446:"quiero" properly governs "tortillas". On the other hand, no governor of "Los esclavos" is found in (6). This makes eliding "Los" from (6) infelicitous, and the resulting sentence ungrammatical. This analysis excludes bare plurals from the subject and indirect object positions, which is mainly representative of sentences in Spanish and Italian (though further restrictions apply in much the same way indefinite nouns are treated in both languages). To explain English's lack of restrictions on placement of bare plurals, a more general treatment of bare nouns is employed. Consider the Italian sentence:
499:"John" comes before the adjective "vecchio". This is noteworthy, as it contrasts with phrases in which a determiner is present, "il vecchio cane" directly translating to "the old dog". This is taken as evidence that in Italian and Spanish, an overt movement of the noun phrase "John" to the determiner head is undergone. In English, this would take place "covertly", i.e. at the
321:
the predicate applies. This contrasts with kinds possessing an attribute determined by the predicate. So "cats are everywhere" holds true if and only if a stage exists of individuals of the kind "cat" who are everywhere relevant in the domain of discourse. Crucially, it is not the case that "cats" as a kind possess the property of being "everywhere". This creates an
320:
In order for the existential readings in sentences like (3) to hold, another semantic object is defined called "stages". These represent locations in time and space, and are created to reconcile the fact that sentences like (3) only hold true if there exists a specific spatio-temporal place in which
877:
Here, it is illustrated that both "students" and "books" act as bare neutral nouns that can behave as singular, plural, or a mass noun depending on the context. This allows for each sentence to have up to nine interpretations (any pair of three possibilities). This being said, a mass vs count
307:
One explanation put forth by
Gregory N. Carlson is the treatment of bare plurals as names of a semantic type called "kinds" that is distinct from typical individuals. With individuals being the topic of traditional semantic discourse, kinds represent the "sort" of individual. "A dog" is an
312:
if and only if the ascribed attribute is a property of the kind inputted into the predicate. For example, (4) is true if and only if the kind "cats" possess the attribute "common" in the domain of discourse. The perceived difference in what level of generic quantification applies is then a
1026:
Bruyn, Bert Le, et al. "Bare
Nominals." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 25 May 2017, linguistics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-399#acrefore-9780199384655-e-399-bibliography-00014.
44:
position must have a determiner or quantifier that introduces the noun, warranting special treatment of the bare nouns that seemingly contradict this. As a result, bare nouns have attracted extensive study in the fields of both
503:
level. This allows the empty category restriction to be fulfilled in the logical form in
English. In Italian or Spanish, if an empty category is not governed in the overt syntax then the sentence will remain ungrammatical.
697:
are uncountable, i.e. no number can be assigned to them. In
English, the difference between mass nouns and count nouns is distinct, contrary to other languages where the mass vs count distinctions may be neutralized. In
275:
It must immediately be reconciled that there can be any number of meanings to the null component. Additionally, the interpretation of each sentence is unambiguous, despite the choice of multiple well-formed quantifiers:
296:, whereas in (3) the set at each place is not necessarily unique. Finally (4) seems to completely resist traditional quantificational analysis, acting on the entire set of objects, not on any individual member.
1650:
549:, as opposed to bare plurals and bare mass nouns. Bare singulars in English are comparatively rare in respect to other languages, however they exist in constricted constructions. They may appear in
72:
in any position in which they semantically make sense. Bare plurals are usually restricted to outside predicate positions, though exceptions to this do arise ("the reason is uncommon sentences").
308:
indefinite instantiation of the kind "dogs", "the man" is a definite instantiation of the kind "men". This suffices to explain all of the above sentences except (3), as each are true in a
299:
Several theories have been put forth to explain this discrepancy. These involve treating bare plurals as plural indefinites, or as a separate class of objects referred to as kinds.
729:
Bare-nouns in argument positions in French are almost universally infelicitous, though not entirely non-existent. They are available in very specific constructions, such as
270:
247:
224:
201:
175:
1087:
1040:
Nemoto, Naoko. "On Mass
Denotations of Bare Nouns in Japanese and Korean" Linguistics, 43.2 (2005): 383-413. Retrieved 12 Dec. 2017, from
1009:
1080:
1922:
333:
Bare nouns are of great interest in the field of syntax, as their existence must be reconciled with the hypothesis that all
1740:
439:
1732:
519:
which allow bare nouns in no positions. These can be interpreted as having different constraints on what constitutes an
1432:
1251:
1148:
1073:
1118:
562:
500:
289:
1842:
1342:
1059:
Roodenburg, Jasper. "The interpretations of coordinated bare nouns in French." Proceedings of ConSole XI. 2003.
342:
100:
86:
29:
1654:
1163:
972:
de Swart, Henriëtte; Zwarts, Joost (2009). "Less form – more meaning: Why bare singular nouns are special".
317:
property of the predicate, determined by what is perceived to be necessary for the statement to hold true.
1948:
1788:
1615:
1524:
657:
520:
41:
1010:"Appendix:English nouns with restricted non-referential interpretation in bare noun phrases - Wiktionary"
1859:
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1722:
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1514:
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1504:
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96:(1) Cats are animals. (2) Cats like fish. (3) Cats are everywhere. (4) Cats are common.
1864:
1798:
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1489:
1352:
1312:
1645:
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The most common of which are bare locations, which occur with nouns that reference certain spaces:
550:
523:. Research into this field is still active, however, and no widespread consensus has been reached.
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255:
232:
209:
186:
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1811:
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1704:
1689:
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1357:
1287:
1282:
916:
36:, the distribution of bare nouns is subject to various language-specific constraints. Under the
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37:
33:
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1412:
1207:
1041:
989:
981:
920:
915:
Delfitto, D. (2006) Bare
Plurals, in The Blackwell Companion to Syntax (eds M. Everaert and
795:
554:
508:
115:(3'). Example (4) is a statement that refers to the cat species as a whole; in other words,
107:(1'). Example (2) is a general statement that holds for most cats; it can be paraphrased as
57:
1714:
1635:
1597:
1582:
1462:
1452:
1367:
1362:
1302:
1168:
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119:(4'); even though that there is no single individual cat that has the attribute of being
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The sentence in (3) poses an even greater problem, as the explicit meaning should be:
1942:
1821:
1773:
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85:
Bare nouns, especially bare plurals, have significant implications on the theory of
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1884:
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1337:
1158:
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distinction between the two predicate types, i(ndividual)-level and s(tage)-level.
111:(2'). Example (3) is a statement that holds of some cats; it can be paraphrased as
177:]), then each of the examples in (1) through (4) would be represented as follows:
985:
1567:
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1217:
1182:
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653:
496:
334:
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1422:
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1236:
1143:
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25:
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from (3). As in (3a) a necessarily distinct set of cats is everywhere in the
1917:
1879:
1659:
1476:
1231:
1177:
1153:
794:
Mass and count distinctions are said to be neutralized in languages such as
90:
65:
61:
46:
806:. The distinction between singular and plural nouns does not exist either:
955:
1906:
1901:
515:
which allow bare nouns in any position of a sentence, and languages like
322:
103:
reading: the sentence is true for all cats, and so can be paraphrased as
357:
1891:
1607:
1212:
1128:
994:
406:
1869:
1554:
1246:
1226:
730:
50:
341:. An approach to explain the case of bare plurals is to employ the
1192:
1105:
546:
443:
21:
1069:
670:
barked. (Singular noun in argument position with determiner)
677:
barked. (Singular noun without a determiner, ungrammatical)
954:
Longobardi, G. Natural
Language Semantics (2001) 9: 335.
279:(2a) All cats like fish. (2b) Some cats like fish.
602:
Other constructions are more rare but exist in
English:
895:
81:
Bare nouns and the semantic analysis of quantification
911:
909:
683:
barked. (Bare plural count noun without a determiner)
258:
235:
212:
189:
163:
1835:
1797:
1759:
1731:
1606:
1553:
1475:
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1200:
1191:
1104:
878:distinction can exist when a classifier is added.
264:
241:
218:
195:
169:
545:. Bare singulars cannot appear as arguments to a
507:A further distinction exists from languages like
736:Examples of bare nouns in N-et-N construction:
942:Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest
1081:
750:sont intelligents. (Coordinated bare plurals)
8:
337:in argument positions must be embedded in a
150:Under the naĂŻve hypothesis that there exist
936:CARLSON, GREGORY NORMAN (January 1, 1977).
702:theory, mass nouns are inherently plural.
288:This, however, takes an entirely different
1197:
1088:
1074:
1066:
967:
965:
963:
919:), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, USA.
772:à l'aéroport. (Coordinated bare singulars)
993:
257:
234:
211:
188:
162:
1055:
1053:
428:Los esclavos construyeron las pirámides.
1036:
1034:
1032:
956:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014861111123
887:
259:
236:
213:
190:
164:
76:Theoretical significance of bare nouns
711:is good. (mass noun as verb argument)
623:of the department. (bare predication)
7:
303:Kind-denoting analysis: Carlson 1977
134:cats like fish. (3') There are
138:cats everywhere. (4') The cat
93:. Consider the following examples:
790:Bare nouns in East Asian languages
345:. Consider the Spanish sentences:
14:
431:the slaves built.3PL the pyramids
249:] cats are everywhere. (4) [
527:Bare nouns in specific languages
434:'The slaves built the pyramids.'
938:"REFERENCE TO KINDS IN ENGLISH"
634:with Mary. (bare reduplication)
285:(3a) Some cats are everywhere.
24:that is used without a surface
660:position freely. For example:
557:position of particular verbs,
203:] cats are animals. (2) [
113:There are some cats everywhere
1:
725:French coordinated bare nouns
541:Bare singulars are a form of
440:government and binding theory
986:10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.015
495:In the Italian reading, the
265:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
242:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
226:] cats like fish. (3) [
219:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
196:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
170:{\displaystyle \varnothing }
154:quantifiers (annotated as [Q
130:cats are animals. (2')
1965:
1923:Syntax–semantics interface
1046:10.1515/ling.2005.43.2.383
718:. (mass noun as predicate)
641:well. (bare incorporation)
582:. (geographical locations)
925:10.1002/9780470996591.ch8
117:The cat species is common
1343:Exceptional case-marking
896:"bare noun - Wiktionary"
343:empty category principle
146:Null quantifier analysis
690:English bare mass nouns
1149:Initial-stress-derived
537:English bare singulars
485:E' venuto John vecchio
266:
243:
220:
197:
171:
1660:Inclusive / Exclusive
731:idiomatic expressions
616:. (bare coordination)
267:
244:
221:
198:
172:
733:, and coordination:
656:, and can appear in
648:English bare plurals
589:. (social locations)
256:
233:
210:
187:
161:
105:All cats are animals
99:Example (1) takes a
1540:Relative subsective
1433:Regular / Irregular
1278:Andative / Venitive
1114:Abstract / Concrete
742:Dans cette classe,
700:Gennaro Chierchia's
596:. (media locations)
491:"Old John has come"
377:'I want tortillas.'
294:domain of discourse
272:] cats are common.
152:phonologically null
109:Most cats like fish
1099:and their features
1097:Lexical categories
532:English bare nouns
374:want.1SG tortillas
262:
239:
216:
193:
167:
1936:
1935:
1741:Casally modulated
1646:Formal / Informal
1535:Pure intersective
1485:Anti-intersective
1471:
1470:
1418:Preterite-present
1014:en.wiktionary.org
900:en.wiktionary.org
761:are intelligent."
652:Bare plurals are
488:has come John old
371:Quiero tortillas.
339:determiner phrase
34:natural languages
1956:
1515:Non-intersective
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917:H. van Riemsdijk
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902:. 11 March 2023.
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783:at the airport."
753:"In that class,
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1016:. 3 March 2024.
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840:-o yomimashita
819:-ul ilk-ess-ta
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764:J'ai rencontré
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1897:Procedure word
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1855:Complementizer
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1651:Gender-neutral
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1273:Ambitransitive
1269:
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980:(2): 280–295.
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624:
617:
608:John ate with
600:
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583:
567:reduplications
538:
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310:possible world
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87:quantification
82:
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
1961:
1950:
1949:Nouns by type
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1812:Interrogative
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1808:
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1790:
1787:
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1779:Interrogative
1777:
1775:
1774:Demonstrative
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1724:
1723:Prepositional
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1716:
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1710:Strong / Weak
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1701:
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1675:Interrogative
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1621:Demonstrative
1619:
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1588:Prepositional
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1578:Interrogative
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1500:Demonstrative
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1371:
1369:
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1359:
1358:Germanic weak
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Frequentative
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
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1316:
1314:
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1306:
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1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Autocausative
1286:
1284:
1283:Anticausative
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Transgressive
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
966:
964:
960:
957:
951:
948:
943:
939:
932:
929:
926:
922:
918:
912:
910:
906:
901:
897:
891:
888:
881:
879:
870:
866:
862:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
832:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
807:
805:
801:
797:
789:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
740:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
724:
717:
713:
710:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:
701:
696:
689:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:
663:
662:
661:
659:
655:
647:
640:
636:
633:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
531:
526:
524:
522:
518:
517:Modern French
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
474:
471:
466:
463:
458:
455:
447:
445:
441:
435:
432:
429:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
403:
398:
395:
390:
387:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
360:
354:
346:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
318:
316:
311:
302:
300:
297:
295:
291:
283:
277:
178:
153:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
92:
88:
80:
75:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
43:
40:a noun in an
39:
38:DP hypothesis
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1911:Pro-sentence
1885:Onomatopoeia
1875:Interjection
1848:Measure word
1631:Distributive
1525:Postpositive
1505:Intersective
1458:Unaccusative
1403:Performative
1373:Intransitive
1333:Ditransitive
1159:Noun adjunct
1133:
1022:
1013:
1004:
977:
973:
950:
941:
931:
899:
890:
876:
868:
864:
858:
854:
848:
844:
837:
833:
827:
823:
816:
812:
793:
780:
776:
769:
765:
758:
754:
747:
743:
735:
728:
715:
708:
693:
680:
674:
667:
651:
638:
631:
627:
620:
613:
609:
601:
593:
586:
579:
571:
563:coordination
559:prepositions
540:
506:
501:logical form
494:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
472:
469:
464:
461:
456:
453:
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
420:
415:
412:
404:
402:construyeron
401:
396:
393:
388:
385:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
355:
352:
335:noun phrases
332:
319:
306:
298:
287:
281:
274:
149:
139:
135:
131:
127:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
98:
84:
55:
17:
15:
1860:Conjunction
1626:Disjunctive
1563:Conjunctive
1510:Nominalized
1413:Predicative
1257:Verbal noun
1208:Attributive
654:count nouns
637:Mary plays
592:Mary is on
585:Mary is at
578:John is at
551:predication
497:proper noun
323:ontological
142:is common.
1928:Yes and no
1843:Classifier
1827:Possessive
1789:Quantifier
1784:Possessive
1761:Determiner
1733:Adposition
1705:Resumptive
1690:Reciprocal
1685:Possessive
1665:Indefinite
1593:Pronominal
1545:Subsective
1520:Possessive
1490:Collateral
1463:Unergative
1453:Transitive
1368:Inchoative
1363:Impersonal
1303:Catenative
1242:Participle
1237:Infinitive
1169:Relational
1139:Collective
1119:Adjectival
995:1874/25018
882:References
865:student(s)
845:student(s)
824:student(s)
695:Mass nouns
594:television
543:count noun
421:pirámides.
364:tortillas.
70:felicitous
66:mass nouns
30:quantifier
26:determiner
1918:Prop-word
1880:Ideophone
1807:Discourse
1746:Inflected
1695:Reflexive
1670:Intensive
1477:Adjective
1448:Stretched
1438:Separable
1428:Reflexive
1323:Denominal
1318:Defective
1298:Captative
1293:Auxiliary
1232:Gerundive
1222:Nonfinite
1144:Countable
867:read (a)
855:xue sheng
847:read (a)
826:read (a)
781:colleague
626:John was
367:tortillas
315:pragmatic
260:∅
251:Q.SPECIES
237:∅
214:∅
191:∅
165:∅
156:Subscript
101:universal
91:semantics
62:vocatives
47:semantics
18:bare noun
1943:Category
1907:Pro-verb
1902:Pro-form
1799:Particle
1751:Stranded
1700:Relative
1680:Personal
1598:Relative
1583:Locative
1573:Genitive
1398:Negative
1328:Deponent
1308:Compound
944:: 1–506.
813:haksayng
800:Japanese
770:collègue
714:This is
658:argument
619:Mary is
521:argument
513:Japanese
424:pyramids
394:esclavos
42:argument
1892:Preverb
1769:Article
1715:Subject
1608:Pronoun
1443:Stative
1408:Phrasal
1383:Lexical
1338:Dynamic
1313:Copular
1213:Converb
1129:Animacy
869:book(s)
849:book(s)
834:gakusei
828:book(s)
796:Chinese
775:"I met
744:garçons
509:Chinese
478:vecchio
140:species
58:English
1870:Coverb
1865:Copula
1719:Object
1636:Donkey
1555:Adverb
1530:Proper
1495:Common
1378:Labile
1247:Supine
1227:Gerund
1218:Finite
1183:Verbal
1174:Strong
1164:Proper
974:Lingua
804:Korean
802:, and
777:friend
748:filles
587:church
565:, and
555:object
553:, the
462:venuto
442:, the
438:Under
405:built.
397:slaves
353:Quiero
329:Syntax
228:Q.SOME
205:Q.MOST
121:common
51:syntax
1836:Other
1817:Modal
1641:Dummy
1393:Modal
1388:Light
1266:Types
1201:Forms
1124:Agent
863:"(A)
843:"(A)
822:"(A)
817:chayk
759:girls
716:water
709:Water
639:piano
632:cheek
628:cheek
610:knife
356:want.
290:scope
182:Q.ALL
180:(1) [
126:(1')
32:. In
20:is a
1822:Noun
1568:Flat
1423:Pure
1193:Verb
1178:Weak
1154:Mass
1134:Bare
1106:Noun
836:-wa
815:-un
779:and
757:and
755:boys
681:Dogs
666:The
621:head
614:fork
612:and
547:verb
473:John
470:John
465:come
444:verb
136:some
132:Most
68:are
64:and
49:and
22:noun
1042:doi
990:hdl
982:doi
978:119
921:doi
859:shu
857:du
838:hon
768:et
766:ami
746:et
675:Dog
668:dog
630:to
580:sea
511:or
481:old
457:has
450:(7)
416:the
413:las
407:3PL
389:the
386:Los
382:(6)
358:1SG
349:(5)
128:All
89:in
56:In
28:or
16:A
1945::
1909:/
1721:/
1717:/
1653:/
1220:/
1176:/
1052:^
1031:^
1012:.
988:.
976:.
962:^
940:.
908:^
898:.
871:."
851:."
830:."
798:,
569:.
561:,
454:E'
123:.
60:,
53:.
1089:e
1082:t
1075:v
1044::
998:.
992::
984::
923::
673:*
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