35:
371:
Bwamba fever presents itself as a severe, but benign generalised infection of short duration, usually only lasting four to five days. Symptoms include fever, headache, arthralgia, and local as well as generalised pain. No fatalities have been recorded so far.
272:
complex, that associates with RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The complex is surrounded by a lipid layer, into which the nuclear complex interacts. Finally the particle is membrane bound, spherical, and in total is approximately 100 nm in diameter.
621:
Schmaljohn C.S. and Hooper, J.W. (2001). Bunyaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields
Virology, 4' Edn, (D.M. Knipe and P. Howley, eds), pp 1581–1602. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
376:
is nearly always present and is frequently associated with meningeal involvement. Intestinal tract involvement, especially diarrhea, is also seen. Some patients may also develop a body rash", as reported by the
281:
Once inside a host cell cytoplasm, the genomic RNA’s are transcribed into mRNA’s by the associated RNA polymerase. From these transcripts, the host machinery is used for translation into viral proteins. The
225:
bites and results in a brief benign generalised infection with headache, skin rash, diarrhea and joint pain and lasts 4–5 days. The animal reservoir of the virus includes birds, monkeys and donkeys.
309:. Bwamba fever is present in large parts of Africa and antibodies of the virus have been found ‘as far south as the Republic of South Africa and as far north westwards as Gambia’. Bwamba fever is
516:. Retrieved 17 February 2012. ‘Nine strains, all from human beings and all identical with each other, were designated Bwamba fever virus. Bwamba fever virus believed to be hitherto unknown.’
1710:
505:
651:
325:, where the virus was initially discovered. The distribution of the virus tends to be underestimated because the symptoms are relatively mild and are often mistaken for
1466:
2010:
1969:
1720:
290:, meaning genes run in both the positive and negative directions. To enable correct translation of the proteins, a second round of transcription has to occur.
1095:
305:
In 1937, Bwamba fever was first recognized as a clinical illness among construction workers building a road to Bwamba County, Western Uganda, present day
587:
Bowen, M.D.; Trappier, S.G.; Sanchez, A.J.; Meyer, R.F.; Goldsmith, C.S.; Zaki, S.R.; Dunster, L.M.; Peters, C.J.; Ksiazek, T.G.; et al. (2001).
732:
644:
969:
1084:
959:
528:
502:
1471:
1311:
844:
839:
637:
297:, which is then itself transcribed into new RNA genomes, with the aid of the RNA polymerases produced from the gene expression.
378:
2038:
1246:
34:
1503:
1143:
742:
1794:
1789:
1397:
363:
The animal reservoir includes birds, monkeys and donkeys, which have been found to possess antibodies to Bwamba virus.
1424:
1419:
1407:
949:
832:
538:. Retrieved 17 February 2012. ‘Among the many viruses and fevers that researched are Bwamba Fever Virus (1939–1943)’
1947:
1513:
1431:
1412:
778:
1974:
1636:
1099:
991:
1715:
1658:
1536:
1331:
856:
237:
294:
1819:
1481:
1476:
1381:
1176:
1162:
1138:
1080:
890:
774:
418:
236:
has a negative sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, and so is classified as a class V virus under the
1909:
1166:
1134:
1110:
945:
823:
747:
708:
687:
310:
1599:
1508:
1486:
1150:
827:
345:
1651:
1646:
1025:
29:
1587:
1572:
1441:
1236:
306:
166:
1784:
1059:
911:
625:
356:
175:
2015:
1956:
1864:
1641:
984:
798:
610:
575:
485:
350:
269:
629:
1592:
1577:
1207:
1018:
1013:
600:
565:
475:
390:
119:
589:"A reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in Kenya and Somalia"
1669:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1090:
1001:
881:
876:
532:
509:
199:
131:
83:
525:
1496:
1184:
1155:
570:
553:
480:
463:
265:
2032:
1843:
1753:
1701:
1622:
1604:
1526:
1446:
1322:
1304:
1216:
1006:
663:
260:
RNA encodes envelope glycoproteins and a non structural membrane polypeptide and the
71:
1857:
1683:
1457:
1272:
1191:
1125:
1114:
1071:
906:
899:
894:
849:
814:
757:
699:
205:
161:
107:
95:
1961:
667:
1932:
554:"Isolations of Bwamba virus from south central Uganda and north eastern Tanzania"
464:"Isolations of Bwamba virus from south central Uganda and north eastern Tanzania"
1941:
1688:
1678:
1582:
1563:
1390:
1385:
1281:
1045:
979:
936:
866:
788:
712:
2001:
1875:
1805:
1775:
1725:
1609:
1491:
1372:
1227:
1105:
1036:
918:
767:
394:
314:
210:
1884:
676:
287:
59:
614:
605:
588:
579:
489:
1995:
1926:
660:
373:
341:
318:
268:. The segmented RNAs are surrounded by nucleocapsid proteins that form a
222:
214:
462:
Lutwama, Julius; Rwaguma, Elly; Nawanga, Peter; Mukuye, Anthony (2002).
1814:
1763:
1741:
1260:
326:
419:"Implementation of non-Latinized binomial species names in the family
1852:
1631:
1360:
1349:
322:
218:
1903:
552:
Lutwama, J. J.; Rwaguma, E. B.; Nawanga, P. L.; Mukuye, A. (2002).
209:
RNA viruses. BWAV is present in large parts of Africa, endemic in
46:
923:
1907:
633:
252:), which have a combined length of approximately 12,000nt. The
1551:
256:
RNA encodes a nucleocapsid and non structural proteins, the
293:
To replicate the genome, transcription occurs to produce a
240:
system. The genome is segmented into three pieces, Large (
430:
International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
286:
segment is slightly different from the rest as it is
1985:
1916:
1873:
1841:
1832:
1803:
1773:
1751:
1740:
1699:
1667:
1620:
1561:
1550:
1524:
1455:
1370:
1359:
1348:
1320:
1270:
1259:
1225:
1205:
1123:
1069:
1058:
1034:
934:
812:
697:
686:
675:
381:, who also discovered the disease in the 1940s.
503:"The Rockefeller Foundation: Annual Report 1949"
645:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
8:
412:
410:
1096:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1904:
1838:
1748:
1558:
1367:
1356:
1267:
1066:
694:
683:
652:
638:
630:
18:
604:
569:
479:
313:in several African countries, including
406:
277:Gene expression and genome replication
221:. It is transmitted to humans through
1467:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
7:
970:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
14:
340:is transmitted to humans through
960:Western equine encephalomyelitis
950:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
33:
1085:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
417:Briese, Thomas (15 June 2015).
379:Uganda Virus Research Institute
344:bites. The main anthropophilic
1247:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
536:The Rockefeller Archive Center
1:
1504:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
743:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
264:RNA encodes an RNA dependent
1398:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
197:(BWAV) belongs to the genus
1420:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
1408:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2055:
1432:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
1312:Sandfly fever Naples virus
624:Bwamba Virus description,
526:"Twentieth Century Africa"
514:The Rockefeller Foundation
1100:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
301:Geographical distribution
181:
174:
158:
153:
28:
21:
1716:SARS-related coronavirus
1679:Henipavirus encephalitis
1537:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
1382:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1163:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1135:Arbovirus encephalitides
1111:Arbovirus encephalitides
1081:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1046:Banna virus encephalitis
946:Arbovirus encephalitides
891:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
857:Saint Louis encephalitis
824:Arbovirus encephalitides
775:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
709:Arbovirus encephalitides
295:replicative intermediate
238:Baltimore classification
1820:Yaba monkey tumor virus
1177:Kyasanur Forest disease
1139:Tick-borne encephalitis
840:Australian encephalitis
733:California encephalitis
558:African Health Sciences
468:African Health Sciences
1948:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
1918:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
1167:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
748:La Crosse encephalitis
606:10.1006/viro.2001.1201
338:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
234:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
194:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
146:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
23:Bwamba orthobunyavirus
2039:Animal viral diseases
1600:Marburg virus disease
1151:Powassan encephalitis
828:Japanese encephalitis
1026:Semliki Forest virus
30:Virus classification
1573:Ebola virus disease
1237:Colorado tick fever
992:O'nyong'nyong fever
307:Bundibugyo District
1785:Simian foamy virus
531:2016-03-04 at the
508:2013-04-10 at the
357:Anopheles funestus
2026:
2025:
1910:Taxon identifiers
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1828:
1827:
1736:
1735:
1546:
1545:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1255:
1254:
1054:
1053:
799:Rift Valley fever
351:Anopheles gambiae
270:Ribonucleoprotein
190:
189:
2046:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1905:
1839:
1749:
1559:
1368:
1357:
1332:Chandipura virus
1268:
1208:Orthomyxoviridae
1067:
1014:Ross River fever
779:Bunyamwera fever
695:
684:
654:
647:
640:
631:
618:
608:
583:
573:
539:
523:
517:
500:
494:
493:
483:
459:
442:
441:
439:
437:
427:
414:
391:Bundibugyo virus
121:Peribunyaviridae
38:
37:
19:
16:Species of virus
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1981:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1912:
1902:
1889:
1869:
1834:
1824:
1799:
1769:
1743:
1732:
1695:
1670:Paramyxoviridae
1663:
1616:
1553:
1542:
1520:
1451:
1362:
1351:
1336:
1316:
1300:Pappataci fever
1293:Oropouche virus
1288:Oropouche fever
1262:
1251:
1221:
1201:
1119:
1091:Heartland virus
1061:
1050:
1030:
1002:Pogosta disease
930:
877:West Nile fever
808:
689:
678:
671:
658:
586:
551:
548:
543:
542:
533:Wayback Machine
524:
520:
510:Wayback Machine
501:
497:
461:
460:
445:
435:
433:
425:
416:
415:
408:
403:
387:
369:
335:
303:
279:
231:
229:Virus structure
200:Orthobunyavirus
154:Member viruses
149:
133:Orthobunyavirus
85:Negarnaviricota
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2007:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1938:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1879:
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1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
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1849:
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1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
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1693:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1675:
1673:
1665:
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1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1522:
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1518:
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1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
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1439:
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1429:
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1417:
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1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1257:
1256:
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1250:
1249:
1244:
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1242:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
998:
997:
989:
988:
987:
977:
976:
975:
967:
966:
965:
957:
956:
955:
942:
940:
932:
931:
929:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
914:
904:
903:
902:
887:
886:
885:
884:
874:
873:
872:
864:
863:
862:
854:
853:
852:
847:
837:
836:
835:
820:
818:
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
804:
796:
795:
794:
786:
785:
784:
771:
770:
765:
764:
763:
755:
754:
753:
745:
740:
739:
738:
730:
729:
728:
720:
719:
718:
705:
703:
692:
681:
673:
672:
664:viral diseases
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
628:
627:
622:
619:
599:(2): 185–190.
584:
547:
544:
541:
540:
518:
495:
443:
405:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
386:
383:
368:
365:
334:
331:
302:
299:
278:
275:
266:RNA polymerase
230:
227:
203:and the order
188:
187:
179:
178:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
143:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
97:Ellioviricetes
93:
89:
88:
81:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:Rhabdoviridae
1840:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1754:Herpesviridae
1750:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:Coronaviridae
1698:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1623:Rhabdoviridae
1619:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:Herpesviridae
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:Rhabdoviridae
1319:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Toscana virus
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1217:Bourbon virus
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:Sindbis virus
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
995:
994:
993:
990:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
973:
972:
971:
968:
963:
962:
961:
958:
953:
952:
951:
947:
944:
943:
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367:Human disease
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248:) and Small (
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167:Pongola virus
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73:Orthornavirae
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58:
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45:
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36:
31:
27:
24:
20:
1987:Bwamba virus
1986:
1917:
1874:
1865:Mokola virus
1842:
1804:
1776:Retroviridae
1774:
1762:
1752:
1700:
1668:
1621:
1562:
1535:
1525:
1458:Bunyavirales
1456:
1373:Arenaviridae
1371:
1321:
1273:Bunyavirales
1271:
1226:
1206:
1192:Langat virus
1126:Flaviviridae
1124:
1115:Bhanja virus
1072:Bunyavirales
1070:
1035:
935:
907:Yellow fever
895:Dengue fever
815:Flaviviridae
813:
758:Tahyna virus
723:Bwamba Fever
722:
700:Bunyavirales
698:
596:
592:
564:(1): 24–28.
561:
557:
535:
521:
513:
498:
474:(1): 24–28.
471:
467:
434:. Retrieved
429:
421:Bunyaviridae
420:
370:
362:
355:
349:
337:
336:
333:Transmission
304:
292:
283:
280:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
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206:Bunyavirales
204:
198:
193:
192:
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184:Bwamba virus
183:
182:
162:Bwamba virus
145:
144:
132:
120:
109:Bunyavirales
108:
96:
84:
72:
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
1942:Wikispecies
1564:Filoviridae
1386:Lassa fever
1282:Adria virus
980:Chikungunya
937:Togaviridae
867:Usutu virus
789:Ngari virus
713:Batai virus
432:. p. 7
244:), Medium (
1876:Poxviridae
1806:Poxviridae
1726:SARS-CoV-2
1228:Reoviridae
1106:Tete virus
1037:Reoviridae
919:Zika fever
768:Tete virus
666:(A80–B34,
546:Literature
436:4 February
401:References
395:Ebolavirus
315:Mozambique
211:Mozambique
1933:Q24809053
1885:Monkeypox
677:Arthropod
288:ambisense
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
61:Riboviria
2033:Category
2016:11459324
2002:Q5003661
1996:Wikidata
1927:Wikidata
1833:Multiple
1721:SARS-CoV
1711:MERS-CoV
900:DENV-1-4
688:Mosquito
661:Zoonotic
615:11878887
593:Virology
580:12789111
529:Archived
506:Archived
490:12789111
385:See also
374:Exanthem
342:mosquito
319:Tanzania
223:mosquito
215:Tanzania
176:Synonyms
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
1835:vectors
1815:Tanapox
1764:B virus
1742:Primate
1261:Sandfly
1087:(CCHFV)
668:042–079
571:2141559
481:2141559
346:vectors
327:malaria
311:endemic
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
1853:Rabies
1795:HTLV-2
1790:HTLV-1
1744:-borne
1632:Rabies
1554:-borne
1363:-borne
1361:Rodent
1352:-borne
1350:Mammal
1284:(ADRV)
1263:-borne
1062:-borne
690:-borne
679:-borne
613:
578:
568:
488:
478:
323:Uganda
219:Uganda
2011:IRMNG
1975:35310
1593:ZEBOV
1497:THAIV
985:CHIKV
426:(PDF)
393:, an
54:Realm
47:Virus
1970:NCBI
1962:NZGS
1858:RABV
1659:CHPV
1647:DUVV
1642:MOKV
1637:ABLV
1610:RAVV
1605:MARV
1588:TAFV
1583:SUDV
1578:BDBV
1509:ANDV
1492:AMRV
1487:SEOV
1482:PUUV
1477:HTNV
1472:DOBV
1447:CHPV
1442:LUJV
1436:MACV
1425:SABV
1413:JUNV
1402:GTOV
1391:LASV
1241:CTFV
1196:LGTV
1185:AHFV
1181:KFDV
1171:OHFV
1156:POWV
1144:TBEV
1060:Tick
996:ONNV
974:VEEV
964:WEEV
954:EEEV
924:ZIKV
871:USUV
861:SLEV
850:KUNV
845:MVEV
803:RVFV
793:NRIV
783:BUNV
762:TAHV
752:LACV
727:BWAV
717:BATV
611:PMID
576:PMID
486:PMID
438:2019
354:and
348:are
321:and
217:and
1957:CoL
1689:NiV
1684:HeV
1652:LBV
1552:Bat
1514:SNV
1019:RRV
912:YFV
882:WNV
833:JEV
737:CEV
601:doi
597:291
566:PMC
476:PMC
2035::
2013::
1998::
1972::
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446:^
428:.
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1098:(
670:)
653:e
646:t
639:v
617:.
603::
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562:2
492:.
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440:.
423:"
372:"
284:S
262:L
258:M
254:S
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246:M
242:L
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