501:. It is more brittle than the other kinds, harder in the crust, and more bitter to the taste; the Indian kind is, on the other hand, moister and gummy, and is adulterated by means of the almond nut. The various other kinds are corrupted with the bark of scordastum, the tree of this name producing a gum which resembles bdellium. The adulterations of perfumes, let it be said once for all, are detected by their smell, by their colour, weight, taste, and by the action of fire. The Bactrian bdellium is dry and shining, and has numerous white spots, like finger-nails in shape. Besides, it should be of a certain weight than which it ought to be neither heavier nor lighter. The price of bdellium when quite pure is three denarii per pound." (
20:
497:. This substance ought to be transparent like wax, odoriferous, unctuous when crumbled, and bitter to the taste but without being at all acid. When used in sacred rites it is steeped in wine to increase its fragrance. It grows in Arabia and India as well as in Media and Babylon. Some persons call the bdellium which is brought to us by way of Media,
232:
481:, which produces the most esteemed kind of bdellium. The tree is of a black colour and of the size of an olive-tree. Its leaf resembles that of the oak, and its fruit that of the wild fig-tree. Bdellium itself is of the nature of a gum. Some call it
383:(XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black and very delicious.
428:
eaten by the
Israelites in the wilderness, which is said to have "the color of bdellium". These are the only two uses in the Hebrew scripture, and there is no agreement about whether the term
436:
translates the word with ἄνθραζ (anthrax) in
Genesis and with κρύσταλλος (crystal) in Numbers, thus interpreting it as the name of a precious stone, and
774:
721:
712:. Translated by Barney, Stephen A.; Lewis, W. J.; Beach, J. A.; Berghof, O. (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2006. pp.
321:
287:
831:
210:
is perhaps the first
European classical author to mention bdellium, if the report that came back from his informant in
748:
737:
826:
507:
254:
655:
159:
367:
211:
74:
374:
216:
79:
68:
713:
532:
798:
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717:
596:
396:
327:
764:
705:
586:
32:
553:
836:
502:
413:
409:
249:
83:
678:, vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33.Alchemy and Chemistry, p. 142f and note
474:
362:
221:
186:
182:
178:
99:
820:
706:
123:
286:). However, his descriptions seem to cover a range of strongly perfumed resins. The
207:
342:
aromatic", was among the varieties of incense that reached China either along the
379:
351:
312:
115:
433:
343:
295:
163:
151:
19:
600:
357:
Bdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from
139:
91:
591:
766:
The
Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590-1670
478:
417:
339:
259:
241:
155:
131:
103:
87:
135:
95:
493:, but when it is black and rolled into a little ball it is known as
228:
in appearance and odour. It liquefies when the sun shines upon it."
231:
577:
Lumír O. Hanuš; et al. (2005), "Myrrh-Commiphora
Chemistry",
437:
425:
392:
358:
316:
299:
279:
275:
267:
230:
225:
167:
119:
18:
424:. In Numbers, the reference to bdellium is in the context of the
224:
there is a thorn tree which produces a tear of resin, resembling
800:
The
Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections
728:. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.
421:
420:, where it is listed along with other precious items gold and
271:
50:
47:
41:
331:, a species of palm. The Arabs call it "Jewish bdellium."
534:
The
Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2
660:, vol. 3 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 234
66:) is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from
391:"Bdellium" is the common English translation in the
303:
44:
38:
35:
266:) as a "tree black in colour, and the size of the
258:(12:36), describes the best bdellium coming from
615:Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible
302:. The Bactrian variety is known among Arabs as
90:. Other named sources for the resin are India,
416:11:7. In Genesis, it is given as a product of
440:describes it as "a precious stone, crystal".
8:
403:
350:was applied to an East Indian substitute,
590:
548:
546:
544:
758:
756:
769:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
613:James A. Duke (2008), "African Myrrh",
523:
449:
290:, of the 2nd century CE, reports that
708:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
649:
647:
645:
572:
570:
270:tree; its leaf resembles that of the
114:Bdellium consists of a water-soluble
7:
432:actually referred to the resin. The
346:from Central Asia, or by sea. Later
404:
278:", as well as bdellium coming from
654:Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Bdellium",
14:
676:Science and Civilisation in China
325:, 1:80) is probably the resin of
763:Miert, Dirk van (21 June 2018).
31:
315:as "the bdellium imported from
294:are exported from the port of
288:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
617:, CRC Press, pp. 126–128
334:In China, bdellium, known as
311:The bdellium referred to by
304:
86:the best quality came from
16:Semi-transparent tree resin
853:
531:Pereira, Jonathan (1842).
456:The identification was to
460:, a taxonomic synonym of
130:contains predominantly α-
797:Williams, Isaac (1861).
220:: "In the region called
214:'s expedition refers to
274:and its fruit the wild
195:resin is also known as
126:. The essential oil of
238:
24:
657:Encyclopaedia Judaica
627:Noted by Dalby 2002,
554:"Jewish Encyclopedia"
458:Commiphora roxburghii
234:
22:
408:), which appears in
298:at the mouth of the
160:traditional medicine
150:Bdellium is used in
832:Perfume ingredients
592:10.5507/bp.2005.001
284:Commiphora africana
193:Commiphora africana
166:of the more costly
128:Commiphora africana
75:Commiphora africana
375:Isidore of Seville
264:Commiphora wightii
239:
236:Commiphora wightii
217:Commiphora wightii
80:sub-saharan Africa
69:Commiphora wightii
25:
776:978-0-19-252598-7
723:978-0-511-21969-6
328:Hyphaene thebaica
322:De Materia Medica
78:trees growing in
72:plants, and from
844:
827:Incense material
812:
811:
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407:
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197:African bdellium
57:
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53:
52:
49:
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43:
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508:Natural History
503:Pliny the Elder
489:, others again
472:
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455:
451:
446:
389:
377:reports in his
282:(identified as
262:(identified as
255:Natural History
250:Pliny the Elder
205:
176:
148:
112:
82:. According to
34:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
850:
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579:Biomed. Papers
566:
540:
522:
520:
517:
514:
513:
466:
448:
447:
445:
442:
388:
385:
363:Paul of Aegina
354:from Sumatra.
248:refers to it.
204:
201:
179:Middle English
175:
172:
147:
144:
111:
108:
23:Bdellium resin
15:
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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368:Greater Kuphi
365:, and in the
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124:essential oil
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97:
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85:
81:
77:
76:
71:
70:
65:
61:
55:
29:
21:
804:. Retrieved
799:
792:
780:. Retrieved
765:
749:Numbers 11:7
744:
738:Genesis 2:12
733:
707:
700:
692:
687:
679:
675:
671:
666:
656:
635:
628:
623:
614:
608:
582:
578:
557:. Retrieved
533:
526:
506:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
469:
461:
457:
452:
429:
399:
390:
387:In the Bible
378:
373:
366:
356:
347:
335:
333:
326:
320:
310:
291:
283:
263:
253:
245:
244:in his play
240:
235:
215:
208:Theophrastus
206:
196:
192:
191:
177:
149:
127:
113:
73:
67:
63:
59:
27:
26:
693:Spice Trade
639:Dalby 2000.
585:(1): 3–23,
380:Etymologiae
352:gum benzoin
313:Dioscorides
162:. It is an
134:, α- and β-
110:Composition
64:false myrrh
821:Categories
519:References
495:hadrabolon
462:C. wightii
434:Septuagint
348:ānxī xiāng
344:Silk Route
338:(安息香) or "
336:ānxī xiāng
189:βδέλλιον.
164:adulterant
806:25 August
782:25 August
559:25 August
485:, others
479:Bactriane
473:"Next to
444:Footnotes
412:2:12 and
296:Barbarice
252:, in his
212:Alexander
158:, and in
152:perfumery
122:, and an
695:, p. 71.
691:Miller,
601:16170385
491:maldacon
430:bedolach
405:בְּדֹלַח
400:bedolach
395:for the
340:Parthian
246:Curculio
140:p-cymene
92:Pakistan
60:bdellion
28:Bdellium
511:12.19).
499:peratic
487:malacha
483:brochon
418:Havilah
414:Numbers
410:Genesis
260:Bactria
242:Plautus
203:History
185:, from
181:, from
156:incense
132:thujene
104:Babylon
88:Bactria
837:Resins
773:
720:
716:–349.
672:et al.
599:
475:Ariane
397:Hebrew
292:bdella
138:, and
136:pinene
102:, and
96:Arabia
58:(also
629:ibid.
438:Rashi
426:manna
393:Bible
359:Galen
317:Petra
305:mokul
300:Indus
280:Nubia
268:olive
226:myrrh
187:Greek
183:Latin
168:myrrh
154:, as
120:resin
100:Media
84:Pliny
808:2019
784:2019
771:ISBN
718:ISBN
597:PMID
561:2019
422:onyx
222:Aria
174:Name
146:Uses
118:, a
714:348
587:doi
583:149
477:is
361:to
319:" (
276:fig
272:oak
116:gum
62:or
823::
755:^
674:,
644:^
595:,
581:,
569:^
543:^
505:,
371:.
308:.
199:.
170:.
142:.
106:.
98:,
94:,
51:əm
810:.
786:.
726:.
682:.
680:g
589::
563:.
537:.
464:.
402:(
54:/
48:i
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