 5264:The Gross Clinic 5160:Folklore studies 5070:Applied folklore 5043:Wooden furniture 5038:Wooden artifacts 5033:Woodblock prints 5013:Tibetan thangkas 4873:Insect specimens 4762:Outdoor artworks 4757:Historic gardens 4390:Heritage science 4178: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4069: 4048: 4036: 4017: 3996: 3972: 3970: 3949: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3590: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3519:. Archived from 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3384: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3301: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262:. Archived from 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3174: 3163: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3110: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2784: 2778: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2714:. Archived from 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2689:. Archived from 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2640:Harvard Magazine 2632: 2626: 2625: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2471:. Archived from 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2403: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2096:Lausanne Charter 1918:Florence Charter 1672:Paris Convention 1418: 1340: 987:air conditioning 813: 795: 781: 760: 739: 725: 708: 615:and exposure to 546: 537: 452:National Gallery 251: 120:Conservation of 56: 21: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6124:Painting portal 6115: 6022:sculpture parks 5975: 5934:Elements of art 5902:Cultural policy 5844: 5796:Timeline of art 5782: 5773:Sculpture trail 5652: 5646: 5571: 5488:Performance art 5370: 5361: 5331: 5326: 5273:The Last Supper 5240: 5234: 5220:Primitive music 5130:Folk instrument 5105:Family folklore 5095:Ethnomusicology 5090:Ethnochoreology 5057: 5054: 5047: 4968:Plastic objects 4953:Performance art 4938:Panel paintings 4933:Painting frames 4898:Leather objects 4818:Ceramic objects 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:and restoration 4783: 4776: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:and restoration 4727: 4720: 4686:Paper splitting 4601:Aging (artwork) 4593: 4587: 4573:Preservationist 4495: 4489: 4345:Digital library 4197: 4191: 4182: 4116: 4103: 4101: 4072: 4066: 4051: 4045: 4020: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3976: 3952: 3927: 3924: 3922:Further reading 3919: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3877:Wayback Machine 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3832:Wayback Machine 3823: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3608: 3591: 3587: 3579:. Los Angeles. 3574: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3011:The Conservator 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2775:Wayback Machine 2765: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2679:10.2307/3179459 2660: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2287:Conselho Andino 2264:Cracow Charter 1960:Wayback Machine 1728:Wayback Machine 1504:Wayback Machine 1476:Wayback Machine 1416: 1403:and immovable. 1373:14th Dalai Lama 1365: 1359: 1334: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1091: 1061: 1056: 994:digital storage 944: 846: 826: 819: 818: 814: 805: 804: 796: 787: 786: 782: 773: 772: 761: 752: 745: 744: 740: 731: 730: 726: 717: 716: 709: 700: 653: 605: 593:Main articles: 591: 586: 578:Main articles: 576: 560: 559: 558: 557: 552:Castle gate of 549: 548: 547: 539: 538: 501: 461: 446:, and his book 408:George L. Stout 400:Fogg Art Museum 389:First World War 274:Michael Faraday 244: 242: 226: 220: 215: 209: 127:art collections 106: 84:, examination, 28: 23: 22: 18:Art restoration 15: 12: 11: 5: 6188: 6186: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6074:by nationality 6071: 6061: 6056: 6054:Modern artists 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5997:Art techniques 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5883:deaccessioning 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5788:History of art 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5778:Virtual museum 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5675:Art exhibition 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5557:Soft sculpture 5554: 5549: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Conceptual art 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Living history 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Language death 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5125:Folk etymology 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Dance notation 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4988:Silver objects 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4772:Outdoor murals 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4696:Rissverklebung 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Arrested decay 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4594:and techniques 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Heritage asset 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4230:Bioarchaeology 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4114:External links 4112: 4111: 4110: 4085:(3): 651–657. 4070: 4064: 4049: 4043: 4018: 4012: 3997: 3992:978-1588391070 3991: 3974: 3950: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3906:www.icomos.org 3893: 3881: 3862: 3836: 3817: 3803: 3775: 3753: 3730: 3700: 3662: 3636: 3606: 3585: 3567: 3534: 3504: 3477: 3423: 3398: 3369:Sustainability 3355: 3306: 3277: 3247: 3222: 3186: 3147: 3130: 3073: 3067:978-0750662246 3066: 3048: 3036: 3001: 2965: 2936: 2912: 2892:Annual Meeting 2875: 2850: 2825: 2804: 2797: 2779: 2759: 2746: 2721: 2718:on 2012-07-14. 2703: 2673:(2): 105–120. 2653: 2642:. 1 March 2000 2627: 2620: 2612:10.17226/11413 2592: 2583: 2576: 2556: 2541: 2515: 2509:978-0415674744 2508: 2485: 2443: 2421: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2360:Society portal 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2248:(Portuguese), 2244:(Portuguese), 2239: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2167: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2139: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1926: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1881:(Portuguese), 1877:(Portuguese), 1872: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773:(Portuguese), 1768: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1629: 1627:Norms of Quito 1624: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1589: 1584: 1582:Venice Charter 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1544: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1466: 1461: 1459:Carta Di Atene 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1439:Athens Charter 1436: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1377:Tibetan people 1361:Main article: 1358: 1355: 1273:apprenticeship 1259:Main article: 1256: 1253: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1090: 1089:United Kingdom 1087: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1040: 1025: 956:air filtration 943: 940: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 888: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862:green solvents 858: 845: 842: 830:global warming 825: 822: 821: 820: 816: 815: 808: 806: 798: 797: 790: 788: 784: 783: 776: 774: 763: 762: 755: 751: 748: 747: 746: 742: 741: 734: 732: 728: 727: 720: 718: 711: 710: 703: 699: 696: 692:Sistine Chapel 652: 649: 590: 587: 575: 572: 551: 550: 541: 540: 532: 531: 530: 529: 528: 516: 515: 505:applied ethics 500: 497: 491:, and various 460: 457: 372:British Museum 290:William Morris 282:United Kingdom 241: 238: 222:Main article: 219: 216: 211:Main article: 208: 205: 201:methodological 171: 170: 167: 164: 157: 156: 151: 105: 102: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6187: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081:Photographers 6079: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6027:single artist 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:Art movements 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5987:Art magazines 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5927:art valuation 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811:Art movements 5809: 5807: 5806:Art manifesto 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5728:Arts festival 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5567:Artwork title 5565: 5563: 5562:Stained glass 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461:New media art 5459: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5382:Appropriation 5380: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5135:Folk medicine 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065:Ancient music 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998:Stained glass 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Road vehicles 4976: 4974: 4973:Rail vehicles 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4923:New media art 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Ivory objects 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Human remains 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Glass objects 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4730:of immovable 4723: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Desmet method 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496:and expertise 4492: 4486: 4485:Web archiving 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395:Inherent vice 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4015: 4013:9788816412996 4009: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3964: 3960: 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3100: 3096: 3093:(6): 062002. 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2854: 2851: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2735: 2731: 2730:"Departments" 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2693:on 2011-10-08 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2475:on 2016-03-23 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:ICCM Bulletin 2454: 2447: 2444: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2368:Art discovery 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