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enzymes activity, and ratio of the residual substrate) and compositional analysis. (2) Serial dilutions were conducted to the enriched effective microbial consortia. Six dilutions were prepared, from dilution 10 to 10 with 24 replicates. The dissimilarity between dilutions was evaluated by
Euclidean distance calculation based on functional assessment criteria. (3) Library construction was done from the dilution offering the optimal dissimilarity among replicates. Dilution 10 was selected to construct the SMC library in this case. (4) Selection of the most promising SMC is based on functional and compositional characterization.
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304:(AMF), and fungi from the genus Trichoderma spp. can establish beneficial interactions with plants, promoting plant growth and development, increasing the plant defense system against pathogens, promoting nutrient uptake, and enhancing tolerance to different environmental stresses. Rhizosphere microorganisms can influence one another, and the resulting consortia of PGPB + PGPB (e.g., a nitrogen-fixing bacterium such as
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consortia from seawater and rumen liquor . Dilution-to-extinction is expected to provide more advantages compared to conventional isolation and assembly as it (i) generates many microbial combinations ready to be screened, (ii) includes strains from the initial microbial pool that might be lost due to cultivation/isolation biases, and (iii) ensures that all microbes are physically present and interacting spontaneously.
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440:, consortia take the ability to engineer novel cell behaviors to a population level. Consortia are more common than not in nature, and generally prove to be more robust than monocultures. Just over 7,000 species of bacteria have been cultured and identified to date. Many of the estimated 1.2 million bacteria species that remain have yet to be cultured and identified, in part due to inabilities to be cultured
185:
stand as a bottleneck in attempts to move forward to practical application due to (i) potential negative correlation with efficiency, (ii) real microbial cheaters whose presence has no impacts on degradation, (iii) security threats posed by the presence of known or unknown pathogens, and (iv) risks of losing the properties of interest if supported by rare taxa.
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biodiversity of a microbial community from diesel-contaminated soils. Therefore, it is crucial to find reliable strategies to narrow down the diversity toward optimized microbial consortia gained from environmental samples. A reductive-screening approach was applied to construct effective minimal microbial consortia for
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Two approaches exist to obtain microbial consortia involving either (i) a synthetic assembly from scratch by combining several isolated strains, or (ii) obtainment of complex microbial communities from environmental samples. For the later, enrichment process is often used to get the desired microbial
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Skariyachan, Sinosh; Patil, Amulya A.; Shankar, Apoorva; Manjunath, Meghna; Bachappanavar, Nikhil; Kiran, S. (2018). "Enhanced polymer degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by novel thermophilic consortia of
Brevibacillus SPS. And Aneurinibacillus sp. Screened from waste management landfills
902:
Skariyachan, Sinosh; Patil, Amulya A.; Shankar, Apoorva; Manjunath, Meghna; Bachappanavar, Nikhil; Kiran, S. (2018). "Enhanced polymer degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by novel thermophilic consortia of
Brevibacillus SPS. And Aneurinibacillus sp. Screened from waste management landfills
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Although various studies have shown that single microorganisms can exert beneficial effects on plants, it is increasingly evident that when a microbial consortium — two or more interacting microorganisms — is involved, additive or synergistic results can be expected. This occurs, in part, due to the
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Relatively high diversity levels are still observed despite the use of enrichment steps when working from environmental samples, likely due to the high functional redundancy observed in environmental microbial communities, being a key asset of their functional stability. This intrinsic diversity may
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evidence suggesting the species found may be enteric in origin. As the species found appear to be well-established, have no discernible impact on human health, and are species known to form consortia when found in the gut, it is highly likely they have also formed a symbiotic consortium within the
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and dilution-to-extinction cultures, extracted from this original consortium (KMCG6) a simplified microbial consortia (SMC) with fewer species but similar keratinolytic activity. Serial dilutions were performed on a keratinolytic microbial consortium pre-enriched from a soil sample. An appropriate
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Burniol-Figols, Anna; Varrone, Cristiano; Le, Simone Balzer; Daugaard, Anders Egede; Skiadas, Ioannis V.; Gavala, Hariklia N. (2018). "Combined polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and 1,3-propanediol production from crude glycerol: Selective conversion of volatile fatty acids into PHA by mixed microbial
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degradation based on different metabolic functional groups. Additionally, artificial selection approaches (dilution, toxicity, and heat) have been also employed to obtain bacterial consortia. Among them, dilution-to-extinction has already proven its efficiency for obtaining functional microbial
379:
As shown in the diagram on the right, the workflow for this study included four steps: (1) Enrichment for the desired traits e.g., keratinolytic activity by selection in keratin medium, where keratin is the sole carbon source. This process was evaluated by functional assessments (cell density,
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polyurethanes. In many cases of degradation efficiency, microbial consortia have been found superior when compared to single strains. For example, novel thermophilic consortia of
Brevibacillus spp. and Aneurinibacillus sp. have been isolated from the environment to enhance polymer degradation.
332:
The capacity of microbes to degrade recalcitrant materials has been extensively explored for environmental remediation and industrial production. Significant achievements have been made with single strains, but focus is now going toward the use of microbial consortia owing to their functional
188:
Utilization of microbial consortia with less complexity, but equal efficiency, can lead to more controlled and optimized industrial processes. For instance, a large proportion of functional genes were remarkably altered and the efficiency of diesel biodegradation was increased by reducing the
958:
Skariyachan, Sinosh; Setlur, Anagha
Shamsundar; Naik, Sujay Yashwant; Naik, Ashwini Amaresh; Usharani, Makam; Vasist, Kiran S. (2017). "Enhanced biodegradation of low and high-density polyethylene by novel bacterial consortia formulated from plastic-contaminated cow dung under thermophilic
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demonstrated that obtained SMC displayed actual reduced microbial diversity, together with various taxonomic composition, and biodegradation capabilities. More importantly, several SMC possessed equivalent levels of keratinolytic efficiency compared to the initial consortium, showing that
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Microbes hold promising application potential to raise the efficiency of bioprocesses when dealing with substances that are resistant to decomposition. A large number of microorganisms have been isolated based on their ability to degrade recalcitrant materials such as lignocellulose and
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Banerjee, Samiran; Kirkby, Clive A.; Schmutter, Dione; Bissett, Andrew; Kirkegaard, John A.; Richardson, Alan E. (2016). "Network analysis reveals functional redundancy and keystone taxa amongst bacterial and fungal communities during organic matter decomposition in an arable soil".
549:
Consortia are assemblages of different species of microbes in physical (and sometimes intricate biochemical) contact with one another, and are implicated in biological processes ranging from sewage treatment to marine nitrogen cycling to metabolic processes within the
1078:
Kang, Dingrong; Herschend, Jakob; Al-Soud, Waleed Abu; Mortensen, Martin Steen; Gonzalo, Milena; Jacquiod, Samuel; Sørensen, Søren J. (2018). "Enrichment and characterization of an environmental microbial consortium displaying efficient keratinolytic activity".
316:), AMF + PGPB, and Trichoderma + PGPB may have synergetic effects on plant growth and fitness, providing the plant with enhanced benefits to overcome biotic and abiotic stress. Dashed arrows indicate beneficial interactions between AMF and Trichoderma.
355:. An efficient keratinolytic microbial consortium (KMCG6) was previously enriched from an environmental sample through cultivation in keratin medium. Despite reducing the microbial diversity during the enrichment process, KMCG6 still included several
210:
are lithified microbial mats that grow in benthic freshwater and marine environments. Microbialites are the earliest known fossilised evidence of life, dating back 3.7 billion years. Today modern microbialites are scarce, and are formed mainly by
1165:
Shade, Ashley; Peter, Hannes; Allison, Steven D.; Baho, Didier L.; Berga, Mercè; Bürgmann, Helmut; Huber, David H.; Langenheder, Silke; Lennon, Jay T.; Martiny, Jennifer B. H.; Matulich, Kristin L.; Schmidt, Thomas M.; Handelsman, Jo (2012).
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consortia. For instance, a termite gut-derived consortium showing a high xylanase activity was enriched on raw wheat straw as the sole carbon source, which was able to transform lignocellulose into carboxylates under anaerobic conditions.
444:. When designing synthetic consortia, or editing naturally occurring consortia, synthetic biologists keep track of pH, temperature, initial metabolic profiles, incubation times, growth rate, and other pertinent variables.
718:
Subashchandrabose, Suresh R.; Ramakrishnan, Balasubramanian; Megharaj, Mallavarapu; Venkateswarlu, Kadiyala; Naidu, Ravi (2011). "Consortia of cyanobacteria/Microalgae and bacteria: Biotechnological potential".
529:
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Roger, Fabian; Bertilsson, Stefan; Langenheder, Silke; Osman, Omneya Ahmed; Gamfeldt, Lars (2016). "Effects of multiple dimensions of bacterial diversity on functioning, stability and multifunctionality".
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Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Radhakrishnan, Guru V.; Jayaraman, Dhileepkumar; Cheema, Jitender; Malbreil, Mathilde; Volkening, Jeremy D.; Sekimoto, Hiroyuki; Nishiyama, Tomoaki; Melkonian, Michael (2015-10-27).
824:
Cregut, Mickael; Bedas, M.; Durand, M.-J.; Thouand, G. (2013). "New insights into polyurethane biodegradation and realistic prospects for the development of a sustainable waste recycling process".
436:(commonly called co-cultures) are multi-population systems that can contain a diverse range of microbial species, and are adjustable to serve a variety of industrial and ecological interests. For
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stability and efficiency. However, assembly of simplified microbial consortia (SMC) from complex environmental communities is still far from trivial due to large diversity and the effect of
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which provide protection and aid in human nutrition. Additionally, bacteria have been identified as existing within the brain (previously believed to be sterile), with
1424:"Metagenomic and functional analyses of the consequences of reduction of bacterial diversity on soil functions and bioremediation in diesel-contaminated microcosms"
537:
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Santoyo, Gustavo; Guzmán-Guzmán, Paulina; Parra-Cota, Fannie Isela; Santos-Villalobos, Sergio de los; Orozco-Mosqueda, Ma. del Carmen; Glick, Bernard R. (2021).
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Coulombe, Pierre A.; Omary, M.Bishr (2002). "'Hard' and 'soft' principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments".
115:
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Lee, Duu-Jong; Show, Kuan-Yeow; Wang, Aijie (2013). "Unconventional approaches to isolation and enrichment of functional microbial consortium – A review".
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was introduced and later expanded on. Evidence for symbiosis between microbes strongly suggests it to have been a necessary precursor of the evolution of
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1992:
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Scanning electron microscopy pictures of root surfaces from natural A. thaliana populations showing the complex microbial networks formed on roots.
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stress tolerance) exerted by different microbial players within the rhizosphere, such as plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and fungi such as
1797:
1002:
Luo, Fei; Devine, Cheryl E.; Edwards, Elizabeth A. (2016). "Cultivating microbial dark matter in benzene-degrading methanogenic consortia".
859:
Mikesková, H.; Novotný, Č.; Svobodová, K. (2012). "Interspecific interactions in mixed microbial cultures in a biodegradation perspective".
2412:
1311:"Construction of Simplified Microbial Consortia to Degrade Recalcitrant Materials Based on Enrichment and Dilution-to-Extinction Cultures"
1116:"Anaerobic lignocellulolytic microbial consortium derived from termite gut: Enrichment, lignocellulose degradation and community dynamics"
2600:
754:
Shong, Jasmine; Jimenez Diaz, Manuel Rafael; Collins, Cynthia H. (2012). "Towards synthetic microbial consortia for bioprocessing".
571:
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Workflow of enrichment and dilution-to-extinction cultures to select simplified microbial consortia (SMC) for keratin degradation.
2427:
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Ho, Kuo-Ling; Lee, Duu-Jong; Su, Ay; Chang, Jo-Shu (2012). "Biohydrogen from lignocellulosic feedstock via one-step process".
1543:"Miniaturized extinction culturing is the preferred strategy for rapid isolation of fast-growing methane-oxidizing bacteria"
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433:
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Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, Teresa; Bohacz, Justyna (2011). "Biodegradation of keratin waste: Theory and practical aspects".
1592:"High molecular weight dissolved organic matter enrichment selects for methylotrophs in dilution to extinction cultures"
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The diagram on the right illustrates that rhizosphere microorganisms like plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB),
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Kang, Dingrong; Jacquiod, Samuel; Herschend, Jakob; Wei, Shaodong; Nesme, Joseph; Sørensen, Søren J. (2020).
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dilution regime (10) was selected to construct a SMC library from the enriched microbial consortium. Further
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Nachrichten von der Königl. Gesellschaft der
Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augusts-Universität zu Göttingen
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Hassani, M.A., Durán, P. and
Hacquard, S. (2018) "Microbial interactions within the plant holobiont".
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1219:"Biodiversity acts as insurance of productivity of bacterial communities under abiotic perturbations"
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172:. h, i) Different bacterial individuals showing great varieties of shapes and morphological features.
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fact that multiple species can perform a variety of tasks in an ecosystem like the plant root
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1375:"Construction of Effective Minimal Active Microbial Consortia for Lignocellulose Degradation"
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269:. Beneficial mechanisms of plant growth stimulation include enhanced nutrient availability,
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Ecosystems are made of semiosic bonds: Consortia, umwelten, biophony and ecological codes.
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Awasthi, Ashutosh; Singh, Mangal; Soni, Sumit K.; Singh, Rakshapal; Kalra, Alok (2014).
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1798:"Meet the 'psychobiome': the gut bacteria that may alter how you think, feel, and act"
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Lazuka, Adèle; Auer, Lucas; o'Donohue, Michael; Hernandez-Raquet, Guillermina (2018).
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Psychiatry and
Behavioral Neurobio., Univ. Of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Hoefman, Sven; Van Der Ha, David; De Vos, Paul; Boon, Nico; Heylen, Kim (2012).
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Consortia are commonly found in humans, with the predominant examples being the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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530:"Happy Together… Life of the Bacterial Consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum"
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Reinke, Johannes 1872. Ueber die anatomischen Verhältnisse einiger Arten von
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simplification can be achieved without loss of function and efficiency.
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termite, is always found as a consortium of at least one endosymbiotic
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and for their transition from algal communities in the sea to land.
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507:(Fifteenth, Global ed.). New York, NY: Pearson. p. 173.
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372:
323:
250:
153:
114:
1970:
1878:"Engineering cyanobacteria as photosynthetic feedstock factories"
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
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surrounding the root surface. d) Primary root densely covered by
1846:
Roberts, R. C.; Farmer, C. B.; Walker, C. K. (6 November 2018).
503:
Madigan, M; Bender, K; Buckley, D; Sattley, W; Stahl, D (2019).
1974:
1848:"The human brain microbiome; there are bacteria in our brains!"
1168:"Fundamentals of Microbial Community Resistance and Resilience"
351:. They are estimated to have considerable economic value after
243:". The mats build layer by layer, growing gradually over time.
626:"Algal ancestor of land plants was preadapted for symbiosis"
1373:
Puentes-TĂ©llez, Pilar Eliana; Falcao Salles, Joana (2018).
564:
Gaia 2 : emergence : the new science of becoming
1876:
Hays, Stephanie G.; Ducat, Daniel C. (14 February 2014).
1854:. 2018 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. (Program No. 594.08)
1422:
Jung, Jaejoon; Philippot, Laurent; Park, Woojun (2016).
347:
components, representing the most abundant proteins in
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Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1358:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
706:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
423:
bacterium often used in synthetic microbial consortia.
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sand and join other rocky materials to form mineral "
95:
The concept of a consortium was first introduced by
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2008:
536:. American Society for Microbiology. Archived from
1682:"Plant Growth Stimulation by Microbial Consortia"
566:. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press. pp. 51–58.
137:root (primary root) with numerous root hairs. b)
362:In 2020 Kang et al., using a strategy based on
1821:"Bacteria May Live (Harmlessly) in Your Brain"
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82:bacteria, and at least one species of helical
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8:
961:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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58:, or occasionally may be both. The protist
1993:
1979:
1971:
534:Small Things Considered - The Microbe Blog
359:scattered amongst seven bacterial genera.
2616:Physical factors affecting microbial life
2606:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
1950:
1901:
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1326:
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659:
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1516:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
343:are recalcitrant fibrous materials with
2392:International Census of Marine Microbes
2367:Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
495:
413:Painting of a cross-section through an
27:Groups of bacteria living symbiotically
861:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
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1869:
945:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.018
917:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.018
7:
2413:Microbiomes of the built environment
1819:Rettner, Rachel (15 November 2018).
121:Microbial consortia naturally formed
74:, multiple ectosymbiotic species of
791:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
2601:Lines on the Antiquity of Microbes
25:
933:Polymer Degradation and Stability
905:Polymer Degradation and Stability
88:bacteria that forms the basis of
2634:
2633:
2428:Microbial symbiosis and immunity
2066:
1704:
1559:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00314.x
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838:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.011
756:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
733:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.009
699:
562:Thompson, William Irwin (1991).
235:produce adhesive compounds that
64:, itself an endosymbiont of the
1927:"Growing Unculturable Bacteria"
1925:Stewart, Eric J. (2012-08-15).
1725:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
505:Brock biology of microorganisms
257:Rhizosphere microbial consortia
164:, most likely belonging to the
1528:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.137
1493:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.075
1093:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.006
931:and sewage treatment plants".
903:and sewage treatment plants".
99:in 1872, and in 1877 the term
1:
2512:Synthetic microbial consortia
2377:Microbial oxidation of sulfur
2277:Host microbe interactions in
1737:10.1016/s0955-0674(01)00301-5
1281:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.017
1269:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
479:Synthetic microbial consortia
434:Synthetic microbial consortia
429:Synthetic microbial consortia
405:Synthetic microbial consortia
2110:Microbial population biology
1772:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.03.024
1052:10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.029
768:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.02.001
474:Microbial population biology
302:arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
528:Mark, Martin (2009-04-27).
371:and keratinolytic activity
215:(formerly Proteobacteria),
2676:
2372:Marine microbial symbiosis
2198:Kill the Winner hypothesis
2170:Bacteria collective motion
1120:Biotechnology for Biofuels
1004:Environmental Microbiology
803:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.11.015
426:
221:sulphate-reducing bacteria
2629:
2408:Microbes in human culture
2064:
1894:10.1007/s11120-014-9980-0
1391:10.1007/s00248-017-1141-5
1315:Frontiers in Microbiology
1172:Frontiers in Microbiology
1133:10.1186/s13068-018-1282-x
973:10.1007/s11356-017-8537-0
873:10.1007/s00253-012-4234-6
696:10.1186/s40168-018-0445-0
2502:Human Microbiome Project
2213:Microbial biodegradation
1699:10.3390/agronomy11020219
1328:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03010
1185:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00417
67:Mastotermes darwiniensis
2553:Microbiological culture
2548:Microbial DNA barcoding
2357:Antarctic microorganism
2105:Microbial phylogenetics
1931:Journal of Bacteriology
1882:Photosynthesis Research
1547:Microbial Biotechnology
1016:10.1111/1462-2920.13121
651:10.1073/pnas.1515426112
313:Pseudomonas fluorescens
168:class. g) Bacteria and
2538:Impedance microbiology
2279:Caenorhabditis elegans
2095:Microbial intelligence
2085:Microbial biogeography
1481:Bioresource Technology
1081:Bioresource Technology
826:Biotechnology Advances
721:Biotechnology Advances
459:Microbial intelligence
424:
329:
261:
173:
92:protists' locomotion.
2584:Microbial dark matter
2528:Dark-field microscopy
2332:Marine microorganisms
2208:Microbial cooperation
1608:10.1038/ismej.2015.68
1235:10.1038/ismej.2014.91
484:Microbial cooperation
412:
394:intestinal consortium
327:
254:
118:
50:. Consortiums can be
2203:Microbial consortium
2100:Microbial metabolism
125:Arabidopsis thaliana
32:microbial consortium
2306:Seagrass microbiome
1943:10.1128/JB.00345-12
1522:(20): 15569–15574.
1440:2016NatSR...623012J
642:2015PNAS..11213390D
636:(43): 13390–13395.
369:sequencing analysis
335:biotic interactions
320:Keratin degradation
170:bacterial filaments
61:Mixotricha paradoxa
36:microbial community
18:Bacterial consortia
2543:Microbial cytology
2507:Protein production
2342:Marine prokaryotes
2228:Microbial food web
2158:Protist locomotion
2136:Bacterial motility
2090:Microbial genetics
1800:. Science Magazine
1794:Pennisi, Elizabeth
1428:Scientific Reports
425:
421:chemoheterotrophic
330:
262:
174:
131:a) Overview of an
2647:
2646:
2418:Food microbiology
2311:Soil microbiology
2250:Microbial synergy
2218:Microbial ecology
1937:(16): 4151–4160.
1648:(10): 2716–2728.
1602:(12): 2725–2739.
1448:10.1038/srep23012
1379:Microbial Ecology
1229:(12): 2445–2452.
438:synthetic biology
166:Bacillariophyceae
38:, is two or more
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2637:
2636:
2438:Human microbiome
2362:Coral microbiome
2296:Plant microbiome
2070:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1766:(8): 1689–1701.
1760:Waste Management
1755:
1749:
1748:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1654:10.1002/ecy.1518
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1596:The ISME Journal
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1306:
1285:
1284:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1223:The ISME Journal
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1010:(9): 2923–2936.
999:
993:
992:
967:(9): 8443–8457.
955:
949:
948:
927:
921:
920:
899:
893:
892:
856:
850:
849:
832:(8): 1634–1647.
821:
815:
814:
786:
780:
779:
751:
745:
744:
715:
709:
703:
680:
674:
673:
663:
653:
620:
614:
601:
595:
584:
578:
577:
559:
553:
552:
546:
545:
525:
519:
518:
500:
416:Escherichia coli
349:epithelial cells
123:on the roots of
21:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2625:
2562:
2516:
2396:
2347:Marine protists
2320:
2301:Root microbiome
2284:
2193:Biological pump
2174:
2124:
2071:
2062:
2004:
1999:
1969:
1968:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1825:livescience.com
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1308:
1307:
1288:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1001:
1000:
996:
957:
956:
952:
929:
928:
924:
901:
900:
896:
858:
857:
853:
823:
822:
818:
788:
787:
783:
753:
752:
748:
717:
716:
712:
681:
677:
622:
621:
617:
602:
598:
585:
581:
574:
561:
560:
556:
543:
541:
527:
526:
522:
515:
502:
501:
497:
492:
450:
431:
407:
390:skin consortium
386:
322:
260:
249:
205:
200:
139:Biofilm-forming
130:
128:
122:
113:
97:Johannes Reinke
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2660:Microorganisms
2652:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2579:Deep biosphere
2576:
2574:Bioremediation
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:DNA sequencing
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Marine viruses
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2272:Quorum sensing
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2233:microbial loop
2225:
2223:Microbial cyst
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:run-and-tumble
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:Microorganisms
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1917:
1888:(3): 285–295.
1865:
1838:
1827:. Live Science
1811:
1796:(7 May 2020).
1785:
1750:
1731:(1): 110–122.
1715:
1667:
1631:
1582:
1553:(3): 368–378.
1533:
1506:
1471:
1414:
1385:(2): 419–429.
1362:
1286:
1258:
1209:
1157:
1106:
1065:
1040:Water Research
1029:
994:
950:
922:
894:
867:(4): 861–870.
851:
816:
781:
762:(5): 798–802.
746:
727:(6): 896–907.
710:
675:
615:
613:3(3): 347–357.
596:
579:
572:
554:
520:
513:
494:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
464:Microbial loop
461:
456:
449:
446:
427:Main article:
419:bacterium, a
406:
403:
385:
382:
353:biodegradation
321:
318:
255:
248:
245:
241:microbial mats
233:microorganisms
213:Pseudomonadota
204:
201:
199:
196:
191:lignocellulose
119:
112:
109:
46:groups living
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
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2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
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2569:
2565:
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2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Microbial oil
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:Human related
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Picoeukaryote
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
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2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Microbial mat
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
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2206:
2204:
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2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
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2164:
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2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
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2142:
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2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
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2101:
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2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Nanobacterium
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Cyanobacteria
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1815:
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1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1700:
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1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
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1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
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1609:
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1593:
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1583:
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1569:
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1521:
1517:
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1472:
1467:
1463:
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1433:
1429:
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1418:
1415:
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1367:
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1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
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978:
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970:
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959:conditions".
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
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923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
898:
895:
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886:
882:
878:
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870:
866:
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847:
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820:
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808:
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782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
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742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
711:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
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671:
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662:
657:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
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627:
619:
616:
612:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
589:
583:
580:
575:
573:9780940262409
569:
565:
558:
555:
551:
540:on 2009-05-01
539:
535:
531:
524:
521:
516:
514:9781292235103
510:
506:
499:
496:
489:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Microbial mat
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
422:
418:
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309:
308:
303:
298:
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289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
258:
253:
246:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:cyanobacteria
214:
209:
208:Microbialites
203:Microbialites
202:
197:
195:
192:
186:
182:
178:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
141:bacteria. c)
140:
136:
135:
127:
126:
117:
110:
108:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
56:ectosymbiotic
53:
52:endosymbiotic
49:
48:symbiotically
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2589:Microswimmer
2483:in pregnancy
2433:Nylon-eating
2316:Spermosphere
2278:
2202:
2077:Microbiology
1934:
1930:
1920:
1885:
1881:
1856:. Retrieved
1851:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1689:
1685:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1599:
1595:
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1550:
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1536:
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1509:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1431:
1427:
1417:
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1080:
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1039:
1038:consortia".
1032:
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1003:
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936:
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925:
908:
904:
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864:
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794:
790:
784:
759:
755:
749:
724:
720:
713:
687:
683:
678:
633:
629:
618:
611:Biosemiotics
610:
604:Kull, Kalevi
599:
591:
587:
582:
563:
557:
548:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
533:
523:
504:
498:
432:
414:
387:
384:Human health
378:
361:
345:cross-linked
339:
331:
311:
305:
299:
292:
286:
273:modulation,
271:phytohormone
263:
256:
206:
187:
183:
179:
175:
133:
124:
120:
94:
89:
83:
65:
59:
35:
31:
29:
2621:Siderophore
2382:Phycosphere
2238:viral shunt
1858:12 December
1831:12 December
1804:12 December
1487:: 697–706.
1275:: 188–198.
1087:: 303–310.
1046:: 180–191.
594:9: 100–108.
398:metagenomic
294:Mycorrhizae
288:Trichoderma
267:rhizosphere
247:Rhizosphere
134:A. thaliana
105:land plants
2521:Techniques
2352:Microalgae
2260:microbiota
2255:Microbiome
2043:Prokaryote
1692:(2): 219.
684:Microbiome
544:2012-01-11
442:axenically
364:enrichment
275:biocontrol
229:microalgae
90:Mixotricha
76:flagellate
2594:biohybrid
2448:dysbiosis
2265:holobiont
2163:amoeboids
2146:twitching
1434:: 23012.
939:: 52–68.
911:: 52–68.
690:(1): 58.
310:spp. and
307:Rhizobium
101:symbiosis
85:Treponema
44:microbial
40:bacterial
2654:Category
2639:Category
2558:Staining
2490:placenta
2120:Virology
2115:Mycology
2053:Protozoa
2023:Bacteria
1961:22661685
1912:24526260
1780:21550224
1745:11792552
1686:Agronomy
1662:27859115
1626:25978545
1577:22070783
1501:23566469
1466:26972977
1409:29392382
1347:31998278
1321:: 3010.
1253:24926862
1204:23267351
1152:30356893
1101:30236907
1060:29505919
1024:26549712
981:28188552
881:22733114
846:23978675
811:24780273
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