Precolonial barangay - Knowledge (XXG)

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subjects, by districts and families; and these obeyed and respected the chief. Some chiefs had friendship and communication with others, and at times wars and quarrels. These principalities and lordships were inherited in the male line and by succession of father and son and their descendants. If these were lacking, then their brothers and collateral relatives succeeded... When any of these chiefs was more courageous than others in war and upon other occasions, such a one enjoyed more followers and men; and the others were under his leadership, even if they were chiefs. These latter retained to themselves the lordship and particular government of their own following, which is called barangay among them. They had datos and other special leaders who attended to the interests of the barangay.

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particularly the ancient settlement of Halaur, as site of a progressive trading post and a court of illustrious nobilities. The friar says: Es la isla de Panay muy parecida a la de Sicilia, así por su forma triangular come por su fertilidad y abundancia de bastimentos... Es la isla más poblada, después de Manila y Mindanao, y una de las mayores, por bojear más de cien leguas. En fertilidad y abundancia es en todas la primera... El otro corre al oeste con el nombre de Alaguer , desembocando en el mar a dos leguas de distancia de Dumangas...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida

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consensus. Whoever was chosen by the groups as their leader exercised leadership and asserted authority over them. It was a living democracy...Barangay alliances were loosely defined. These were often based on kinship and marriage. Each Barangay remained independent and enjoyed freedom from external control. That was why Lapulapu resisted the attempt of Magellan to make him acknowledge the lordship of Humabon. The same was true of the other datus who resisted coercive efforts of the Spaniards to make them subservient to other Datus.

3734:, cultivar sus campos y pelear en la guerra. Los siervos, que formaban el término medio entre los esclavos y los hombres libres, podían tener propriedad individual, mujer, campos, casa y esclavos; pero los tagalos debían pagar una cantidad en polvo de oro equivalente á una parte de sus cosechas, los de los barangayes bisayas estaban obligados á trabajar en las tieras del señor cinco días al mes, pagarle un tributo anual en arroz y hacerle un presente en las fiestas. Durante la dominación española, el 2333:(head of the community), the Babaylan takes in the role of interim head of the community. Babaylans were powerful ritual specialists who were believed to have influence over the weather and tap various spirits in the natural and spiritual realms. Babaylans were held in such high regard as they were believed to possess powers that can block the dark magic of an evil datu or spirit and heal the sick or wounded. Among other powers of the babaylan were to ensure a safe pregnancy and child birth. 2201: 4043:

entails privilege, duty and prescribed norms of conduct, and is requisite for community leadership; 3.) Petty Plutocracies, which are dominated socially and politically by a recognized class of rich men who attain membership through birthright, property and the performance of specified ceremonies. They are "petty" because their authority is localized, being extended by neither absentee landlordism nor territorial subjugation; 4.) Principalities. Cf. William Henry Scott,

1537: 2356: 3487:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut – que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas – con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida 4023:"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut- que ahora se llama el convento de Dumangas- con la advocación de nuestro Padre San Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio y corte de la más lucida 1842:, among others, they took on a more complex social organization. Several barangays, consisting of households loyal to a datu, Rajah or Sultan banded together to form larger cosmopolitan polities as an apex city states. The Rulers of these barangays would then select the most senior or most respected among them to serve as a paramount datu. These polities sometimes had other names (such as 53: 2291: 2178: 2137: 2129: 2275: 2242: 2161: 1993:"king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila, but Goiti was surprised when Lakandula explained there was "no single king over these lands", and that the leadership of Tondo and Maynila over the Kapampangan polities did not include either territorial claim or absolute command. Antonio de Morga, in his work 618: 3590:

During the early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines the Spanish Augustinian Friar, Gaspar de San Agustín, O.S.A., describes Iloilo and Panay as one of the most populated islands in the archipelago and the most fertile of all the islands of the Philippines. He also talks about Iloilo,

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There are a number of distinctions between the modern Barangay or Barrio, and the city-states and independent principalities encountered by the Spanish when they first arrived in 1521 and established relatively permanent settlements in 1574. The most glaring difference would be that the modern entity

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This explanation of the limited powers of a paramount leader in cultures throughout the Philippine archipelago explains the confusion experienced by Martin de Goiti during the first Spanish forays into Bulacan and Pampanga in late 1571. Until that point, Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms

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In Panay, the existence of highly developed and independent principalities of Ogtong (Oton) and Araut (Dumangas) was well known to early Spanish settlers in the Philippines. The Augustinian historian Gaspar de San Agustin, for example, wrote about the existence of an ancient and illustrious nobility

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This model has been applied to the historical polities of Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia which traded extensively with various Bayan polities in the Philippines. However, Southeast Asian historians such as Jocano, Scott, and Osbourne are careful to note that the Philippines and Vietnam were outside

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According to William Henry Scott (Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippines Culture and Society) a Katalonan could be of either sex, or male transvestites (bayoguin), but were usually women from prominent families who were wealthy in their own right. According to Luciano P. R. Santiago (To Love and to

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Noting the mobile and maritime nature of Austronesian culture, these ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature. This was because most of the people relied on fishing for their supply of protein and livelihoods. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, and along the coasts.

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de toda aquella isla."de SAN AGUSTIN OSA (1650–1724), Fr Gaspár; DIAZ OSA, Fr Casimiro (1698). Conquistas de las Islas Philipinas. Parte primera : la temporal, por las armas del señor don Phelipe Segundo el Prudente, y la espiritual, por los religiosos del Orden de Nuestro Padre San Augustin;

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Present-day political scientists studying the Philippines have noted that the reciprocal social obligations that characterized the pre-colonial bayan and barangay system are still in place today, albeit using the external trappings of modern liberal democracy. The term "cacique democracy" has been

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Slaves who lived in their creditor's house and were entirely dependent on him for food and shelter. Male alipin sagigilid who married were often raised to namamahay status, because it was more economical for his master (as opposed to supporting him and his new family under the same roof). However,

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Slaves who lived in their own houses apart from their creditor. If the alipin's debt came from insolvency or legal action, the alipin and his creditor agreed on a period of indenture and an equivalent monetary value in exchange for it. The alipin namamahay was allowed to farm a portion of barangay

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Even if different Barangays entered into alliances with one another, there was no sovereign datu over them. Each datu ruled his barangay independently. The alliances were limited to mutual protection and assistance in times of need. It did not entail permanent allegiance. The grouping was based on

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Even during the early days of Spanish rule, it was not unusual for people living beside each other to actually belong to different barangays. They owed their loyalty to different Datus. Also, while the modern barangay represents only the smallest administrative unit of government, the barangay of

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There were no kings or lords throughout these islands who ruled over them as in the manner of our kingdoms and provinces; but in every island, and in each province of it, many chiefs were recognized by the natives themselves. Some were more powerful than others, and each one had his followers and

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Although popular portrayals and early nationalist historical texts sometimes depict Philippine paramount rulers as having broad sovereign powers and holding vast territories, critical historiographers such as Jocano, Scott, and Junker explain that historical sources clearly show paramount leaders

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Powerful governor of a province within the caliphate or dynasties of Islamic regions. Their position was inherited by a direct descent in a royal bloodline who could claim the allegiances of the datu. Sultans took on foreign relations with other states, and could declare war or allow subordinate

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As a spiritual medium, babaylans also lead rituals with offerings to the various divinities or deities. As an expert in divine and herb lore, incantations, and concoctions of remedies, antidotes, and a variety of potions from various roots, leaves, and seeds, the babaylans were also regarded as

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Datus were maginoo with personal followings (dulohan or barangay). His responsibilities include: governing his people, leading them in war, protecting them from enemies and settling disputes. He received agricultural produce and services from his people, and distributed irrigated land among his

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Historians classify four types of non-Hispanized societies in the Philippines, some of which still survive in remote and isolated parts of the Country: 1.) Classless societies; 2.) Warrior societies, characterized by a distinct warrior class, in which membership is won by personal achievement,

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defines this period of the barangay states' dominance — approximately the 14th to the 16th centuries — as the "Barangic Phase" of early Philippine history. The Barangic Phase of Philippine history can be noted for its highly mobile nature, with barangays transforming from being settlements and

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Historically, the first barangays started as relatively small communities of around 30 to 100 families, with a population that varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. When the Spaniards came, they found communities with only twenty to thirty people, as well as large and prestigious

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Suffer) as remuneration for their services they received a good part of the offerings of food, wine, clothing, and gold, the quality and quantity of which depended on the social status of the supplicant. Thus, the catalonas filled a very prestigious as well as lucrative role in society.

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The barangays in some coastal places in Panay, Manila, Cebu, Jolo, and Butuan, with cosmopolitan cultures and trade relations with other Countries in Asia, were already established Principalities before the coming of the Spaniards. In these regions, even though the majority of these

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The earliest documentation of the term "Bayan" was done by early Spanish missionaries who came up with local language dictionaries to facilitate the conversion of the peoples of the Philippine archipelago to Roman Catholicism. Among the most significant of these dictionaries was the

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In the middle of the seventeenth century, the Jesuit missionary Francisco Colin made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of the social stratification in Tagalog culture with that in the Visayan culture. While social mobility was possible in the former, in the Visayas, the

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Keifer compares this situation to similarly-structured African polities where "component units of the political structure consist of functionally and structurally equivalent segments integrated only loosely by a centralized authority dependent on the consensual delegation of power

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of the confederacy of Barangay states. In a confederacy forged by alliances among polities, the datu would convene to choose a paramount chief from among themselves; their communal decision would be based on a datu's prowess in battle, leadership, and network of allegiances.

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Because the peoples of the Philippine archipelago had different languages, the highest ranking political authorities in the largest historical barangay polities went by different titles. The titles of the paramount datu also changed from case to case, including:

3728:á quienes heredaban los hijos mayores, las hijas á falta de éstos, ó los parientes más próximos si no tenían descendencia directa; pero siempre teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de fuerza ó de dinero...Los vassalos plebeyos tenían que remar en los barcos del 2475:

were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy and Lordships (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in more established, richer and more developed Principalities.

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have been done – most studies focus on the specific context of a single settlement or ethnic group. There are only a handful of historiographers and anthropologists who have done integrative studies to examine the commonalities and differences between these

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in more Islamized Subanon communities. In some other portions of the Visayas and Mindanao, there was no separate name for the most senior ruler, so the Paramount ruler was simply called a datu, although one datu was identifiable as the most senior.

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to describe the Philippines' various indigenous polities, citing a lack of linguistic evidence and the fact that all of the primary references suggesting that use of the term can be traced to just a single source - Juan de Plascencia's 1589 report

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After the various polities of the Philippine archipelago were united into a single political entity during colonial times, the term gradually lost its original specific meaning, and took on more generic, descriptive denotations: population center

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The coastal villages were more accessible to trade with foreigners. These were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of

1861:)." The majority of these early "bayan" were economically complex communities situated river deltas where rivers exit out into the ocean, and featured a compact community layout which distinguished them from inland communities, thus the name. 3500:. OCLC 79696350. "The second part of the work, compiled by Casimiro Díaz Toledano from the manuscript left by Gaspár de San Agustín, was not published until 1890 under the title: Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, Parte segunda", pp. 374-376. 1780:, or a leader with an equivalent title. This was the typical size of inland settlements by the time the Spanish colonizers arrived in the late 1500s, whereas larger, more cosmopolitan polities dominated the coasts, particularly river deltas. 1988:(sic) constitute an institutionalized chain of command from center to periphery. Political allegiance was given only to the leader immediately above an individual with whom a kin group had personal ties of economic reciprocity and loyalty. 3972:

Mapping and Analysis of Indigenous Governance Practices in the Philippines and Proposal for Establishing an Indicative Framework for Indigenous People's Governance: Towards a Broader and Inclusive Process of Governance in the

1736:, which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers; in essence a barangay is a ship or a fleet of ships and also a house or a settlement. 2257:, their main responsibility to the datu was agricultural labor, but they could also work in fisheries, accompany expeditions, and rowboats. They could also perform irregular services, like support feasts or build houses. 2189:

Panginoon were maginoo with many slaves and other valuable property like houses and boats. Lineage was emphasized over wealth; the nouveau riche were derogatorily referred to as maygintawo (fellow with a lot of riches).

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were not large settlements, yet they had organized societies dominated by the same type of recognized aristocracy (with birthright claim to allegiance from followers), as those found in established Principalities.

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Philippine historiographers thus do not apply the term "Mandala" to describe early Philippine polities because doing so overemphasizes the scale of Indian influence on Philippine culture, obscuring the indigenous

1363: 3032:. They emphasized that these polities were defined by their centre rather than their boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration. 580: 2305:

land, but he was required to provide a measure of threshed rice or a jar of rice wine for his master's feasts. He came whenever his master called to harvest crops, build houses, rowboats, or carry cargo.

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In most cases, his function was to make decisions which would involve multiple barangays, such as disputes between members of two different barangays. Internally, each datu retained his jurisdiction.

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precolonial times was either independent, or belonged to what was only a loose confederation of several barangays, over which the rulers picked among themselves who would be foremost - known as the

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referring to freemen came into use in the social structure of the Tagalogs within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being incorrectly applied to former

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Member included: those who have inherited debts from namamahay parents, timawa who went into debt, and former alipin saguiguilid who married and were allowed to live outside of master's house.

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at the time of migration or conquest. Some of these Principalities have remained, even until the present, in unhispanized and mostly Islamized parts of the Philippines, in Mindanao.

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Often, these paramount datus, rajahs and sultans formed ritual alliances with the leaders of nearby polities, and these "alliance groups" spread their political influence (but

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In time, these coastal communities acquired more advanced cultures, with developed social structures (sovereign principalities), ruled by established royalties and nobilities.

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Trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. Early chroniclers record that the name evolved from the term

3710:, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, S. A., 1991, Vol. VII, p.624. The article also says: "Los nobles de un barangay eran los más ricos ó los más fuertes, formándose por este sistema los 1914:

by the Augustinian missionary Fray Pedro de San Buenaventura, who described it as a large town with four to ten datu lived with their followers, called dulohan or barangay.

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The more complex social structure of the Tagalogs was less stable during the arrival of the Spaniards because it was still in a process of differentiating. A Jesuit priest

3435:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from 1427: 1462: 510: 1669:

The term has since been adapted as the name of the basic political unit of the Philippines. So historical barangays should not be confused with present-day Philippine

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In communities which historically had strong political or trade connections with Indianized polities in Indonesia and Malaysia, the Paramount Ruler was called a

1353: 1345: 3181: 3756:, siendo hereditario el cargo de jefe." It should also be noted that the more popular and official term used to refer to the leaders of the district or to the 2813:(town) where a newly built church was situated. This allowed the Spanish government to control the movement of the indigenous population, to easily facilitate 2284:

Warrior class of the barangay, rendered military services to the Datu and paid for their own equipment and weapons. They also received a share of the spoils.

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came into use in the Tagalog social structure within just twenty years after the coming of the Spaniards. The term, however, was being applied to former

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is the term historically used by scholars to describe the complex sociopolitical units that were the dominant organizational pattern among the various

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Because of the difficulty of accessing and accurately interpreting the various available sources, relatively few integrative studies of pre-colonial

1558: 2397:(if had the personality and economic means) could retain and restrain competing peers, relatives, and offspring from moving up the social ladder. 1958:

exercised only a limited degree of influence, which did not include claims over the barangays and territories of less-senior datus. For example,

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The different type of culture prevalent in Luzon gave a less stable and more complex social structure to the pre-colonial Tagalog barangays of

1723:. This became the mainstays of the Austronesian speaking populations through the expansion from Maritime Southeast Asia out into the Pacific. 1692: 1603:

Some barangays were well-organized independent villages, consisting of thirty to a hundred households. Other barangays — most notably those in

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allies of certain datus in subjugating an enemy, hence, the babaylans were also known for their specialization in medical and divine combat.

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Theories, as well as local oral traditions, say that the original "barangays" were coastal settlements formed as a result of the migration of

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Class. At the early part of the Spanish regime, the number of their members who were coming to rent land from their Datus was increasing.

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Class. Its members were presumably the descendants of the first settlers on the land or, in the case of later arrivals, of those who were

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of early polities throughout the archipelago, alongside her study of inter and intra-regional trade among Philippine coastal polities.

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made an attempt to give an approximate comparison of it with the Visayan social structure in the middle of the 17th century. The term

2500:) which were never conquered by Spain but were subjugated as vassals by means of pacts, peace treaties, and reciprocal alliances, the 4422: 4247: 4001: 3472: 3369: 3315: 3304: 3262: 2640:

keep their marriageable daughters secluded for protection and prestige. These well-guarded and protected highborn women were called

1850:) but since the terminology varies from case to case, scholars such as Jocano and Scott simply refer to them as "larger" barangays. 1596:

in the period immediately before the arrival of European colonizers. Academics refer to these settlements using the technical term "

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Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies".

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as "free men, neither chiefs nor slaves". These were people of lower nobility who were required to render military service to the

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their territorial claims) across an even larger geographic area. One prominent example was the case of the Paramount Rulers of

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fundacion y progreso de su Provincia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga.

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Non-slaves who can attached themselves to the Datu of their choice. They could use and bequeath a portion of barangay land.

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in polities which traded extensively with Indonesia and Malaysia; or simply Datu in some areas of Mindanao and the Visayas.

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when he ordered the replacement of the old barrios and municipal councils. This act was eventually codified under the 1991

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While political leadership followed an explicitly symbolized hierarchy (sic) of rank this leadership hierarchy (sic) did

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For more information about the social system of the Indigenous Philippine society before the Spanish colonization confer

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who owned their own houses and served their masters by paying tribute or working on their fields were the commoners and

2264:, they paid no tribute and rendered no agricultural labor. They were seafaring warriors who bound themselves to a datu. 1593: 1492: 1482: 1472: 1032: 878: 1642:

The term originally referred to both a house on land and a boat on water, containing families, friends and dependents.

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Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms".

3173: 1926:); municipality; or in the broadest sense, "country". Among the most prominent of these bayan entities were those in 435: 4210:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 4. Also cf. Antonio Morga, Sucessos de las Islas Filipinas, 2nd ed., Paris: 1890, p. xxxiii. 3783:

The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson)

2082:, who were said to have political sway among the peoples of Bulacan and Pampanga before the arrival of the Spanish. 2604: 1711:

initially, and stayed in the archipelago to create a thalassocratic and highly sea dependent civilization based on

1225: 957: 826: 771: 607: 555: 262: 188: 1022: 3849: 3122: 3081: 3029: 2995: 2079: 1931: 1799: 1608: 1107: 776: 223: 4084: 3621:. E. de los Santos St., UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. pp. 117–153. 2837:- the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines. This position was inherited from the 1195: 1077: 3740:, jefe de un barangay, ejercía funciones judiciales y administrativas. A los tres años tenía el tratamiento de 2894:

represents a geographical entity, the pre-colonial barangays represented loyalty to a particular head (datu).

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neither paid tribute nor performed agricultural labor. In this sense, they were truly aristocrats. The Tagalog

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word "Mandala" ("circle") as a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among

2841:, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the 2928:

The organization of pre-colonial Philippine states has often been described as or compared to feudalism (see

2754:. The equivalent warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were known as the 2864: 2319:

Member included: children born in creditor's house and children of parents who were too poor to raise them.

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Member included: illegitimate children of Maginoo and slaves and former alipin who paid off their debts.

4033:, Manuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas: Madrid 1975, pp. 374-375. 3072:, another term for the system of independent and semi-independent city-states in Maritime Southeast Asia 2929: 2746:(commoner and slave class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. Moreover, the Tagalog 1286: 1170: 1062: 967: 305: 4275: 2200: 680: 4438: 3934:

Imbing, Thimuay Mangura Vicente L.; Viernes-Enriquez, Joy (1990). "A Legend of the Subanen "Buklog"".

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where in many parts of the country local leaders remain very strong, with almost warlord-type powers.

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may be exempt from such obligations (the latter were characterized by the Boxer Codex as "knights and

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turning into fleets and vice versa, with the wood constantly re-purposed according to the situation.

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reflected what was merely an attempt by the Spanish to reconstructing pre-conquest Tagalog society.

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Maginoo comprised the ruling class of Tagalogs, Ginoo was both honorific for both men and women.

1541: 1165: 1067: 1057: 1042: 690: 665: 430: 300: 4089:. Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. pp. 3569: 2420:. The warrior class in the Tagalog society was present only in Laguna, and they were called the 2385:. More recently, anthropologist Laura Lee Junker conducted an updated comparative review of the 2329:

were highly respected members of the community, on par with the Maginoo. In the absence of the

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and its modern derivative "caciquismo" (sometimes translated as "Bossism"), which refers to a

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in Luzon formed a common economic class in some sense, though this class had no designation.

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Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). "New States and Reorientations 1368–1764".

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The caciques: oligarchical politics and the system of caciquismo in the Luso-Hispanic world

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In the late 20th century, European historians who believed that historical Southeast Asian

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Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124-125.

2636:, abducting them, or contracting brideprices in gold, slaves and jewelry. Meanwhile, the 1653:

Some scholars such as Damon Woods, however, have recently challenged the use of the term

2355: 1872:, is linguistically related to other Philippine words for shoreline and perimeter (both 17: 2983: 2833: 2681: 2042: 2025: 1847: 1712: 1378: 1180: 1007: 903: 485: 445: 415: 410: 2845:, who also collected taxes (called tribute) from the residents for the Spanish Crown. 4580: 4105: 3542: 3436: 3169: 3037: 2684:

as more traders than warriors, and possessed distinct religious practices concerning

2193:

Members included: those who could claim noble lineage, members of the datu's family.

1897: 1507: 1317: 727: 425: 405: 395: 375: 345: 320: 4312:

Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.

4185:

Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, p. 125.

3801: 2552: 2021: 918: 898: 717: 400: 3464:

Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities

2441:

were obliged to do that, and to pay tribute besides. The Tagalog who works in the

4548:"Mandala: From Sacred Origins to Sovereign Affairs in Traditional Southeast Asia" 4502:

The Catastrophe of Modernity: Tragedy and the Nation in Latin American Literature

4323: 3991: 3286: 3252: 2410:(Third Class) who have escaped bondage by payment, favor, or flight. The Tagalog 1776:

The smallest barangays were communities of around 30 to 100 households, led by a

2964: 2936:. Specifically, political scientists note that political patterns of the modern 2868: 2632:

usually marry only among their kind, often seeking high ranking brides in other

2530: 1893: 1754: 1720: 1139: 1124: 469: 420: 3993:

Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino and Other Essays in the Philippine History

1980:(sic) through the system." Junker, expounding further on Keifer's work, notes: 3970: 3534: 3049: 2445:

field did not pay him tribute, and could transfer their allegiance to another

1716: 1398: 1235: 913: 340: 4239:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

3599:, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1975, pp. 374-376. 3288:

Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms

3078:, similar concept in mainland Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Laos 2212:

datus to declare war if need be. The sultan had his court, a prime minister (

3057: 3053: 2923: 2756: 2422: 2279: 1589: 1052: 987: 655: 440: 365: 315: 130: 2680:

for a living, the Tagalogs were described by the Spanish Augustinian friar

2429:

Unlike the Visayan Datus, the Lakans and Apos of Luzon could call all non-

4571: 4387: 4024: 3592: 3488: 3069: 3025: 3017: 2860: 2854: 2677: 2669: 2564: 2472: 2437:

fields or do all sorts of other personal labor. In the Visayas, only the

2360: 2218: 1935: 1827: 1811: 1803: 1732: 1698: 1675: 1632: 1616: 1612: 1373: 888: 863: 831: 811: 766: 702: 370: 350: 277: 245: 183: 2290: 2177: 2136: 2128: 52: 3955: 3758: 3736: 3107: 2721: 2689: 2485: 2274: 2261: 2241: 2182: 2160: 962: 923: 781: 208: 113: 74: 3969:

Buendia, Rizal; Mendoza, Lorelei; Guiam, Rufa; Sambeli, Luisa (2006).

2099:

The aristocratic group in these pre-colonial societies was called the

3856:. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145. 3724: 3075: 3021: 3005: 2872: 2818: 2742: 2665: 2613: 2547: 2521:

This social order was divided into three classes. The members of the

2471:

In other parts of the Archipelago, even though the majority of these

2464:

field, but could also be required to pay his own rent. Thus, all non-

2416: 2406: 2374: 2295: 2246: 2205: 2013: 1901: 1857:, meaning a "community", or literally "a place with many households ( 1853:

Grace Odal-Devora traces the etymology of the term bayan to the word

1823: 1708: 1670: 1597: 806: 801: 791: 450: 218: 213: 193: 142: 125: 108: 88: 4276:

http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/pssr/article/viewFile/1274/1630

4218: 4216: 3947: 4441: 4357: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4278:

Seclusion and Veiling of Women: A Historical and Cultural Approach

3798:

Vocabulario de lengua tagala: el romance castellano puesto primero

3102: 2903: 2707: 2685: 2497: 2493: 2354: 2254: 2145: 2017: 1807: 1762: 1758: 1624: 893: 93: 2986:

or leader who exercises significant power in a political system.

2787:

who lived in their masters' houses were the servants and slaves.

4358:"28 July 1571: The Foundation Date of the Province of La Laguna" 4195:

The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Philippine Islands

4106:"Baylan : Animist Religion and Philippine Peasant Ideology" 3911:

Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History

3730: 3718: 3712: 3112: 2778: 2701: 2534: 2502: 2489: 2330: 2165: 2141: 2104: 2100: 2036: 2029: 1777: 796: 198: 103: 98: 83: 2595:) and were sometimes called upon for agricultural labor to the 2822: 2053:, and some thimuays are sometimes additionally referred to as 2799:, smaller ancient barangays were combined to form towns in a 2763:

At the bottom of the social hierarchy are the members of the

4242:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 126–127. 4129:"The complementary roles of the Mandirigma and the Babaylan" 4086:

Philippine Electoral Almanac. – Revised and expanded edition

2648:

of pure descent (at least for four generations) were called

617: 51: 3817:

The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Philippine Muslim Society

2617:

class (commoners and slaves), who rendered services to the

2529:) were the nobility of pure royal descent, compared by the 4328:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53, 55. 3685:

The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan

3364:(2001 ed.). Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 3254:

Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society

4484:

Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams

3840: 3838: 3836: 2317:

female alipin sagigilid were rarely permitted to marry.

3362:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

3093:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

3000:

Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities

1964:

Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage

27:

Complex sociopolitical units in precolonial Philippines

2715:

refers to the chief, but the noble class to which the

2364:– the common weapon of the pre-colonial warrior class. 3618:

The Myth of the Barangay and Other Silenced Histories

3554: 3552: 2871:, also known by its former Spanish adopted name, the 3752:, con facultades para nombrarse un auxiliar llamado 2963:

used to describe the feudal political system of the

2750:

did not have the military prominence of the Visayan

2414:

did not have the military prominence of the Visayan

3595:de toda aquella isla...Mamuel Merino, O.S.A., ed., 2944:, can more accurately be described using the term " 1600:", but they are usually simply called "barangays". 4505:. Bucknell University Press. 2004. pp. 136–. 3708:Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europea-Americana 3461:Carley, Michael; Smith, Harry (November 5, 2013). 3456: 3454: 3257:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1662:. Instead, Woods argues that this use of the term 3038:the geographical scope of direct Indian influence 2825:. Every barangay within a town was headed by the 1660:Las costumbres de los indios Tagalos de Filipinas 4446:Pinas: Munting Kasaysayan ng Pira-pirasong Bayan 3979:. Bangkok: United Nations Development Programme. 1683:of 1991 as a reference to historical barangays. 3854:Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon 3523:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1999: 1982: 1968: 1794:When barangays grew larger, as was the case in 4536:. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press 4383:"The Philippines Then and Now; Spanish Period" 3291:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 2875:. This modern context for the use of the term 2351:Historiography of early Philippine settlements 2237:Timawa and Maharlika (Middle Class and Freemen 4148: 4146: 4031:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615) 4019:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565–1615) 3597:Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas (1565-1615) 3352: 2222:or crown prince), a third-ranking dignitary ( 1559: 574: 8: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3098:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history 2767:class. There are two main subclasses of the 2644:(literally "veiled" or "swaddled"), and the 1790:Paramount rulers in early Philippine history 4308: 4306: 4127:Mallari, Perry Gil S. (November 16, 2013). 4110:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 3776: 3774: 3772: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3174:"The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay" 3084:, political model in ancient Southeast Asia 2545:were the vassal warrior class known as the 1707:, who came to the archipelago by boat from 3433:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library 2199: 2176: 2159: 2135: 2127: 2111:Social Hierarchy of Pre-colonial Polities 1864:Odal-Devors notes that bayan's root word, 1566: 1552: 592: 581: 567: 31: 4442:"Ninuno Mo, Ninuno Ko: Juan de Plasencia" 3819:. New York: Holt, Rineheart and Winston. 2879:was adopted during the administration of 2831:(barangay chief), who formed part of the 2016:in the most Islamized areas of Mindanao; 1018:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 2506:was at the top of the social order in a 2109: 1884:"great lady"), friend (the Visayan term 3785:. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66. 3161: 3134: 3048:cultural connections to the peoples of 757:Historically documented states/polities 627: 606: 595: 45:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines 43: 4153:Limos, Mario Alvaro (March 18, 2019). 3869: 3859: 2086:Social organization and stratification 2066:Alliance groups among paramount rulers 1693:Models of migration to the Philippines 2863:in modern use refers to the smallest 2628:To maintain purity of bloodline, the 2599:, though the personal vassals of the 7: 4452:from the original on August 14, 2007 4415:Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino 4325:State and Society in the Philippines 4226:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 102 and 112 3184:from the original on October 2, 2017 1639:— were large cosmopolitan polities. 4470:Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, 4417:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 3996:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 3913:. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 3796:Buenaventura, Pedro de San (1613). 2849:Difference from the modern barangay 2049:, a settlement's datus answer to a 4266:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 112- 118. 3746:y se reconocía capacidad para ser 2970:The term was originally coined by 2345:Variation in social stratification 25: 4546:Dellios, Rosita (June 25, 2019). 4060:, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 127-147. 2171:barangay with right of usufruct. 958:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 671:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 492:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 3654:Plasencia, Fray Juan de (1589). 2289: 2273: 2240: 1681:Philippine Local Government Code 1673:, which were officially renamed 1535: 4289:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4264:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4224:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4208:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4071:Heroism,heritage and nationhood 4058:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4045:Cracks in the Parchment Curtain 4029:Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A., 3889:Succesos de las Islas Filipinas 3568:. June 25, 2015. Archived from 2660:Barangays in the Tagalog Region 2484:In more developed barangays in 1911:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 4197:, Vols. 1 and 2, Chapter VIII. 3762:during the Spanish period was 2934:Marxist socioeconomic analysis 2725:class. Any male member of the 2381:and historian-historiographer 1995:Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas 1364:2000 campaign against the MILF 869:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 723:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 481:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 1: 4073:. PCDSPO. 2016. pp. 7–8. 3990:Scott, William Henry (1992). 3909:Scott, William Henry (1984). 3030:early Southeast Asian history 2719:belonged to was known as the 2587:also paid taxes and tribute ( 2226:, or sea lord) and advisers ( 1784:Barangays as apex city states 1028:Battles of La Naval de Manila 463:Primary sources and artifacts 4592:Barangays of the Philippines 4291:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 113. 4047:, Quezon City: 1998, p. 139. 2932:), particularly in light of 1772:Smaller barangay settlements 879:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 137:Commoners, serfs, and slaves 4448:(in Filipino). elaput.com. 3781:Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). 2938:Republic of the Philippines 1369:2nd People Power Revolution 1359:1997 Asian financial crisis 1093:Declaration of Independence 4608: 4155:"The Fall of the Babaylan" 3887:Morga, Antonio de (1609). 3850:Robertson, James Alexander 3285:Junker, Laura Lee (2000). 2993: 2955: 2921: 2852: 2525:class (which includes the 2514:(elsewhere referred to as 2348: 2216:), an heir to the throne ( 1787: 1696: 1690: 1098:American capture of Manila 556:History of the Philippines 4356:Alas, José Mario “Pepe”. 4236:Laura Lee Junker (2000). 4206:Cf. William Henry Scott, 4056:Cf. William Henry Scott, 3656:"Customs of the Tagalogs" 3149:, is translated "nation". 2996:Mandala (political model) 2733:by personal achievement. 2460:did not only work in his 2288: 2236: 2126: 2121: 2115: 978:Spanish capture of Manila 4490:, I (169), May–June 1988 2795:Upon the arrival of the 2480:Barangays in the Visayas 2433:subjects to work in the 2118: 1580:early Philippine history 1438:Administrative divisions 1153:American colonial period 1073:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 909:Butuan Silver Paleograph 894:Batanes Ijang fortresses 837:Sultanate of Maguindanao 708:Cordillera Rice Terraces 18:Bayan (political entity) 3815:Keifer, Thomas (1972). 3535:10.1023/A:1022611908759 2865:administrative division 1333:People Power Revolution 1113:Philippine–American War 947:Spanish colonial period 4104:McCoy, Alfred (1982). 4027:de toda aquella isla." 4017:in Araut, in his book 3936:Asian Folklore Studies 2533:to the titled Spanish 2365: 2132:Maginoo (Ruling Class) 2004: 1990: 1973: 1962:, in his seminal work 1594:Philippine archipelago 1542:Philippines portal 1518:Science and technology 1135:UST Baybayin Documents 1083:Treaty of Paris (1898) 661:Austronesian expansion 646:Early hominin activity 622: 381:Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram 56: 4587:Precolonial barangays 4287:William Henry Scott, 4262:William Henry Scott, 4222:William Henry Scott, 3690:July 1, 2012, at the 3615:Woods, Damon (2017). 3429:"Pre-colonial Manila" 3012:or European views of 2930:non-Western feudalism 2888:Local Government Code 2625:for debts or favors. 2583:Aside from this, the 2562:in hunts, land wars ( 2358: 1788:Further information: 1697:Further information: 1687:Origins and etymology 1463:Cultural achievements 1287:Filipino First policy 1277:Mutual Defense Treaty 1231:Philippine resistance 1063:Philippine Revolution 1023:Spanish–Moro conflict 1013:Revolts and uprisings 899:Golden Tara of Agusan 621: 511:Cultural achievements 391:Sultan Muwallil Wasit 306:Azim ud-Din I of Sulu 55: 4482:Benedict Anderson, ' 4411:Scott, William Henry 3572:on December 22, 2015 3249:Scott, William Henry 3028:(principalities) in 2020:among the Tagalogs; 1880:or the Visayan term 1523:World Heritage Sites 1389:Territorial disputes 1292:North Borneo dispute 1282:Hukbalahap Rebellion 1246:Philippines campaign 1241:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1221:Battle of Corregidor 1196:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1088:Battle of Manila Bay 1078:Spanish–American War 686:Precolonial barangay 75:Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao 3666:on January 23, 2009 3565:Oxford Dictionaries 3172:(October 2, 2017). 3016:began adapting the 3014:political geography 3008:did not conform to 2729:class can become a 2387:social organization 2383:William Henry Scott 2112: 2047:Zamboanga Peninsula 1705:Austronesian people 1384:Philippine drug war 1346:Contemporary period 1313:Communist rebellion 1211:Japanese occupation 1176:Military Government 1130:Doctrina Christiana 1038:Propaganda Movement 993:Spanish East Indies 983:Battle of Bangkusay 929:Magellan expedition 847:Sultanates of Lanao 842:Sultanate of Buayan 311:Batarah Shah Tengah 4472:Cacique Democracy' 4131:. The Manila Times 3764:Cabeza de Barangay 3406:Asian Perspectives 2828:cabeza de barangay 2784:aliping sa gigilid 2366: 2313:Alipin Saguiguilid 2110: 1186:Insular Government 1171:Zamboanga Republic 1068:Tejeros Convention 1058:Cry of Pugad Lawin 1043:1872 Cavite mutiny 751:Precolonial period 691:Maritime Silk Road 666:Angono Petroglyphs 638:Prehistoric period 623: 301:Agustin de Legazpi 172:Political entities 57: 4512:978-0-8387-5561-7 4439:Laput, Ernesto J. 3846:Blair, Emma Helen 3660:Nagcarlan, Laguna 3628:978-971-542-821-7 3324:978-971-550-347-1 3010:classical Chinese 2972:Benedict Anderson 2958:Cacique democracy 2952:Cacique democracy 2946:Cacique Democracy 2942:liberal democracy 2821:, and to collect 2819:population counts 2803:process known as 2774:aliping namamahay 2572:), or sea raids ( 2539:señores de titulo 2370:social structures 2324: 2323: 1576: 1575: 1423:Ancient religions 1404:COVID-19 pandemic 1259:Post-independence 998:Captaincy General 874:Butuan Ivory Seal 852:Sultanate of Sulu 733:Prehistoric beads 591: 590: 476:Butuan Ivory Seal 326:Dayang Kalangitan 148:Alipin sa gigilid 16:(Redirected from 4599: 4560: 4559: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4497: 4491: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4233: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3906: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3857: 3842: 3831: 3830: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3778: 3767: 3700: 3694: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3662:. Archived from 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3518: 3501: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3439:on March 9, 2016 3425: 3414: 3413: 3401: 3376: 3375: 3358:Jocano, F. Landa 3354: 3327: 3310: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3245: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3166: 3150: 3139: 3088:Christianization 2913:Related concepts 2884:Ferdinand Marcos 2815:Christianization 2556:Miguel de Loarca 2301:Alipin Namamahay 2293: 2277: 2244: 2203: 2180: 2163: 2151:Paramount Leader 2139: 2131: 2113: 2007:Titles of rulers 1888:), and writing ( 1745:principalities. 1568: 1561: 1554: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1272:Treaty of Manila 1216:Battle of Bataan 1161:Tagalog Republic 1103:Malolos Congress 1048:La Liga Filipina 1033:British invasion 1003:Tondo Conspiracy 973:Blockade of Cebu 934:Battle of Mactan 858:Events/Artifacts 761:(north to south) 697:Events/Artifacts 681:Sa Huỳnh culture 611: 593: 583: 576: 569: 558: 533:Paramount rulers 436:Sharif ul-Hāshim 386:Muhammad Kudarat 331:Dimasangcay Adel 78: 32: 21: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4563: 4552:Culture Mandala 4545: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4488:New Left Review 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4037: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3948:10.2307/1177951 3933: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3908: 3907: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3858: 3852:, eds. 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Landa Jocano 1645:Anthropologist 1572: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1468:Diet and health 1417: 1409: 1408: 1394:Siege of Marawi 1349: 1338: 1337: 1328:Fourth Republic 1308: 1297: 1296: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1226:Second Republic 1166:Negros Republic 1156: 1145: 1144: 950: 939: 938: 884:Kabayan Mummies 754: 743: 742: 651:Homo luzonensis 641: 610:the Philippines 609: 602: 587: 554: 548: 547: 506: 498: 497: 464: 456: 455: 296: 288: 287: 174: 164: 163: 72: 67: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4538: 4525: 4511: 4492: 4475: 4463: 4430: 4423: 4402: 4391:. May 22, 2009 4374: 4348: 4334: 4314: 4302: 4293: 4280: 4268: 4255: 4248: 4228: 4212: 4199: 4187: 4171: 4142: 4119: 4096: 4076: 4062: 4049: 4035: 4009: 4002: 3982: 3961: 3942:(1): 109–123. 3926: 3920:978-9711002268 3919: 3894: 3879: 3832: 3825: 3807: 3788: 3768: 3695: 3677: 3646: 3634: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3583: 3548: 3529:(4): 291–320. 3502: 3498:978-8400040727 3480: 3473: 3450: 3415: 3377: 3370: 3328: 3305: 3270: 3263: 3195: 3170:Quezon, Manolo 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3141:Another word, 3133: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3065: 3062: 2991: 2988: 2984:political boss 2956:Main article: 2953: 2950: 2922:Main article: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2853:Main article: 2850: 2847: 2792: 2789: 2682:Martin de Rada 2661: 2658: 2654:lubus nga datu 2650:potli nga datu 2481: 2478: 2346: 2343: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2270: 2269: 2249: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2185: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2133: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2087: 2084: 2067: 2064: 2043:Subanon people 2008: 2005: 1922:) or capital ( 1785: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1741: 1738: 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488:Historiography 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1453:Communications 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Queen consorts 1430: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1379:Oakwood mutiny 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1354:Fifth Republic 1350: 1348:(1986–present) 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1267:Third Republic 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181:Moro Rebellion 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1108:First Republic 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008:Manila galleon 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968:Treaty of Cebu 965: 960: 951: 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 904:Monreal Stones 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 755: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 694: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 636: 635: 632: 631: 625: 624: 614: 613: 604: 603: 596: 589: 588: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 560: 559: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 530: 529: 528: 518: 516:Historiography 513: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 496: 495: 488: 486:Monreal Stones 483: 478: 473: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 448: 446:Tarik Sulayman 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:Rajah Sulayman 413: 411:Rajah Salalila 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 336:Dayang Sasaban 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 253: 249: 248: 243: 238: 232: 231: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 179: 175: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 139: 138: 134: 133: 128: 122: 121: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 79: 68: 65:Social classes 63: 62: 59: 58: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4604: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532:Robert Kern, 4529: 4526: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4424:971-10-0524-7 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4249:9789715503471 4245: 4241: 4240: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4116:(3): 141–194. 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4003:971-10-0524-7 3999: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3474:9781134200504 3470: 3467:. Routledge. 3466: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412:(2): 167–209. 3411: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371:971-622-006-5 3367: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316:971-550-347-0 3313: 3308: 3306:9789715503471 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3264:971-550-135-4 3260: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2817:, to conduct 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2791:Hispanization 2790: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2607:). Below the 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2541:). Below the 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296:Alipin/Uripon 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1979: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1898:Laguna de Bay 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759:Indian people 1756: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318:Moro conflict 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 948: 943: 942: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 763: 762: 758: 752: 747: 746: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 728:Manunggul Jar 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 698: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 634: 633: 630: 626: 620: 616: 615: 612: 605: 600: 594: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 564: 562: 561: 557: 552: 551: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 502: 501: 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 471: 467: 466: 460: 459: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 426:Regimo Diraja 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 406:Rajah Matanda 404: 402: 399: 397: 396:Rajah Humabon 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 376:Magat Salamat 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 346:Gugu Sarikula 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 321:Datu Sikatuna 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 292: 291: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 247: 244: 242: 241:Bo-ol/Dapitan 239: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 168: 167: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 76: 71:Ruling class 70: 69: 66: 61: 60: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4501: 4495: 4487: 4478: 4466: 4454:. Retrieved 4445: 4433: 4414: 4405: 4393:. Retrieved 4386: 4377: 4365:. Retrieved 4362:Academia.edu 4361: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4324: 4317: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4207: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4162:. Retrieved 4158: 4133:. Retrieved 4122: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4085: 4079: 4070: 4065: 4057: 4052: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4012: 3992: 3985: 3971: 3964: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3910: 3888: 3882: 3853: 3816: 3810: 3797: 3791: 3782: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3680: 3668:. Retrieved 3664:the original 3649: 3637: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3586: 3574:. Retrieved 3570:the original 3563: 3526: 3522: 3483: 3463: 3441:. Retrieved 3437:the original 3432: 3409: 3405: 3361: 3287: 3253: 3186:. Retrieved 3178:ABS-CBN News 3177: 3164: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3046:Austronesian 3042: 3034: 3003: 2979: 2969: 2961: 2927: 2908: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2876: 2858: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2810: 2805: 2801:resettlement 2794: 2782: 2781:, while the 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2663: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2553:conquistador 2546: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2483: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:The Visayan 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2391: 2367: 2359: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2318: 2306: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2122:Description 2098: 2092: 2089: 2071: 2069: 2058: 2055:thimuay labi 2054: 2050: 2041:. Among the 2037: 2034: 2022:Thimuay Labi 2010: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1843: 1793: 1775: 1767: 1747: 1743: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721:stilt houses 1702: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1641: 1602: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1206:World War II 1201:Commonwealth 1118: 1117: 952: 919:Barter rings 857: 856: 760: 759: 756: 718:Kalanay Cave 696: 695: 685: 676:Jade culture 490: 468: 401:Rajah Lontok 356:Kamal ud-Din 171: 120:Middle class 29: 4395:January 15, 4367:January 15, 4341:January 15, 4021:. He said: 3973:Philippines 3870:|work= 3754:primogenito 3576:November 5, 2965:Philippines 2869:Philippines 2834:Principalía 2771:class. The 2531:Boxer Codex 1997:, expounds: 1894:Bay, Laguna 1755:Han Chinese 1740:Description 1448:Archaeology 1443:Agriculture 1323:Martial law 1307:(1965–1986) 1261:(1946–1965) 1155:(1898–1946) 1140:Velarde map 1125:Boxer Codex 949:(1565–1898) 738:Shell tools 713:Grave goods 608:History of 470:Boxer Codex 431:Kabungsuwan 421:Rajah Tupas 361:Laut Buisan 295:Key figures 273:Maguindanao 4581:Categories 4558:(3): 9428. 4335:0742510247 3826:0881332429 3560:"barangay" 3188:October 4, 3157:References 3050:Micronesia 2349:See also: 2224:Rajah Laut 2219:Rajah Muda 2024:among the 1936:Pangasinan 1876:), woman ( 1812:Pangasinan 1717:catamarans 1617:Pangasinan 1399:Bangsamoro 1305:Marcos era 1236:Hukbalahap 914:Piloncitos 753:(900–1565) 553:See also: 341:Gat Pangil 4456:August 2, 3872:ignored ( 3862:cite book 3725:principes 3719:maguinoos 3543:141415414 3443:April 27, 3058:Polynesia 3054:Melanesia 2974:from the 2924:Feudalism 2918:Feudalism 2881:President 2859:The word 2806:Reducción 2757:maharlika 2736:The term 2611:were the 2570:Managayau 2473:barangays 2458:Maharlika 2423:Maharlika 2400:The term 2280:Maharlika 2093:barangays 1966:, notes: 1942:, Bohol, 1920:poblacion 1676:barangays 1493:Languages 1483:Geography 1473:Education 1458:Conflicts 1191:Jones Law 1119:Artifacts 1053:Katipunan 988:New Spain 656:Tabon Man 640:(pre-900) 441:Sri Lumay 366:Lakandula 316:Datu Daya 145:namamahay 131:Maharlika 84:Apo, Datu 4572:Balangay 4566:See also 4518:June 25, 4450:Archived 4413:(1992). 4388:Blogspot 4164:July 12, 3731:maguinoo 3704:Barangay 3688:Archived 3670:March 7, 3360:(1998). 3251:(1994). 3182:Archived 3070:Kedatuan 3064:See also 3026:Kedatuan 3018:Sanskrit 3006:polities 2877:barangay 2861:barangay 2855:Barangay 2823:tributes 2811:cabecera 2690:dambanas 2678:wet rice 2670:Pampanga 2634:barangay 2605:hidalgos 2574:Mangahat 2565:Mangubat 2516:barangay 2375:polities 2361:Kampilan 2327:Babaylan 2298:(Slaves) 2057:, or as 1948:Cotabato 1924:cabisera 1890:baybayin 1832:Cotabato 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