619:
2002:
subjects, by districts and families; and these obeyed and respected the chief. Some chiefs had friendship and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels. These principalities and lordships were inherited in the male line and by succession of father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers and collateral relatives succeeded... When any of these chiefs was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders who attended to the interests of the barangay.
3591:
particularly the ancient settlement of Halaur, as site of a progressive trading post and a court of illustrious nobilities. The friar says: Es la isla de Panay muy parecida a la de
Sicilia, así por su forma triangular come por su fertilidad y abundancia de bastimentos... Es la isla más poblada, después de Manila y Mindanao, y una de las mayores, por bojear más de cien leguas. En fertilidad y abundancia es en todas la primera... El otro corre al oeste con el nombre de Alaguer , desembocando en el mar a dos leguas de distancia de Dumangas...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
1971:
consensus. Whoever was chosen by the groups as their leader exercised leadership and asserted authority over them. It was a living democracy...Barangay alliances were loosely defined. These were often based on kinship and marriage. Each
Barangay remained independent and enjoyed freedom from external control. That was why Lapulapu resisted the attempt of Magellan to make him acknowledge the lordship of Humabon. The same was true of the other datus who resisted coercive efforts of the Spaniards to make them subservient to other Datus.
3734:, cultivar sus campos y pelear en la guerra. Los siervos, que formaban el término medio entre los esclavos y los hombres libres, podían tener propriedad individual, mujer, campos, casa y esclavos; pero los tagalos debían pagar una cantidad en polvo de oro equivalente á una parte de sus cosechas, los de los barangayes bisayas estaban obligados á trabajar en las tieras del señor cinco días al mes, pagarle un tributo anual en arroz y hacerle un presente en las fiestas. Durante la dominación española, el
2333:(head of the community), the Babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth.
2201:
4043:
entails privilege, duty and prescribed norms of conduct, and is requisite for community leadership; 3.) Petty
Plutocracies, which are dominated socially and politically by a recognized class of rich men who attain membership through birthright, property and the performance of specified ceremonies. They are "petty" because their authority is localized, being extended by neither absentee landlordism nor territorial subjugation; 4.) Principalities. Cf. William Henry Scott,
1537:
2356:
3487:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut – que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas – con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
4023:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida
1842:, among others, they took on a more complex social organization. Several barangays, consisting of households loyal to a datu, Rajah or Sultan banded together to form larger cosmopolitan polities as an apex city states. The Rulers of these barangays would then select the most senior or most respected among them to serve as a paramount datu. These polities sometimes had other names (such as
53:
2291:
2178:
2137:
2129:
2275:
2242:
2161:
1993:"king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila, but Goiti was surprised when Lakandula explained there was "no single king over these lands", and that the leadership of Tondo and Maynila over the Kapampangan polities did not include either territorial claim or absolute command. Antonio de Morga, in his work
618:
3590:
During the early part of the
Spanish colonization of the Philippines the Spanish Augustinian Friar, Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., describes Iloilo and Panay as one of the most populated islands in the archipelago and the most fertile of all the islands of the Philippines. He also talks about Iloilo,
2893:
There are a number of distinctions between the modern
Barangay or Barrio, and the city-states and independent principalities encountered by the Spanish when they first arrived in 1521 and established relatively permanent settlements in 1574. The most glaring difference would be that the modern entity
1992:
This explanation of the limited powers of a paramount leader in cultures throughout the
Philippine archipelago explains the confusion experienced by Martin de Goiti during the first Spanish forays into Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. Until that point, Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms
4016:
In Panay, the existence of highly developed and independent principalities of Ogtong (Oton) and Araut (Dumangas) was well known to early
Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The Augustinian historian Gaspar de San Agustin, for example, wrote about the existence of an ancient and illustrious nobility
3035:
This model has been applied to the historical polities of
Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia which traded extensively with various Bayan polities in the Philippines. However, Southeast Asian historians such as Jocano, Scott, and Osbourne are careful to note that the Philippines and Vietnam were outside
2340:
According to
William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to
1726:
Noting the mobile and maritime nature of
Austronesian culture, these ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature. This was because most of the people relied on fishing for their supply of protein and livelihoods. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, and along the coasts.
3491:
de toda aquella isla."de SAN AGUSTIN OSA (1650–1724), Fr Gaspár; DIAZ OSA, Fr Casimiro (1698). Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas. Parte primera : la temporal, por las armas del señor don Phelipe Segundo el Prudente, y la espiritual, por los religiosos del Orden de Nuestro Padre San Augustin;
2962:
Present-day political scientists studying the Philippines have noted that the reciprocal social obligations that characterized the pre-colonial bayan and barangay system are still in place today, albeit using the external trappings of modern liberal democracy. The term "cacique democracy" has been
2316:
Slaves who lived in their creditor's house and were entirely dependent on him for food and shelter. Male alipin sagigilid who married were often raised to namamahay status, because it was more economical for his master (as opposed to supporting him and his new family under the same roof). However,
2304:
Slaves who lived in their own houses apart from their creditor. If the alipin's debt came from insolvency or legal action, the alipin and his creditor agreed on a period of indenture and an equivalent monetary value in exchange for it. The alipin namamahay was allowed to farm a portion of barangay
1970:
Even if different Barangays entered into alliances with one another, there was no sovereign datu over them. Each datu ruled his barangay independently. The alliances were limited to mutual protection and assistance in times of need. It did not entail permanent allegiance. The grouping was based on
2897:
Even during the early days of Spanish rule, it was not unusual for people living beside each other to actually belong to different barangays. They owed their loyalty to different Datus. Also, while the modern barangay represents only the smallest administrative unit of government, the barangay of
2001:
There were no kings or lords throughout these islands who ruled over them as in the manner of our kingdoms and provinces; but in every island, and in each province of it, many chiefs were recognized by the natives themselves. Some were more powerful than others, and each one had his followers and
1957:
Although popular portrayals and early nationalist historical texts sometimes depict Philippine paramount rulers as having broad sovereign powers and holding vast territories, critical historiographers such as Jocano, Scott, and Junker explain that historical sources clearly show paramount leaders
2211:
Powerful governor of a province within the caliphate or dynasties of Islamic regions. Their position was inherited by a direct descent in a royal bloodline who could claim the allegiances of the datu. Sultans took on foreign relations with other states, and could declare war or allow subordinate
2336:
As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as
2170:
Datus were maginoo with personal followings (dulohan or barangay). His responsibilities include: governing his people, leading them in war, protecting them from enemies and settling disputes. He received agricultural produce and services from his people, and distributed irrigated land among his
4042:
Historians classify four types of non-Hispanized societies in the Philippines, some of which still survive in remote and isolated parts of the Country: 1.) Classless societies; 2.) Warrior societies, characterized by a distinct warrior class, in which membership is won by personal achievement,
1649:
defines this period of the barangay states' dominance — approximately the 14th to the 16th centuries — as the "Barangic Phase" of early Philippine history. The Barangic Phase of Philippine history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and
1744:
Historically, the first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 30 to 100 families, with a population that varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. When the Spaniards came, they found communities with only twenty to thirty people, as well as large and prestigious
2341:
Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society.
2090:
The barangays in some coastal places in Panay, Manila, Cebu, Jolo, and Butuan, with cosmopolitan cultures and trade relations with other Countries in Asia, were already established Principalities before the coming of the Spaniards. In these regions, even though the majority of these
1907:
The earliest documentation of the term "Bayan" was done by early Spanish missionaries who came up with local language dictionaries to facilitate the conversion of the peoples of the Philippine archipelago to Roman Catholicism. Among the most significant of these dictionaries was the
2392:
In the middle of the seventeenth century, the Jesuit missionary Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of the social stratification in Tagalog culture with that in the Visayan culture. While social mobility was possible in the former, in the Visayas, the
1975:
Keifer compares this situation to similarly-structured African polities where "component units of the political structure consist of functionally and structurally equivalent segments integrated only loosely by a centralized authority dependent on the consensual delegation of power
2153:
of the confederacy of Barangay states. In a confederacy forged by alliances among polities, the datu would convene to choose a paramount chief from among themselves; their communal decision would be based on a datu's prowess in battle, leadership, and network of allegiances.
2011:
Because the peoples of the Philippine archipelago had different languages, the highest ranking political authorities in the largest historical barangay polities went by different titles. The titles of the paramount datu also changed from case to case, including:
3728:á quienes heredaban los hijos mayores, las hijas á falta de éstos, ó los parientes más próximos si no tenían descendencia directa; pero siempre teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de fuerza ó de dinero...Los vassalos plebeyos tenían que remar en los barcos del
2475:
were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy and Lordships (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in more established, richer and more developed Principalities.
2372:
have been done – most studies focus on the specific context of a single settlement or ethnic group. There are only a handful of historiographers and anthropologists who have done integrative studies to examine the commonalities and differences between these
2061:
in more Islamized Subanon communities. In some other portions of the Visayas and Mindanao, there was no separate name for the most senior ruler, so the Paramount ruler was simply called a datu, although one datu was identifiable as the most senior.
1657:
to describe the Philippines' various indigenous polities, citing a lack of linguistic evidence and the fact that all of the primary references suggesting that use of the term can be traced to just a single source - Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report
1917:
After the various polities of the Philippine archipelago were united into a single political entity during colonial times, the term gradually lost its original specific meaning, and took on more generic, descriptive denotations: population center
1748:
The coastal villages were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of
1861:)." The majority of these early "bayan" were economically complex communities situated river deltas where rivers exit out into the ocean, and featured a compact community layout which distinguished them from inland communities, thus the name.
3500:. OCLC 79696350. "The second part of the work, compiled by Casimiro Díaz Toledano from the manuscript left by Gaspár de San Agustín, was not published until 1890 under the title: Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, Parte segunda", pp. 374-376.
1780:, or a leader with an equivalent title. This was the typical size of inland settlements by the time the Spanish colonizers arrived in the late 1500s, whereas larger, more cosmopolitan polities dominated the coasts, particularly river deltas.
1988:(sic) constitute an institutionalized chain of command from center to periphery. Political allegiance was given only to the leader immediately above an individual with whom a kin group had personal ties of economic reciprocity and loyalty.
3972:
Mapping and Analysis of Indigenous Governance Practices in the Philippines and Proposal for Establishing an Indicative Framework for Indigenous People's Governance: Towards a Broader and Inclusive Process of Governance in the
1736:, which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers; in essence a barangay is a ship or a fleet of ships and also a house or a settlement.
2257:, their main responsibility to the datu was agricultural labor, but they could also work in fisheries, accompany expeditions, and rowboats. They could also perform irregular services, like support feasts or build houses.
2189:
Panginoon were maginoo with many slaves and other valuable property like houses and boats. Lineage was emphasized over wealth; the nouveau riche were derogatorily referred to as maygintawo (fellow with a lot of riches).
2095:
were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in established Principalities.
3043:
Philippine historiographers thus do not apply the term "Mandala" to describe early Philippine polities because doing so overemphasizes the scale of Indian influence on Philippine culture, obscuring the indigenous
1363:
3032:. They emphasized that these polities were defined by their centre rather than their boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.
580:
2305:
land, but he was required to provide a measure of threshed rice or a jar of rice wine for his master's feasts. He came whenever his master called to harvest crops, build houses, rowboats, or carry cargo.
2909:
In most cases, his function was to make decisions which would involve multiple barangays, such as disputes between members of two different barangays. Internally, each datu retained his jurisdiction.
2898:
precolonial times was either independent, or belonged to what was only a loose confederation of several barangays, over which the rulers picked among themselves who would be foremost - known as the
2740:
referring to freemen came into use in the social structure of the Tagalogs within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being incorrectly applied to former
2307:
Member included: those who have inherited debts from namamahay parents, timawa who went into debt, and former alipin saguiguilid who married and were allowed to live outside of master's house.
1175:
3687:
3092:
2999:
2228:
1205:
2107:
at the time of migration or conquest. Some of these Principalities have remained, even until the present, in unhispanized and mostly Islamized parts of the Philippines, in Mindanao.
1276:
573:
2070:
Often, these paramount datus, rajahs and sultans formed ritual alliances with the leaders of nearby polities, and these "alliance groups" spread their political influence (but
1768:
In time, these coastal communities acquired more advanced cultures, with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities.
1565:
1730:
Trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. Early chroniclers record that the name evolved from the term
3710:, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1991, Vol. VII, p.624. The article also says: "Los nobles de un barangay eran los más ricos ó los más fuertes, formándose por este sistema los
1914:
by the Augustinian missionary Fray Pedro de San Buenaventura, who described it as a large town with four to ten datu lived with their followers, called dulohan or barangay.
36:
2695:
The more complex social structure of the Tagalogs was less stable during the arrival of the Spaniards because it was still in a process of differentiating. A Jesuit priest
3435:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from
1427:
1462:
510:
1669:
The term has since been adapted as the name of the basic political unit of the Philippines. So historical barangays should not be confused with present-day Philippine
566:
1522:
2350:
515:
2035:
In communities which historically had strong political or trade connections with Indianized polities in Indonesia and Malaysia, the Paramount Ruler was called a
1353:
1345:
3181:
3756:, siendo hereditario el cargo de jefe." It should also be noted that the more popular and official term used to refer to the leaders of the district or to the
2813:(town) where a newly built church was situated. This allowed the Spanish government to control the movement of the indigenous population, to easily facilitate
2284:
Warrior class of the barangay, rendered military services to the Datu and paid for their own equipment and weapons. They also received a share of the spoils.
3097:
2150:
1789:
1312:
1185:
1134:
532:
520:
4547:
3655:
1442:
1437:
1388:
707:
2796:
1327:
1322:
1304:
1266:
1258:
1152:
946:
2404:
came into use in the Tagalog social structure within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being applied to former
712:
1579:
750:
64:
44:
1588:
is the term historically used by scholars to describe the complex sociopolitical units that were the dominant organizational pattern among the various
2046:
1517:
1017:
2368:
Because of the difficulty of accessing and accurately interpreting the various available sources, relatively few integrative studies of pre-colonial
1558:
2397:(if had the personality and economic means) could retain and restrain competing peers, relatives, and offspring from moving up the social ladder.
1958:
exercised only a limited degree of influence, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories of less-senior datus. For example,
2664:
The different type of culture prevalent in Luzon gave a less stable and more complex social structure to the pre-colonial Tagalog barangays of
1723:. This became the mainstays of the Austronesian speaking populations through the expansion from Maritime Southeast Asia out into the Pacific.
1692:
1603:
Some barangays were well-organized independent villages, consisting of thirty to a hundred households. Other barangays — most notably those in
1497:
1210:
1092:
660:
4471:
2676:. Taking part in a more extensive commerce than those in Visayas, having the influence of Bornean political contacts, and engaging in farming
2337:
allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat.
1703:
Theories, as well as local oral traditions, say that the original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed as a result of the migration of
491:
4591:
4510:
4483:
3626:
3323:
1452:
3684:
1245:
3559:
1512:
1457:
1422:
1403:
997:
732:
537:
2426:
Class. At the early part of the Spanish regime, the number of their members who were coming to rent land from their Datus was increasing.
2103:
Class. Its members were presumably the descendants of the first settlers on the land or, in the case of later arrivals, of those who were
1551:
1502:
1477:
1432:
1230:
598:
542:
525:
2389:
of early polities throughout the archipelago, alongside her study of inter and intra-regional trade among Philippine coastal polities.
3918:
3497:
3040:, and that the Philippines instead received an indirect Indian cultural influence through their relations with the Majapahit empire.
2699:
made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of the 17th century. The term
2500:) which were never conquered by Spain but were subjugated as vassals by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances, the
4422:
4247:
4001:
3472:
3369:
3315:
3304:
3262:
2640:
keep their marriageable daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called
1850:) but since the terminology varies from case to case, scholars such as Jocano and Scott simply refer to them as "larger" barangays.
1596:
in the period immediately before the arrival of European colonizers. Academics refer to these settlements using the technical term "
1487:
670:
3404:
Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies".
2558:
as "free men, neither chiefs nor slaves". These were people of lower nobility who were required to render military service to the
3428:
1467:
1012:
4410:
4128:
3248:
2382:
2074:
their territorial claims) across an even larger geographic area. One prominent example was the case of the Paramount Rulers of
1910:
1200:
2377:. In the contemporary era of critical scholarly analysis, the more prominent such works include the studies of anthropologist
4586:
4333:
3824:
1447:
868:
737:
722:
628:
480:
3492:
fundacion y progreso de su Provincia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga.
2251:
Non-slaves who can attached themselves to the Datu of their choice. They could use and bequeath a portion of barangay land.
2032:
in polities which traded extensively with Indonesia and Malaysia; or simply Datu in some areas of Mindanao and the Visayas.
2886:
when he ordered the replacement of the old barrios and municipal councils. This act was eventually codified under the 1991
3564:
1984:
While political leadership followed an explicitly symbolized hierarchy (sic) of rank this leadership hierarchy (sic) did
1027:
645:
637:
4090:
3702:
For more information about the social system of the Indigenous Philippine society before the Spanish colonization confer
3462:
4237:
4154:
2880:
2777:
who owned their own houses and served their masters by paying tribute or working on their fields were the commoners and
2264:, they paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They were seafaring warriors who bound themselves to a datu.
1593:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1032:
878:
1642:
The term originally referred to both a house on land and a boat on water, containing families, friends and dependents.
1112:
3117:
2937:
2075:
1839:
1795:
1358:
846:
786:
267:
203:
3521:
Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".
3173:
1926:); municipality; or in the broadest sense, "country". Among the most prominent of these bayan entities were those in
435:
4210:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii.
3783:
The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson)
2082:, who were said to have political sway among the peoples of Bulacan and Pampanga before the arrival of the Spanish.
2604:
1711:
initially, and stayed in the archipelago to create a thalassocratic and highly sea dependent civilization based on
1225:
957:
826:
771:
607:
555:
262:
188:
1022:
3849:
3122:
3081:
3029:
2995:
2079:
1931:
1799:
1608:
1107:
776:
223:
4084:
3621:. E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. pp. 117–153.
2837:- the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. This position was inherited from the
1195:
1077:
3740:, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de
2894:
represents a geographical entity, the pre-colonial barangays represented loyalty to a particular head (datu).
2456:
neither paid tribute nor performed agricultural labor. In this sense, they were truly aristocrats. The Tagalog
1947:
1831:
1072:
908:
836:
390:
272:
235:
4449:
3663:
3020:
word "Mandala" ("circle") as a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among
2841:, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the
2928:
The organization of pre-colonial Philippine states has often been described as or compared to feudalism (see
2754:. The equivalent warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were known as the
2864:
2319:
Member included: children born in creditor's house and children of parents who were too poor to raise them.
1332:
1271:
1190:
1097:
977:
821:
675:
2887:
2809:. The policy coerced inhabitants of several far-flung and scattered barangays to move into an centralized
1680:
1368:
1082:
380:
2551:, characterized by the Jesuit priest Francisco Ignatio Alcina as "the third rank of nobility" and by the
2267:
Member included: illegitimate children of Maginoo and slaves and former alipin who paid off their debts.
4033:, Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374-375.
3072:, another term for the system of independent and semi-independent city-states in Maritime Southeast Asia
2929:
2746:(commoner and slave class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. Moreover, the Tagalog
1286:
1170:
1062:
967:
305:
4275:
2200:
680:
4438:
3934:
Imbing, Thimuay Mangura Vicente L.; Viernes-Enriquez, Joy (1990). "A Legend of the Subanen "Buklog"".
2967:
where in many parts of the country local leaders remain very strong, with almost warlord-type powers.
2603:
may be exempt from such obligations (the latter were characterized by the Boxer Codex as "knights and
2555:
1650:
turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to the situation.
3045:
2696:
1927:
1604:
1291:
1281:
1240:
1220:
1087:
355:
1666:
reflected what was merely an attempt by the Spanish to reconstructing pre-conquest Tagalog society.
3013:
2800:
2386:
1943:
1819:
1704:
1628:
1383:
1129:
1037:
992:
982:
928:
841:
360:
310:
257:
1892:). She also notes that these terms are the basis for many place-names in the Philippines, such as
3951:
3861:
3538:
2827:
2783:
2326:
2187:
Maginoo comprised the ruling class of Tagalogs, Ginoo was both honorific for both men and women.
1541:
1165:
1067:
1057:
1042:
690:
665:
430:
300:
4089:. Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. pp.
3569:
2420:. The warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were called the
2385:. More recently, anthropologist Laura Lee Junker conducted an updated comparative review of the
2329:
were highly respected members of the community, on par with the Maginoo. In the absence of the
4506:
4500:
4418:
4382:
4329:
4243:
3997:
3914:
3820:
3659:
3622:
3493:
3468:
3365:
3319:
3311:
3300:
3296:
3258:
2982:
and its modern derivative "caciquismo" (sometimes translated as "Bossism"), which refers to a
2975:
2971:
2957:
2945:
2941:
2804:
2773:
2673:
1951:
1939:
1835:
1815:
1636:
1620:
873:
851:
475:
325:
282:
3292:
2468:
in Luzon formed a common economic class in some sense, though this class had no designation.
4322:
Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). "New States and Reorientations 1368–1764".
3943:
3845:
3616:
3530:
3087:
3009:
2933:
2883:
2814:
2369:
1215:
1160:
1102:
1047:
1002:
972:
933:
385:
330:
4534:
The caciques: oligarchical politics and the system of caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic world
3004:
In the late 20th century, European historians who believed that historical Southeast Asian
3873:
3748:
3742:
3691:
3642:
3357:
2378:
1959:
1750:
1646:
1393:
883:
816:
650:
335:
240:
4300:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124-125.
2636:, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile, the
1653:
Some scholars such as Damon Woods, however, have recently challenged the use of the term
2355:
1872:, is linguistically related to other Philippine words for shoreline and perimeter (both
2983:
2833:
2681:
2042:
2025:
1847:
1712:
1378:
1180:
1007:
903:
485:
445:
415:
410:
17:
2845:, who also collected taxes (called tribute) from the residents for the Spanish Crown.
4580:
4105:
3542:
3436:
3169:
3037:
2684:
as more traders than warriors, and possessed distinct religious practices concerning
2193:
Members included: those who could claim noble lineage, members of the datu's family.
1897:
1507:
1317:
727:
425:
405:
395:
375:
345:
320:
4312:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.
4185:
Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.
3801:
2552:
2021:
918:
898:
717:
400:
3464:
Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities
2441:
were obliged to do that, and to pay tribute besides. The Tagalog who works in the
4548:"Mandala: From Sacred Origins to Sovereign Affairs in Traditional Southeast Asia"
4502:
The Catastrophe of Modernity: Tragedy and the Nation in Latin American Literature
4323:
3991:
3286:
3252:
2410:(Third Class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. The Tagalog
1776:
The smallest barangays were communities of around 30 to 100 households, led by a
2964:
2936:. Specifically, political scientists note that political patterns of the modern
2868:
2632:
usually marry only among their kind, often seeking high ranking brides in other
2530:
1893:
1754:
1720:
1139:
1124:
469:
420:
3993:
Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History
1980:(sic) through the system." Junker, expounding further on Keifer's work, notes:
3970:
3534:
3049:
2445:
field did not pay him tribute, and could transfer their allegiance to another
1716:
1398:
1235:
913:
340:
4239:
Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
3599:, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374-376.
3288:
Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
3078:, similar concept in mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Laos
2212:
datus to declare war if need be. The sultan had his court, a prime minister (
3057:
3053:
2923:
2756:
2422:
2279:
1589:
1052:
987:
655:
440:
365:
315:
130:
2680:
for a living, the Tagalogs were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar
2429:
Unlike the Visayan Datus, the Lakans and Apos of Luzon could call all non-
4571:
4387:
4024:
3592:
3488:
3069:
3025:
3017:
2860:
2854:
2677:
2669:
2564:
2472:
2437:
fields or do all sorts of other personal labor. In the Visayas, only the
2360:
2218:
1935:
1827:
1811:
1803:
1732:
1698:
1675:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1373:
888:
863:
831:
811:
766:
702:
370:
350:
277:
245:
183:
2290:
2177:
2136:
2128:
52:
3955:
3758:
3736:
3107:
2721:
2689:
2485:
2274:
2261:
2241:
2182:
2160:
962:
923:
781:
208:
113:
74:
3969:
Buendia, Rizal; Mendoza, Lorelei; Guiam, Rufa; Sambeli, Luisa (2006).
2099:
The aristocratic group in these pre-colonial societies was called the
3856:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145.
3724:
3075:
3021:
3005:
2872:
2818:
2742:
2665:
2613:
2547:
2521:
This social order was divided into three classes. The members of the
2471:
In other parts of the Archipelago, even though the majority of these
2464:
field, but could also be required to pay his own rent. Thus, all non-
2416:
2406:
2374:
2295:
2246:
2205:
2013:
1901:
1857:, meaning a "community", or literally "a place with many households (
1853:
Grace Odal-Devora traces the etymology of the term bayan to the word
1823:
1708:
1670:
1597:
806:
801:
791:
450:
218:
213:
193:
142:
125:
108:
88:
4276:
http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/viewFile/1274/1630
4218:
4216:
3947:
4441:
4357:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4278:
Seclusion and Veiling of Women: A Historical and Cultural Approach
3798:
Vocabulario de lengua tagala: el romance castellano puesto primero
3102:
2903:
2707:
2685:
2497:
2493:
2354:
2254:
2145:
2017:
1807:
1762:
1758:
1624:
893:
93:
2986:
or leader who exercises significant power in a political system.
2787:
who lived in their masters' houses were the servants and slaves.
4358:"28 July 1571: The Foundation Date of the Province of La Laguna"
4195:
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Philippine Islands
4106:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology"
3911:
Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
3730:
3718:
3712:
3112:
2778:
2701:
2534:
2502:
2489:
2330:
2165:
2141:
2104:
2100:
2036:
2029:
1777:
796:
198:
103:
98:
83:
2595:) and were sometimes called upon for agricultural labor to the
2822:
2053:, and some thimuays are sometimes additionally referred to as
2799:, smaller ancient barangays were combined to form towns in a
2763:
At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the members of the
4242:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 126–127.
4129:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan"
4086:
Philippine Electoral Almanac. – Revised and expanded edition
2648:
of pure descent (at least for four generations) were called
617:
51:
3817:
The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Muslim Society
2617:
class (commoners and slaves), who rendered services to the
2529:) were the nobility of pure royal descent, compared by the
4328:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53, 55.
3685:
The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan
3364:(2001 ed.). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc.
3254:
Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
4484:
Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams
3840:
3838:
3836:
2317:
female alipin sagigilid were rarely permitted to marry.
3362:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
3093:
Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
3000:
Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities
1964:
Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage
27:
Complex sociopolitical units in precolonial Philippines
2715:
refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the
2364:– the common weapon of the pre-colonial warrior class.
3618:
The Myth of the Barangay and Other Silenced Histories
3554:
3552:
2871:, also known by its former Spanish adopted name, the
3752:, con facultades para nombrarse un auxiliar llamado
2963:
used to describe the feudal political system of the
2750:
did not have the military prominence of the Visayan
2414:
did not have the military prominence of the Visayan
3595:de toda aquella isla...Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed.,
2944:, can more accurately be described using the term "
1600:", but they are usually simply called "barangays".
4505:. Bucknell University Press. 2004. pp. 136–.
3708:Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europea-Americana
3461:Carley, Michael; Smith, Harry (November 5, 2013).
3456:
3454:
3257:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
1662:. Instead, Woods argues that this use of the term
3038:the geographical scope of direct Indian influence
2825:. Every barangay within a town was headed by the
1660:Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas
4446:Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan
3979:. Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme.
1683:of 1991 as a reference to historical barangays.
3854:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon
3523:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
1999:
1982:
1968:
1794:When barangays grew larger, as was the case in
4536:. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press
4383:"The Philippines Then and Now; Spanish Period"
3291:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp.
2875:. This modern context for the use of the term
2351:Historiography of early Philippine settlements
2237:Timawa and Maharlika (Middle Class and Freemen
4148:
4146:
4031:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)
4019:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615)
3597:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615)
3352:
2222:or crown prince), a third-ranking dignitary (
1559:
574:
8:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3098:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history
2767:class. There are two main subclasses of the
2644:(literally "veiled" or "swaddled"), and the
1790:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history
4308:
4306:
4127:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013).
4110:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
3776:
3774:
3772:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3174:"The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay"
3084:, political model in ancient Southeast Asia
2545:were the vassal warrior class known as the
1707:, who came to the archipelago by boat from
3433:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library
2199:
2176:
2159:
2135:
2127:
2111:Social Hierarchy of Pre-colonial Polities
1864:Odal-Devors notes that bayan's root word,
1566:
1552:
592:
581:
567:
31:
4442:"Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Juan de Plasencia"
3819:. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston.
2879:was adopted during the administration of
2831:(barangay chief), who formed part of the
2016:in the most Islamized areas of Mindanao;
1018:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
2506:was at the top of the social order in a
2109:
1884:"great lady"), friend (the Visayan term
3785:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.
3161:
3134:
3048:cultural connections to the peoples of
757:Historically documented states/polities
627:
606:
595:
45:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines
43:
4153:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019).
3869:
3859:
2086:Social organization and stratification
2066:Alliance groups among paramount rulers
1693:Models of migration to the Philippines
2863:in modern use refers to the smallest
2628:To maintain purity of bloodline, the
2599:, though the personal vassals of the
7:
4452:from the original on August 14, 2007
4415:Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino
4325:State and Society in the Philippines
4226:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 102 and 112
3184:from the original on October 2, 2017
1639:— were large cosmopolitan polities.
4470:Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson,
4417:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3996:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3913:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
3796:Buenaventura, Pedro de San (1613).
2849:Difference from the modern barangay
2049:, a settlement's datus answer to a
4266:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 112- 118.
3746:y se reconocía capacidad para ser
2970:The term was originally coined by
2345:Variation in social stratification
25:
4546:Dellios, Rosita (June 25, 2019).
4060:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 127-147.
2171:barangay with right of usufruct.
958:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
671:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
492:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898
3654:Plasencia, Fray Juan de (1589).
2289:
2273:
2240:
1681:Philippine Local Government Code
1673:, which were officially renamed
1535:
4289:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4264:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4224:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4208:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4071:Heroism,heritage and nationhood
4058:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4045:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain
4029:Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A.,
3889:Succesos de las Islas Filipinas
3568:. June 25, 2015. Archived from
2660:Barangays in the Tagalog Region
2484:In more developed barangays in
1911:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala
4197:, Vols. 1 and 2, Chapter VIII.
3762:during the Spanish period was
2934:Marxist socioeconomic analysis
2725:class. Any male member of the
2381:and historian-historiographer
1995:Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
1364:2000 campaign against the MILF
869:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
723:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
481:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1:
4073:. PCDSPO. 2016. pp. 7–8.
3990:Scott, William Henry (1992).
3909:Scott, William Henry (1984).
3030:early Southeast Asian history
2719:belonged to was known as the
2587:also paid taxes and tribute (
2226:, or sea lord) and advisers (
1784:Barangays as apex city states
1028:Battles of La Naval de Manila
463:Primary sources and artifacts
4592:Barangays of the Philippines
4291:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 113.
4047:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 139.
2932:), particularly in light of
1772:Smaller barangay settlements
879:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
137:Commoners, serfs, and slaves
4448:(in Filipino). elaput.com.
3781:Odal-Devora, Grace (2000).
2938:Republic of the Philippines
1369:2nd People Power Revolution
1359:1997 Asian financial crisis
1093:Declaration of Independence
4608:
4155:"The Fall of the Babaylan"
3887:Morga, Antonio de (1609).
3850:Robertson, James Alexander
3285:Junker, Laura Lee (2000).
2993:
2955:
2921:
2852:
2525:class (which includes the
2514:(elsewhere referred to as
2348:
2216:), an heir to the throne (
1787:
1696:
1690:
1098:American capture of Manila
556:History of the Philippines
4356:Alas, José Mario “Pepe”.
4236:Laura Lee Junker (2000).
4206:Cf. William Henry Scott,
4056:Cf. William Henry Scott,
3656:"Customs of the Tagalogs"
3149:, is translated "nation".
2996:Mandala (political model)
2733:by personal achievement.
2460:did not only work in his
2288:
2236:
2126:
2121:
2115:
978:Spanish capture of Manila
4490:, I (169), May–June 1988
2795:Upon the arrival of the
2480:Barangays in the Visayas
2433:subjects to work in the
2118:
1580:early Philippine history
1438:Administrative divisions
1153:American colonial period
1073:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
909:Butuan Silver Paleograph
894:Batanes Ijang fortresses
837:Sultanate of Maguindanao
708:Cordillera Rice Terraces
3815:Keifer, Thomas (1972).
3535:10.1023/A:1022611908759
2865:administrative division
1333:People Power Revolution
1113:Philippine–American War
947:Spanish colonial period
18:Barangay (pre-colonial)
4104:McCoy, Alfred (1982).
4027:de toda aquella isla."
4017:in Araut, in his book
3936:Asian Folklore Studies
2533:to the titled Spanish
2365:
2132:Maginoo (Ruling Class)
2004:
1990:
1973:
1962:, in his seminal work
1594:Philippine archipelago
1542:Philippines portal
1518:Science and technology
1135:UST Baybayin Documents
1083:Treaty of Paris (1898)
661:Austronesian expansion
646:Early hominin activity
622:
381:Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
56:
4587:Precolonial barangays
4287:William Henry Scott,
4262:William Henry Scott,
4222:William Henry Scott,
3690:July 1, 2012, at the
3615:Woods, Damon (2017).
3429:"Pre-colonial Manila"
3012:or European views of
2930:non-Western feudalism
2888:Local Government Code
2625:for debts or favors.
2583:Aside from this, the
2562:in hunts, land wars (
2358:
1788:Further information:
1697:Further information:
1687:Origins and etymology
1463:Cultural achievements
1287:Filipino First policy
1277:Mutual Defense Treaty
1231:Philippine resistance
1063:Philippine Revolution
1023:Spanish–Moro conflict
1013:Revolts and uprisings
899:Golden Tara of Agusan
621:
511:Cultural achievements
391:Sultan Muwallil Wasit
306:Azim ud-Din I of Sulu
55:
4482:Benedict Anderson, '
4411:Scott, William Henry
3572:on December 22, 2015
3249:Scott, William Henry
3028:(principalities) in
2020:among the Tagalogs;
1880:or the Visayan term
1523:World Heritage Sites
1389:Territorial disputes
1292:North Borneo dispute
1282:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1246:Philippines campaign
1241:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1221:Battle of Corregidor
1196:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1088:Battle of Manila Bay
1078:Spanish–American War
686:Precolonial barangay
75:Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao
3666:on January 23, 2009
3565:Oxford Dictionaries
3172:(October 2, 2017).
3016:began adapting the
3014:political geography
3008:did not conform to
2729:class can become a
2387:social organization
2383:William Henry Scott
2112:
2047:Zamboanga Peninsula
1705:Austronesian people
1384:Philippine drug war
1346:Contemporary period
1313:Communist rebellion
1211:Japanese occupation
1176:Military Government
1130:Doctrina Christiana
1038:Propaganda Movement
993:Spanish East Indies
983:Battle of Bangkusay
929:Magellan expedition
847:Sultanates of Lanao
842:Sultanate of Buayan
311:Batarah Shah Tengah
4472:Cacique Democracy'
4131:. The Manila Times
3764:Cabeza de Barangay
3406:Asian Perspectives
2828:cabeza de barangay
2784:aliping sa gigilid
2366:
2313:Alipin Saguiguilid
2110:
1186:Insular Government
1171:Zamboanga Republic
1068:Tejeros Convention
1058:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1043:1872 Cavite mutiny
751:Precolonial period
691:Maritime Silk Road
666:Angono Petroglyphs
638:Prehistoric period
623:
301:Agustin de Legazpi
172:Political entities
57:
4512:978-0-8387-5561-7
4439:Laput, Ernesto J.
3846:Blair, Emma Helen
3660:Nagcarlan, Laguna
3628:978-971-542-821-7
3324:978-971-550-347-1
3010:classical Chinese
2972:Benedict Anderson
2958:Cacique democracy
2952:Cacique democracy
2946:Cacique Democracy
2942:liberal democracy
2821:, and to collect
2819:population counts
2803:process known as
2774:aliping namamahay
2572:), or sea raids (
2539:señores de titulo
2370:social structures
2324:
2323:
1576:
1575:
1423:Ancient religions
1404:COVID-19 pandemic
1259:Post-independence
998:Captaincy General
874:Butuan Ivory Seal
852:Sultanate of Sulu
733:Prehistoric beads
591:
590:
476:Butuan Ivory Seal
326:Dayang Kalangitan
148:Alipin sa gigilid
16:(Redirected from
4599:
4560:
4559:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4497:
4491:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4233:
4227:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4054:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3842:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3767:
3700:
3694:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3662:. Archived from
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3518:
3501:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3439:on March 9, 2016
3425:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3376:
3375:
3358:Jocano, F. Landa
3354:
3327:
3310:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3245:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3166:
3150:
3139:
3088:Christianization
2913:Related concepts
2884:Ferdinand Marcos
2815:Christianization
2556:Miguel de Loarca
2301:Alipin Namamahay
2293:
2277:
2244:
2203:
2180:
2163:
2151:Paramount Leader
2139:
2131:
2113:
2007:Titles of rulers
1888:), and writing (
1745:principalities.
1568:
1561:
1554:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1272:Treaty of Manila
1216:Battle of Bataan
1161:Tagalog Republic
1103:Malolos Congress
1048:La Liga Filipina
1033:British invasion
1003:Tondo Conspiracy
973:Blockade of Cebu
934:Battle of Mactan
858:Events/Artifacts
761:(north to south)
697:Events/Artifacts
681:Sa Huỳnh culture
611:
593:
583:
576:
569:
558:
533:Paramount rulers
436:Sharif ul-Hāshim
386:Muhammad Kudarat
331:Dimasangcay Adel
78:
32:
21:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4552:Culture Mandala
4545:
4544:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4488:New Left Review
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4453:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4037:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3948:10.2307/1177951
3933:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3868:
3858:
3852:, eds. (1903).
3844:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3749:gobernadorcillo
3701:
3697:
3692:Wayback Machine
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3643:Maragtas (book)
3640:
3636:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3520:
3519:
3504:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3379:
3372:
3356:
3355:
3330:
3307:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3265:
3247:
3246:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3066:
3002:
2994:Main articles:
2992:
2960:
2954:
2940:, supposedly a
2926:
2920:
2915:
2857:
2851:
2793:
2697:Francisco Colin
2662:
2482:
2379:F. Landa Jocano
2353:
2347:
2294:
2278:
2245:
2181:
2164:
2140:
2088:
2068:
2009:
1960:F. Landa Jocano
1848:Tagalog regions
1792:
1786:
1774:
1742:
1713:outrigger boats
1701:
1695:
1689:
1647:F. Landa Jocano
1645:Anthropologist
1572:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1468:Diet and health
1417:
1409:
1408:
1394:Siege of Marawi
1349:
1338:
1337:
1328:Fourth Republic
1308:
1297:
1296:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1226:Second Republic
1166:Negros Republic
1156:
1145:
1144:
950:
939:
938:
884:Kabayan Mummies
754:
743:
742:
651:Homo luzonensis
641:
610:the Philippines
609:
602:
587:
554:
548:
547:
506:
498:
497:
464:
456:
455:
296:
288:
287:
174:
164:
163:
72:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4538:
4525:
4511:
4492:
4475:
4463:
4430:
4423:
4402:
4391:. May 22, 2009
4374:
4348:
4334:
4314:
4302:
4293:
4280:
4268:
4255:
4248:
4228:
4212:
4199:
4187:
4171:
4142:
4119:
4096:
4076:
4062:
4049:
4035:
4009:
4002:
3982:
3961:
3942:(1): 109–123.
3926:
3920:978-9711002268
3919:
3894:
3879:
3832:
3825:
3807:
3788:
3768:
3695:
3677:
3646:
3634:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3583:
3548:
3529:(4): 291–320.
3502:
3498:978-8400040727
3480:
3473:
3450:
3415:
3377:
3370:
3328:
3305:
3270:
3263:
3195:
3170:Quezon, Manolo
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3141:Another word,
3133:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3062:
2991:
2988:
2984:political boss
2956:Main article:
2953:
2950:
2922:Main article:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2853:Main article:
2850:
2847:
2792:
2789:
2682:Martin de Rada
2661:
2658:
2654:lubus nga datu
2650:potli nga datu
2481:
2478:
2346:
2343:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2087:
2084:
2067:
2064:
2043:Subanon people
2008:
2005:
1922:) or capital (
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1741:
1738:
1691:Main article:
1688:
1685:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Historiography
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:Communications
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Queen consorts
1430:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:Oakwood mutiny
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Fifth Republic
1350:
1348:(1986–present)
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Third Republic
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Moro Rebellion
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1108:First Republic
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Manila galleon
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Treaty of Cebu
965:
960:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Monreal Stones
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
636:
635:
632:
631:
625:
624:
614:
613:
604:
603:
596:
589:
588:
586:
585:
578:
571:
563:
560:
559:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
516:Historiography
513:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
488:
486:Monreal Stones
483:
478:
473:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
446:Tarik Sulayman
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Rajah Sulayman
413:
411:Rajah Salalila
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
336:Dayang Sasaban
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
253:
249:
248:
243:
238:
232:
231:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
179:
175:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
80:
79:
68:
65:Social classes
63:
62:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4604:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:Robert Kern,
4529:
4526:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4424:971-10-0524-7
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4249:9789715503471
4245:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4116:(3): 141–194.
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4003:971-10-0524-7
3999:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3474:9781134200504
3470:
3467:. Routledge.
3466:
3465:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:(2): 167–209.
3411:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3371:971-622-006-5
3367:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3316:971-550-347-0
3313:
3308:
3306:9789715503471
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3264:971-550-135-4
3260:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2817:, to conduct
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2791:Hispanization
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2607:). Below the
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2541:). Below the
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:Alipin/Uripon
2292:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2197:
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2186:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2158:
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2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2114:
2108:
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2097:
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2085:
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2077:
2073:
2065:
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2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:Laguna de Bay
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
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1841:
1837:
1833:
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1825:
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1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:Indian people
1756:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1479:
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1441:
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1436:
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1397:
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1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Moro conflict
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
948:
943:
942:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:
758:
752:
747:
746:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:Manunggul Jar
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
634:
633:
630:
626:
620:
616:
615:
612:
605:
600:
594:
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
565:
564:
562:
561:
557:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
502:
501:
494:
493:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:
467:
466:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Regimo Diraja
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Rajah Matanda
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Rajah Humabon
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Magat Salamat
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Gugu Sarikula
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Datu Sikatuna
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
242:
241:Bo-ol/Dapitan
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:Ruling class
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4501:
4495:
4487:
4478:
4466:
4454:. Retrieved
4445:
4433:
4414:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4386:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4362:Academia.edu
4361:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4324:
4317:
4296:
4288:
4283:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4190:
4162:. Retrieved
4158:
4133:. Retrieved
4122:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3992:
3985:
3971:
3964:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3910:
3888:
3882:
3853:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3791:
3782:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3649:
3637:
3617:
3610:
3604:
3596:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3563:
3526:
3522:
3483:
3463:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3432:
3409:
3405:
3361:
3287:
3253:
3186:. Retrieved
3178:ABS-CBN News
3177:
3164:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3046:Austronesian
3042:
3034:
3003:
2979:
2969:
2961:
2927:
2908:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2876:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2805:
2801:resettlement
2794:
2782:
2781:, while the
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2553:conquistador
2546:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2483:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2452:The Visayan
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2367:
2359:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2122:Description
2098:
2092:
2089:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2055:thimuay labi
2054:
2050:
2041:. Among the
2037:
2034:
2022:Thimuay Labi
2010:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1793:
1775:
1767:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:stilt houses
1702:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1602:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1206:World War II
1201:Commonwealth
1118:
1117:
952:
919:Barter rings
857:
856:
760:
759:
756:
718:Kalanay Cave
696:
695:
685:
676:Jade culture
490:
468:
401:Rajah Lontok
356:Kamal ud-Din
171:
120:Middle class
29:
4395:January 15,
4367:January 15,
4341:January 15,
4021:. He said:
3973:Philippines
3870:|work=
3754:primogenito
3576:November 5,
2965:Philippines
2869:Philippines
2834:Principalía
2771:class. The
2531:Boxer Codex
1997:, expounds:
1894:Bay, Laguna
1755:Han Chinese
1740:Description
1448:Archaeology
1443:Agriculture
1323:Martial law
1307:(1965–1986)
1261:(1946–1965)
1155:(1898–1946)
1140:Velarde map
1125:Boxer Codex
949:(1565–1898)
738:Shell tools
713:Grave goods
608:History of
470:Boxer Codex
431:Kabungsuwan
421:Rajah Tupas
361:Laut Buisan
295:Key figures
273:Maguindanao
4581:Categories
4558:(3): 9428.
4335:0742510247
3826:0881332429
3560:"barangay"
3188:October 4,
3157:References
3050:Micronesia
2349:See also:
2224:Rajah Laut
2219:Rajah Muda
2024:among the
1936:Pangasinan
1876:), woman (
1812:Pangasinan
1717:catamarans
1617:Pangasinan
1399:Bangsamoro
1305:Marcos era
1236:Hukbalahap
914:Piloncitos
753:(900–1565)
553:See also:
341:Gat Pangil
4456:August 2,
3872:ignored (
3862:cite book
3725:principes
3719:maguinoos
3543:141415414
3443:April 27,
3058:Polynesia
3054:Melanesia
2974:from the
2924:Feudalism
2918:Feudalism
2881:President
2859:The word
2806:Reducción
2757:maharlika
2736:The term
2611:were the
2570:Managayau
2473:barangays
2458:Maharlika
2423:Maharlika
2400:The term
2280:Maharlika
2093:barangays
1966:, notes:
1942:, Bohol,
1920:poblacion
1676:barangays
1493:Languages
1483:Geography
1473:Education
1458:Conflicts
1191:Jones Law
1119:Artifacts
1053:Katipunan
988:New Spain
656:Tabon Man
640:(pre-900)
441:Sri Lumay
366:Lakandula
316:Datu Daya
145:namamahay
131:Maharlika
84:Apo, Datu
4572:Balangay
4566:See also
4518:June 25,
4450:Archived
4413:(1992).
4388:Blogspot
4164:July 12,
3731:maguinoo
3704:Barangay
3688:Archived
3670:March 7,
3360:(1998).
3251:(1994).
3182:Archived
3070:Kedatuan
3064:See also
3026:Kedatuan
3018:Sanskrit
3006:polities
2877:barangay
2861:barangay
2855:Barangay
2823:tributes
2811:cabecera
2690:dambanas
2678:wet rice
2670:Pampanga
2634:barangay
2605:hidalgos
2574:Mangahat
2565:Mangubat
2516:barangay
2375:polities
2361:Kampilan
2327:Babaylan
2298:(Slaves)
2057:, or as
1948:Cotabato
1924:cabisera
1890:baybayin
1832:Cotabato
1828:Sanmalan
1804:Madja-as
1733:balangay
1699:Balangay
1664:barangay
1655:barangay
1633:Cotabato
1585:barangay
1513:Politics
1503:Military
1498:Medicine
1416:By topic
1374:EDSA III
889:Baybayin
864:Maragtas
832:Sanmalan
812:Madja-as
767:Caboloan
703:Balangay
629:Timeline
599:a series
597:Part of
538:Religion
526:consorts
521:Monarchs
505:By topic
371:Lapulapu
351:Jayadewa
278:Sanmalan
252:Mindanao
246:Madja-as
184:Caboloan
154:Bulislis
99:Panglima
37:a series
35:Part of
4159:Esquire
4135:July 5,
4025:nobleza
3956:1177951
3759:cacique
3737:cacique
3593:nobleza
3489:nobleza
3118:Maynila
3108:Thimuay
3082:Mandala
2990:Mandala
2980:Cacique
2900:Pangulo
2867:in the
2797:Spanish
2760:class.
2727:maginoo
2722:maginoo
2642:binokot
2578:Magahat
2486:Visayas
2466:Maginoo
2439:Oripuns
2431:Maginoo
2412:Timawas
2262:Visayas
2229:pandita
2183:Maginoo
2076:Maynila
2059:sulotan
2051:thimuay
2045:of the
2026:Subanen
1978:upwards
1928:Maynila
1855:bahayan
1846:in the
1796:Maynila
1679:by the
1671:barrios
1605:Maynila
1592:of the
1590:peoples
1478:Economy
963:Sandugo
924:Luzones
817:Dapitan
787:Maynila
782:Namayan
543:Warfare
230:Visayas
209:Namayan
204:Maynila
157:Horohan
151:Bulisik
143:Aliping
114:Thimuay
4509:
4421:
4332:
4246:
4000:
3954:
3917:
3823:
3713:dattos
3625:
3541:
3496:
3471:
3368:
3322:
3314:
3303:
3261:
3147:bangsa
3076:Mueang
3056:, and
3022:Mueang
2873:barrio
2843:cabeza
2769:alipin
2765:alipin
2752:timawa
2748:timawa
2743:alipin
2738:timawa
2686:anitos
2674:Laguna
2666:Manila
2623:timawa
2614:oripun
2609:timawa
2593:handug
2585:timawa
2548:timawa
2496:, and
2488:(e.g.
2462:Datu’s
2454:Timawa
2443:Datu’s
2435:Datu’s
2417:Timawa
2407:Alipin
2402:Timawa
2247:Timawa
2206:Sultan
2119:Title
2116:Class
2014:Sultan
1950:, and
1944:Butuan
1902:Baybay
1900:, and
1874:baybay
1838:, and
1824:Butuan
1802:, the
1761:, and
1709:Taiwan
1635:, and
1629:Butuan
1598:polity
1428:Rulers
953:Events
827:Butuan
807:Sandao
802:Pulilu
792:Ibalon
772:Cainta
601:on the
451:Urduja
263:Butuan
258:Buayan
219:Sandao
214:Pulilu
194:Ibalon
189:Cainta
160:Uripon
126:Timawa
109:Sultan
89:Bagani
39:on the
3977:(PDF)
3952:JSTOR
3539:S2CID
3143:bansa
3129:Notes
3123:Tondo
3103:Lakan
2978:word
2976:Taíno
2904:Rajah
2779:serfs
2711:, or
2708:lakan
2630:tumao
2619:tumao
2589:buwis
2543:tumao
2535:lords
2523:tumao
2508:sakop
2498:Panay
2494:Bohol
2255:Luzon
2146:Lakan
2105:Datus
2080:Tondo
2038:rajah
2030:rajah
2018:lakan
1932:Tondo
1878:babai
1859:bahay
1844:bayan
1840:Lanao
1820:Bohol
1808:Panay
1800:Tondo
1763:Arabs
1751:Japan
1625:Bohol
1613:Panay
1609:Tondo
1508:Names
777:Tondo
268:Lanao
224:Tondo
178:Luzon
104:Rajah
94:Lakan
4520:2013
4507:ISBN
4458:2007
4419:ISBN
4397:2015
4369:2015
4343:2015
4330:ISBN
4244:ISBN
4166:2019
4137:2018
3998:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3874:help
3821:ISBN
3802:Pila
3672:2009
3641:Cf.
3623:ISBN
3578:2015
3494:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3445:2017
3366:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3259:ISBN
3190:2017
3113:Datu
2998:and
2839:datu
2731:datu
2717:datu
2702:datu
2688:and
2672:and
2646:datu
2638:datu
2621:and
2601:datu
2597:datu
2580:).
2560:datu
2527:datu
2512:haop
2503:datu
2490:Cebu
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