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that was new to already preexisting frameworks and images that were only vaguely appropriate in their efforts to explain and simplify. With a variety of oversimplified and conventional formulas at their disposal, they fell back on the nearest stereotypical approximation of what the phenomenon resembled, as they saw it. And even worse, they did not see it clearly and completely at that. They got a quotation here and a photograph there—and it was their job to wrap it up in a comprehensible package—and if it seemed to violate the prevailing mandatory conformist doctrine, they would also be obliged to give it a negative spin as well. And in this, they were aided and abetted by the Poetic
Establishment of the day. Thus, what came out in the media: from newspapers, magazines, TV, and the movies, was a product of the stereotypes of the 30s and 40s—though garbled—of a cross between a 1920s Greenwich Village bohemian artist and a
915:. In the film the main character goes to a loud San Francisco bar, where one woman shouts to the musicians: "Cool! Cool! Really cool!" One of the characters says, "Man, am I really hip", and another replies, "You're from nowhere, nowhere!" Lone dancers are seen moving to the beat. Some are dressed with accessories and have hairstyles that one would expect to see in much later films. Typical 1940s attire is mixed with beatnik clothing styles, particularly in one male who has a beatnik hat, long hair, and a mustache and goatee, but is still wearing a dress suit. The bartender refers to a patron as "Jive Crazy" and talks of the music driving its followers crazy. He then tells one man to "Calm down Jack!" and the man replies, "Oh don't bother me, man. I'm being enlightened!". The scene also demonstrates the connection to and influence of 1940s genres of African American music such as
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479:, a turtleneck sweater, a pair of sandals, and set of bongo drums. A few authentic elements were added to the collective image: poets reading their poems, for example, but even this was made unintelligible by making all of the poets speak in some kind of phony Bop idiom. The consequence is, that even though we may know now that these images do not accurately reflect the reality of the Beat movement, we still subconsciously look for them when we look back to the 50s. We have not even yet completely escaped the visual imagery that has been so insistently forced upon us.
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form of oral delivery, subsequently influenced Beat poetry. Beat pioneers who followed a
Buddhism-influenced spiritual path felt that Asian religions offered a profound understanding of human nature and insights into the being, existence and reality of mankind. Many of the Beat advocates believed that the core concepts of Asian religious philosophies had the means of elevating American society's consciousness, and these concepts informed their main ideologies.
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500:, preparing a picture spread on S.F.'s Beat Generation (oh, no, not AGAIN!), hosted a party in a No. Beach house for 50 Beatniks, and by the time word got around the sour grapevine, over 250 bearded cats and kits were on hand, slopping up Mike Cowles' free booze. They're only Beat, y'know, when it comes to work ..." It is claimed that Caen coined the term by adding the
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Allen
Ginsberg's spiritual journey to India in 1963 also influenced the Beat movement. After studying religious texts alongside monks, Ginsberg deduced that what linked the function of poetry to Asian religions was their mutual goal of achieving ultimate truth. His discovery of Hindu mantra chants, a
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Representatives of the movement were united by hostility to traditional culture with its conformism and brightly degenerate commercial component. They also did not like the approach of traditional culture to hushing up the dark side of
American life – violence, corruption, social inequality, racism.
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The Beat movement introduced Asian religions to
Western society. These religions provided the Beat generation with new views of the world and corresponded with its desire to rebel against conservative middle-class values of the 1950s, old post-1930s radicalism, mainstream culture, and institutional
436:"Beat Generation" sold books, sold black turtleneck sweaters and bongos, berets and dark glasses, sold a way of life that seemed like dangerous fun—thus to be either condemned or imitated. Suburban couples could have beatnik parties on Saturday nights and drink too much and fondle each other's wives.
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Reporters are not generally well-versed in artistic movements, or the history of literature or art. And most are certain that their readers, or viewers, are of limited intellectual ability and must have things explained simply, in any case. Thus, the reporters in the media tried to relate something
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Many scholars speculate that Beat writers wrote about
Eastern religions to encourage young people to practice spiritual and sociopolitical action. Progressive concepts from these religions, particularly those regarding personal freedom, influenced youth culture to challenge capitalist domination,
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Beatniks often were stereotyped as wearing black clothing, berets, sunglasses, and goatees, and speaking in hip slang that incorporated words like "cool", "dig", "groovy", and "square". They frequented coffeehouses, bookstores, bars, and clubs, where they listened to jazz, read poetry, discussed
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The term caught on because it could mean anything. It could even be exploited in the affluent wake of the decade's extraordinary technological inventions. Almost immediately, for example, advertisements by "hip" record companies in New York used the idea of the Beat
Generation to sell their new
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as the main representative of the movement. In his work concentrated many of the characteristic features of hipsters, especially in his collages made on photocopied photographs, which are a mixture of elements of pop art and mysticism. Among other artists and works, one can single out the work
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Beatniks had a significant impact on
American culture and society as they challenged the norms and values of their time. They influenced many aspects of art, literature, music, film, fashion, and language. They also inspired many social movements and subcultures that followed them, such as the
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I went one afternoon to the church of my childhood and had a vision of what I must have really meant with "Beat"...the vision of the word Beat as being to mean beatific...People began to call themselves beatniks, beats, jazzniks, bopniks, buggies, and finally, I was called the "avatar" of all
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Much of Beat culture represented a negative stance rather than a positive one. It was animated more by a vague feeling of cultural and emotional displacement, dissatisfaction, and yearning, than by a specific purpose or program ... It was many different, conflicting, shifting states of
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were drawn to
Buddhism to the extent that they each, at different periods in their lives, followed a spiritual path in their quests to provide answers to universal questions and concepts. As a result, the Beat philosophy stressed the bettering of the inner self and the rejection of
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It is because I am Beat, that is, I believe in beatitude and that God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten son to it ... Who knows, but that the universe is not one vast sea of compassion actually, the veritable holy honey, beneath all this show of personality and
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The culture of the beat generation has become a kind of intersection for representatives of the creative intellect of the United States associated with visual and performing art, which are usually attributed to other areas and trends of artistic expression, such as
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and arts was apparent in literature and music, notably jazz. While Caen and other writers implied a connection with communism, no obvious or direct connection occurred between Beat philosophy, as expressed by the literary movement's leading authors, and that of the
807:. They made efforts to destroy the wall between art and real life, so that art would become a living experience in cafes or jazz clubs, and not remain the prerogative of galleries and museums. Many works of artists of the movement were created on the verge of
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that is a stereotypical beatnik, appearing five years before the term was coined. He has an
Eastern European surname, Radovich, and is a promiscuous photographer who wears baggy clothes, a striped T-shirt and a beard, which is mentioned four times in the
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In the vernacular of the period, "Beat" referred to Beat culture, attitude and literature; while "beatnik" referred to a stereotype found in cartoon drawings and (in some cases at worst) twisted, sometimes violent media characters. In 1995, film scholar
350:, in other cities in the downtown city night of postwar America—beat, meaning down and out but full of intense conviction. We'd even heard old 1910 Daddy Hipsters of the streets speak the word that way, with a melancholy sneer. It never meant
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Artists wrote poetry and poets painted, something like this can describe the processes taking place within the framework of the movement. Performances were a key element in the art of beats, whether it was the Theatrical Event of 1952 at
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to deplore "the foul word beatnik", commenting, "If beatniks and not illuminated Beat poets overrun this country, they will have been created not by Kerouac but by industries of mass communication which continue to brainwash man."
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on the emergence of Beat culture. The featured band "Jive" is all-black, while the customers who express their appreciation for the music in a jargon that would come to characterize the stereotype of Beat culture are young white
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suddenly rising and roaming America, serious, bumming and hitchhiking everywhere, ragged, beatific, beautiful in an ugly graceful new way—a vision gleaned from the way we had heard the word "beat" spoken on street corners on
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963:(1959–63), solidified the stereotype of the indolent non-conformist beatnik, which contrasted with the aggressively rebellious Beat-related images presented by popular film actors of the early and mid-1950s, notably
700:, other than the antipathy both philosophies shared towards capitalism. Those with only a superficial familiarity with the Beat movement often saw this similarity and assumed the two movements had more in common.
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introduced the phrase "Beat Generation", generalizing from his social circle to characterize the underground, anti-conformist youth gathering in New York City at that time. The name came up in conversation with
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and expressed themselves through various forms of art, such as literature, poetry, music, and painting. They also experimented with spirituality, drugs, sexuality, and travel. The term "beatnik" was coined by
144:. Kerouac said that "beat" had multiple meanings, such as "beaten down", "beatific", "beat up", and "beat out". He also associated it with the musical term "beat", which referred to the rhythmic patterns of
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Lee Streiff, an acquaintance of many members of the movement who went on to become one of its chroniclers, believed that the news media saddled the movement for the long term with a set of false images:
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752:" did not set itself the task of changing society, but tried to distance itself from it, while at the same time trying to create its own counter-culture. The art created by artists was influenced by
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as in the Beat Generation. Nik, a suffix was also due to Sputnik craze, the first satellite orbiting the planet and fired up in 1957. Became used in many colloquial synthetics, as in Nogoodnik, etc.
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was published in 1957. Beatniks also traveled across the country and abroad, seeking new experiences and inspiration. Some of their destinations included Mexico, Morocco, India, Japan, and France.
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Kerouac explained what he meant by "beat" at a Brandeis Forum, "Is There A Beat Generation?", on November 8, 1958, at New York's Hunter College Playhouse. The seminar's panelists were Kerouac,
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At the time the term "beatnik" was coined, a trend existed among young college students to adopt the stereotype. Men emulated the trademark look of bebop trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie by wearing
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374:. Wechsler, Montagu, and Amis wore suits, while Kerouac was clad in black jeans, ankle boots and a checkered shirt. Reading from a prepared text, Kerouac reflected on his beat beginnings:
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The Beat philosophy was generally countercultural and antimaterialistic, and stressed the importance of bettering one's inner self over material possessions. Some Beat writers, such as
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The scope of the activity was concentrated in the cultural circles of New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco and North Carolina. Prominent representatives of the trend were artists
994:, titled :The Addams Family Meets a Beatnik:, broadcast January 1, 1965, features a young biker/beatnik who injures himself in an accident, and ends up staying with the Addams Family.
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The Beat Generation, that was a vision that we had, John Clellon Holmes and I, and Allen Ginsberg in an even wilder way, in the late Forties, of a generation of crazy, illuminated
326:". Other adjectives discussed by Holmes and Kerouac were "found" and "furtive". Kerouac felt he had identified (and was the embodiment of) a new trend analogous to the influential
389:, June 1959). In that article, Kerouac noted how his original beatific philosophy had been ignored amid maneuvers by several pundits, among them San Francisco newspaper columnist
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literary movement that began with Kerouac in the 1940s and continued into the 1960s. The Beat philosophy of antimaterialism and soul searching influenced 1960s musicians such as
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In light of what he considered beat to mean and what beatnik had come to mean, Kerouac said to a reporter "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of
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and long, straight, unadorned hair, in a rebellion against the middle-class culture of beauty salons. Marijuana use was associated with the subculture, and during the 1950s,
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is, as its name suggests, a collection of short stories, and a definitive introduction to the beatnik scene as lived by its participants. The author, who went on to found
128:. The name was inspired by the Russian suffix "-nik", which was used to denote members of various political or social groups. The term "beat" originally was used by
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and Kerouac sought inspiration. "Beat" was slang for "beaten down" or "downtrodden". However, to Kerouac and Ginsberg, it also had a spiritual connotation, as in "
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654:) had attracted the attention and abhorrence of their neighbours for growing their hair beyond shoulder length, resulting in a television interview with
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was at its most prevalent in the 1950s. This lifestyle of anti-consumerism may have been influenced by their generation living in extreme poverty in the
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1580:"Part 3: Jack Kerouac, the Common "Human Story" and White-Other Historicity: Beatniks Face the Challenge of Popularizing and Humanizing Otherness"
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In "Aftermath: The Philosophy of the Beat Generation", Kerouac criticized what he saw as a distortion of his visionary, spiritual ideas:
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rapidly became what Ginsberg dubbed "secret heroes" to this group of aesthetes. The Beat authors borrowed much from the jazz/
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that originated in the United States as part of the beat movement in the 1960s. The movement itself, unlike the so-called "
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Princeton graduate William F. Brown, who looked down on the movement from his position in the TV department of the
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By 1958, many Beat writers published writings on Buddhism. This was the year Jack Kerouac published his novel
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wrote about the authentic beat attitude as differentiated from stereotypical media portrayals of the beatnik:
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1027:. The book includes a timeline, a glossary and biographical sketches. Others in the Greenwood series:
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and the Open Door, "shooting the breeze" and "digging the music". Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie and
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318:"Beat" came from underworld slang—the world of hustlers, drug addicts, and petty thieves—from which
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They tried through art to create a new way of life based on the ideals of rebellion and freedom.
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slang of the 1940s, peppering their works with words such as "square", "cats", "cool" and "dig".
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Posing before a sample of beatnik art are Miss Beatnik of 1959 contestants in Venice, California
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philosophy, and engaged in political activism. Some of the most famous beatnik venues were the
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However, the soundtrack of the beat movement was the modern jazz pioneered by saxophonist
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Passionate Opinions: The Cultural Essays (Selected Essays By John Clellon Holmes, Vol 3)
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Ferguson, Russell; Calif.), Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles (January 1, 1999).
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The Beat Generation and Counterculture: Paul Bowles, William S. Burroughs, Jack Kerouac
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San Francisco beatniks and hipsters, 1950s, links to Denver and Neal Cassady sites
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break their generation's dogmas, and reject traditional gender and racial rules.
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Kerouac's statement was later published as "The Origins of the Beat Generation" (
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Carl Jackson. "The Counterculture Looks East: Beat Writers and Asian religion".
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Possibly the first film portrayal of the Beat society was in the 1950 noir film
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Styles, Schools and Movements: The Essential Encyclopaedic Guide to Modern Art
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Since 1958, the terms Beat Generation and Beat have been used to describe the
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was portrayed as a stereotypical beatnik, down to his lingo and clothes. The
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on a typewriter in a single session on a single roll of 31-meter long paper.
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in 1948 to describe his social circle of friends and fellow writers, such as
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1669:"Весомое замечание: самая монументальная в мире картина маслом от Jay DeFeo"
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However, an earlier source from 1954, or possibly 1957 after the launch of
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Nash, Catherine. "The Beat Generation and American Culture." (PDF file)
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Introduction to Web site chronicling the Beat scene in Wichita, Kansas
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1843:"The Beat Museum – 540 Broadway, San Francisco. Open Daily 10am −7pm"
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883:(1959) in which a character recites poetry in a beatnik coffeehouse.
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described how the stereotype was absorbed into American culture:
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100:'s maturing, from as early as 1946, to as late as 1963, but the
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Media stereotype based on characteristics of the Beat Generation
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was published by Greenwood Press in 2009 as part of the series
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1936:. New York: Whitney Museum of Art and Paris: Flammarion, 1995.
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The origin of the word "beatnik" is traditionally ascribed to
1283:"Jack Kerouac (1922–1969) Poems, Terebess Asia Online (TAO)"
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683:, left-wing and anti-war, with support for causes such as
315:(Putnam), detailing the weekend parties of four students.
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National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
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In San Francisco, Jerry and Estelle Cimino operate their
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Greenwood Press Guides to Subcultures and Countercultures
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musician, whose visual image was completed by mixing in
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noted that the term "Beat" was appropriated to become a
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staring out the dead wall window of our civilization ...
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in 1958, as a derogatory label for the followers of the
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In Memory of My Feelings: Frank O'Hara and American Art
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For the authors of the parallel literary movement, see
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Beats In Kansas – the Beat Generation in the Heartland
1951:
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1873:"Beatnik Bandit – Milestones – Street Rodder Magazine"
1224:""This is the Beat Generation" by John Clellon Holmes"
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in New York City, where many poets performed; and the
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in San Francisco, where Ginsberg first read his poem "
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Beat Down to Your Soul: What Was the Beat Generation?
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Notable Beat writers such as Kerouac, Ginsberg, and
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4007:
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3771:
3671:
3626:
3525:
3437:
3359:
3276:
3137:
3039:
2967:
2868:
2832:
2743:
2673:
2589:
2523:
2504:
2455:
2380:
2373:
2316:
2289:
2270:
2203:
2036:
1515:"Media Resources Center | UC Berkeley Library"
1487:Ginsberg, Allen; Morgan, Bill (September 2, 2008).
900:
was used on the 1959 cast album (reissued in 2002).
67:
in the mid-20th century, who subscribed to an anti-
1801:
1543:on November 18, 2015 – via www.youtube.com.
671:, began to delve into Eastern religions such as
2341:Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation
524:Objecting to the term, Allen Ginsberg wrote to
464:
450:
434:
168:, also in San Francisco, where Kerouac's novel
1957:John Sinclair, "The Last Beatnik Warrior Poet"
1776:"Beatniks: How I Wrote A Subculture Guidebook"
3924:
3115:
2651:
2005:
8:
625:, rolling their own cigarettes, and playing
406:and saying "You know who painted that? Me."
1934:Beat Culture and the New America: 1950–1965
1021:Beatniks: A Guide to an American Subculture
3931:
3917:
3909:
3122:
3108:
3100:
2716:The Fall of America: Poems of These States
2658:
2644:
2636:
2377:
2012:
1998:
1990:
1694:"January 20th, 2014: Roman Holiday (1953)"
1554:
1552:
1550:
1096:with Louise Fitzhugh illustrations, was a
941:features a supporting character played by
2053:And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks
760:, and other attributes of beat movement.
148:, a genre that influenced many beatniks.
1804:Tales of Beatnik Glory: Volumes I and II
1570:
1568:
1464:The Beat Generation Galleries and Beyond
1047:Tales of Beatnik Glory: Volumes I and II
691:and conservative ideas). An openness to
1215:
650:, Cornwall, England (including a young
4354:Index of youth rights–related articles
1853:from the original on February 20, 2012
1265:. University of Arkansas Press, 1988.
4440:Social movements in the United States
1734:from the original on October 20, 2017
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1466:. John Natsoulas Press. p. 129.
1082:Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn
7:
3784:List of books and other publications
2228:The Scripture of the Golden Eternity
1832:. New American Library|Signet, 1959.
1586:. Peter Lang. p. 103 (of 180).
1410:Whyte, Malcolm (November 11, 1997).
1057:, lived in the beatnik epicenter of
646:By 1960, a small "beatnik" group in
629:. Fashions for women included black
120:and being influenced by the rise of
1883:from the original on April 13, 2012
1704:from the original on April 28, 2018
1151:in 1960. Today, this car is in the
1065:in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
643:further influenced views on drugs.
3284:Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters
3263:Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro
1647:. University of California Press.
1412:"Pinpointing Origins of 'Beatnik'"
496:on April 2, 1958, where he wrote "
25:
2849:Songs of Innocence and Experience
1908:. Penguin Books. New York. 1992.
1808:. New York: Citadel Underground.
299:(1952), along with the manifesto
3613:List of jam band music festivals
2987:International Poetry Incarnation
2885:Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg
4325:The Teenage Liberation Handbook
3618:List of historic rock festivals
3346:The Brotherhood of Eternal Love
2816:Hadda Be Playing on the Jukebox
1782:. April 7, 2010. Archived from
1562:, Vol. 29, No. 1 (spring 1988).
1387:Caen, Herb (February 6, 1997).
1230:. July 24, 1994. Archived from
894:'s ad art for the Beat musical
4262:Age of criminal responsibility
3828:Legend of the Rainbow Warriors
2363:Jack Kerouac Reads On the Road
2325:Poetry for the Beat Generation
960:The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
229:The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis
1:
2909:Allen Ginsberg Live in London
1490:The Letters of Allen Ginsberg
1205:Yves Saint Laurent (designer)
1147:used fiberglass to build his
1113:In the 1960s comic book, the
1000:portrays Dean, a beatnik, in
836:Critics highlight the artist
71:lifestyle. They rejected the
1462:Wickizer, Stephanie (1996).
4395:Counterculture of the 1960s
4390:Counterculture of the 1950s
4284:Counterculture of the 1960s
4020:Community youth development
3321:Haight Ashbury Free Clinics
3168:Counterculture of the 1960s
3014:Counterculture of the 1960s
2759:A Supermarket in California
2355:Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness
2348:The Jack Kerouac Collection
1970:This is the Beat Generation
1537:"Beatniks in Newquay, 1960"
1129:is portrayed as a beatnik.
418:Stereotypical beatnik woman
366:, Princeton anthropologist
305:The New York Times Magazine
301:This Is the Beat Generation
4456:
4425:North Beach, San Francisco
4035:Positive youth development
3417:Turn on, tune in, drop out
3326:Haight-Ashbury Switchboard
1153:National Automobile Museum
311:published his third novel
36:
29:
4349:
4319:Taking Children Seriously
4221:School-to-prison pipeline
4045:Student-centered learning
3460:Hippie exploitation films
3367:Back-to-the-land movement
3188:Sunset Strip curfew riots
2801:September on Jessore Road
2513:One Fast Move or I'm Gone
2027:
1503:– via Google Books.
1351:, Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
1331:Blacklistedjournalist.com
1252:. Penguin Classics, 2007.
1115:Justice League of America
1076:paperback of cartoons by
823:typing in 1951 the novel
586:, which the media dubbed
235:A Charlie Brown Christmas
4405:Culture of San Francisco
4400:Culture of New York City
4314:Subcultures of the 1950s
4304:International Youth Year
3969:Intergenerational equity
2536:Edie Parker (first wife)
2306:Good Blonde & Others
1906:The Portable Beat Reader
1200:Subcultures of the 1950s
693:African American culture
679:. Politics tended to be
39:Beatnik (disambiguation)
4015:Anarchistic free school
3984:Youth-adult partnership
3233:Sky River Rock Festival
2692:Kaddish and Other Poems
2464:Moody Street Irregulars
1975:Beatniks on film and TV
1620:. Thames & Hudson.
1373:Streiff, Thornton Lee.
1190:Moody Street Irregulars
1068:Among the humor books,
640:The Doors of Perception
494:San Francisco Chronicle
492:from his column in the
86:San Francisco Chronicle
4415:History of subcultures
4278:The Catcher in the Rye
2531:Jan Kerouac (daughter)
1261:Holmes, John Clellon.
1019:Alan Bisbort's survey
901:
884:
866:
817:Black Mountain College
704:religions in America.
556:
549:
481:
475:paintings, a beret, a
459:
438:
419:
400:
381:
360:
281:
200:environmental movement
57:
4309:LGBT student movement
4257:Age of consent reform
4231:Youth control complex
3888:Second Summer of Love
3843:Civil rights movement
3495:Intentional community
3377:Anti-authoritarianism
3223:Monterey Pop Festival
3079:Lawrence Ferlinghetti
2620:Kerouac, Then and Now
2065:The Town and the City
2045:The Sea Is My Brother
1932:Phillips, Lisa (ed).
1904:Charters, Ann (ed.).
1786:on December 30, 2010.
1698:Leagueofdeadfilms.com
1614:Dempsey, Amy (2010).
1525:on September 6, 2006.
1234:on November 22, 2011.
890:
872:
860:
554:
544:
417:
395:
376:
335:
273:
259:SpongeBob SquarePants
192:civil rights movement
166:City Lights Bookstore
114:slightly older people
49:
4025:Democratic education
3959:Free-range parenting
3863:New social movements
3833:Free Speech Movement
3315:San Francisco Oracle
3248:Glastonbury Festival
3228:Newport Pop Festival
3059:William S. Burroughs
2917:Corso: The Last Beat
2794:Wichita Vortex Sutra
2684:Howl and Other Poems
2556:William S. Burroughs
2421:Love Always, Carolyn
2058:William S. Burroughs
1965:: "Beat Etymologies"
1700:. January 20, 2014.
1399:on January 28, 2011.
1389:"Pocketful of Notes"
1246:The Portable Kerouac
1110:series (1956–1959).
1084:advertising agency.
809:various types of art
744:is the direction of
658:on BBC television's
352:juvenile delinquents
138:William S. Burroughs
37:For other uses, see
4420:Musical subcultures
4090:Youth participation
4085:Youth organizations
3989:Youth mainstreaming
3954:Evolving capacities
3653:Psilocybin mushroom
3438:Culture and fashion
3360:Politics and ethics
3178:San Francisco sound
3163:Central Park be-ins
3009:Central Park be-ins
2975:Six Gallery reading
2609:Jack Kerouac School
1877:Streetrodderweb.com
1337:on January 2, 2011.
1309:xroads.virginia.edu
1145:Ed "Big Daddy" Roth
976:The Beat Generation
619:horn-rimmed glasses
440:Kerouac biographer
291:John Clellon Holmes
277:The Beat Generation
4095:Youth philanthropy
3964:Future generations
3736:New Age travellers
3573:Psychedelic trance
3412:Make love, not war
3193:Love Pageant Rally
3173:Red Dog Experience
2957:Kill Your Darlings
2732:White Shroud Poems
2700:Reality Sandwiches
2614:Jack Kerouac Alley
2445:Kill Your Darlings
2244:Old Angel Midnight
1828:Brown, William F.
1576:Chandarlapaty, Raj
1493:. Hachette Books.
1327:"F:\column22.html"
1094:Sandra Scoppettone
953:, played on TV by
902:
885:
867:
698:communist movement
596:Minton's Playhouse
557:
526:The New York Times
420:
282:
124:and the spread of
122:left-wing politics
63:were members of a
58:
4362:
4361:
4331:Teenage rebellion
4299:Hungry generation
4186:Helicopter parent
4030:Popular education
3940:Youth empowerment
3906:
3905:
3883:Sexual revolution
3878:Hungry generation
3838:Anti-war movement
3811:Underground press
3548:Psychedelic music
3277:People and groups
3208:Mantra-Rock Dance
3097:
3096:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2397:The Subterraneans
2298:Atop an Underwood
2220:Mexico City Blues
2161:Desolation Angels
2153:Visions of Gerard
2137:Lonesome Traveler
2081:The Subterraneans
2056:(1945/2008; with
1879:. June 30, 2005.
1847:Thebeatmuseum.org
1815:978-0-8065-1172-6
1728:Script-o-rama.com
1377:. Web.archive.org
1315:on June 29, 2010.
1293:on July 22, 2009.
1195:Silent Generation
1155:in Reno, Nevada.
1100:beatnik spoof of
1059:Greenwich Village
998:Harry Connick Jr.
991:The Addams Family
880:A Bucket of Blood
853:Beatniks in media
561:antimaterialistic
364:James A. Wechsler
196:feminist movement
98:Silent Generation
16:(Redirected from
4447:
4375:1950s neologisms
4252:Age of candidacy
4206:Parental respect
4171:Fear of children
4146:Age restrictions
4075:Youth leadership
4070:Youth engagement
4040:Student activism
3974:Leaving the nest
3933:
3926:
3919:
3910:
3848:Protests of 1968
3794:Cannabis culture
3758:Woodstock Nation
3588:Progressive rock
3563:Psychedelic soul
3558:Psychedelic rock
3553:Psychedelic folk
3387:Environmentalism
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
2981:Hydrogen Jukebox
2857:Deliberate Prose
2841:The Yage Letters
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2472:Minor Characters
2378:
2333:Blues and Haikus
2260:Book of Sketches
2177:Vanity of Duluoz
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1839:
1833:
1830:Beat, Beat, Beat
1826:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1794:
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1787:
1772:
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1763:
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1638:
1632:
1631:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1572:
1563:
1560:American Studies
1556:
1545:
1544:
1539:. Archived from
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:. Archived from
1519:Lib.berkeley.edu
1511:
1505:
1504:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1349:Minor Characters
1347:Johnson, Joyce.
1345:
1339:
1338:
1333:. Archived from
1323:
1317:
1316:
1311:. Archived from
1301:
1295:
1294:
1289:. Archived from
1279:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1070:Beat, Beat, Beat
951:Maynard G. Krebs
746:contemporary art
448:marketing tool:
425:Minor Characters
313:Why I Am So Beat
106:Great Depression
81:American culture
55:William F. Brown
51:Beat, Beat, Beat
21:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4380:Beat Generation
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4345:
4267:Beat Generation
4240:
4236:Youth exclusion
4191:Infantilization
4161:Eleutherophobia
4124:
4080:Youth-led media
4003:
3942:
3937:
3907:
3902:
3893:Neo-psychedelia
3868:Postmaterialism
3816:press syndicate
3767:
3743:Radical Faeries
3673:
3667:
3631:and other drugs
3630:
3622:
3568:Psychedelic pop
3521:
3500:communal living
3433:
3355:
3272:
3154:Beat Generation
3141:hippie movement
3140:
3139:History of the
3133:
3128:
3098:
3093:
3035:
2992:Beat Generation
2963:
2864:
2844:(1963, letters)
2828:
2739:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2634:
2625:
2597:Beat Generation
2585:
2571:Carolyn Cassady
2519:
2500:
2451:
2369:
2312:
2285:
2279:Beat Generation
2266:
2236:Scattered Poems
2199:
2193:Orpheus Emerged
2169:Satori in Paris
2129:Visions of Cody
2089:The Dharma Bums
2032:
2023:
2018:
1947:The Beat Museum
1943:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1795:
1791:
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1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:. July 30, 2019
1752:
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1735:
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1675:
1673:Kulturologia.ru
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1444:
1442:Timelinesdb.com
1436:
1435:
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1421:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1404:
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1372:
1368:
1360:Charters, Ann.
1359:
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1342:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1244:Kerouac, Jack.
1243:
1239:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1165:Beat Generation
1161:
1135:
1098:Bleecker Street
1063:Lower East Side
1017:
897:The Nervous Set
855:
781:Claes Oldenburg
750:Lost Generation
739:
710:The Dharma Bums
584:Dizzy Gillespie
535:
486:
412:
328:Lost Generation
268:
247:The Flintstones
160:" in 1955; the
110:formative years
94:Beat Generation
65:social movement
42:
35:
32:Beat Generation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4453:
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4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Counterculture
4382:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:UK underground
4333:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4269:
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4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4245:Related topics
4242:
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4208:
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4198:
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4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Youth suffrage
4107:
4102:
4100:Youth politics
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4060:Youth activism
4057:
4052:
4050:Student rights
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
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4002:
4001:
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3760:
3755:
3753:UK underground
3750:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3672:Hippie related
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3624:
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3550:
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3527:
3523:
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3519:
3514:
3512:Music festival
3509:
3504:
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3492:
3487:
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3452:
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3439:
3435:
3434:
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3430:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Counterculture
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3351:Rainbow Family
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3304:Electrohippies
3301:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Summer of Love
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Haight-Ashbury
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3053:Louis Ginsberg
3050:
3047:Peter Orlovsky
3043:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:(2000, essays)
2853:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2754:" (late 1940s)
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:Allen Ginsberg
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
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2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
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2611:
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2593:
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580:Charlie Parker
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422:In her memoir
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173:
172:
167:
163:
162:Gaslight Cafe
159:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:during their
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:materialistic
66:
62:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4410:Drug culture
4323:
4276:
4271:
4176:Gerontocracy
4166:Ephebiphobia
3994:Youth rights
3898:Baby boomers
3873:Neotribalism
3721:Lebensreform
3701:Housetrucker
3691:Flower child
3628:Psychedelics
3543:Protest song
3517:Flower child
3475:Bell-bottoms
3455:Hippie trail
3450:Flower power
3313:
3294:
3218:Fantasy Fair
3157:
3084:Jack Kerouac
3069:Neal Cassady
3030:Off the Road
3028:
2996:
2979:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2855:
2852:(1970 album)
2847:
2839:
2806:
2730:
2724:Mind Breaths
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2618:
2601:
2541:Neal Cassady
2511:
2494:
2486:
2480:Off the Road
2478:
2470:
2462:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2361:
2353:
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2339:
2331:
2323:
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2296:
2277:
2258:
2250:
2242:
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2226:
2218:
2215:(late 1940s)
2211:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2051:
2043:
2030:Bibliography
2021:Jack Kerouac
1962:
1933:
1905:
1885:. Retrieved
1876:
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1803:
1792:
1784:the original
1779:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1643:
1636:
1616:
1583:
1559:
1541:the original
1531:
1523:the original
1518:
1509:
1489:
1482:
1463:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1405:
1397:the original
1392:
1382:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:the original
1330:
1321:
1313:the original
1308:
1299:
1291:the original
1286:
1277:
1262:
1257:
1250:Ann Charters
1245:
1240:
1232:the original
1227:
1218:
1143:
1136:
1127:Jonny Double
1119:Snapper Carr
1117:'s sidekick
1112:
1105:
1102:Kay Thompson
1089:Suzuki Beane
1087:
1086:
1069:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1005:
989:
982:The Beatniks
980:
974:
958:
943:Eddie Albert
939:Gregory Peck
928:
913:Rudolph Maté
906:
895:
878:
875:Roger Corman
863:The Beatniks
862:
842:
835:
831:
824:
821:Jack Kerouac
813:
789:
785:Larry Rivers
777:Robert Frank
773:Jess Collins
762:
741:
740:
731:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
666:
659:
656:Alan Whicker
645:
638:
612:
577:
567:, the early
558:
545:
536:
533:Beat culture
525:
523:
516:
511:
505:
493:
487:
465:
460:
451:
442:Ann Charters
439:
435:
423:
421:
404:Pope Paul VI
401:
396:
384:
382:
377:
361:
344:Times Square
336:
332:
317:
312:
309:Nolan Miller
304:
300:
294:
286:Jack Kerouac
283:
275:
257:
253:The Simpsons
251:
245:
241:The Munsters
239:
233:
227:
176:
169:
150:
142:Neal Cassady
130:Jack Kerouac
85:
60:
59:
50:
43:
4435:Stereotypes
4211:Paternalism
3999:Youth voice
3706:Jesus freak
3696:Freak scene
3674:subcultures
3598:World music
3445:Psychedelia
3407:Bohemianism
3397:Communalism
3258:Piedra Roja
3203:Human Be-In
3089:Gary Snyder
3064:Lucien Carr
3019:Human Be-In
2833:Other works
2734:: 1980–1985
2708:Planet News
2676:collections
2581:Gary Snyder
2561:Lucien Carr
2467:(1978–1992)
2429:On The Road
2290:Other books
2073:On the Road
1952:Kerouac.net
1798:Sanders, Ed
1287:Terebess.hu
1139:Beat Museum
1092:(1961), by
1072:was a 1959
946:screenplay.
861:Poster for
826:On the Road
805:Neo-Dadaism
742:Beatnik art
737:Beatnik art
727:materialism
722:Gary Snyder
689:libertarian
669:Gary Snyder
604:Miles Davis
592:Royal Roost
573:The Beatles
370:and author
348:the Village
307:. In 1954,
274:Poster for
216:Andy Warhol
212:The Beatles
171:On the Road
154:Six Gallery
77:consumerism
4369:Categories
4341:Voting age
4216:Patriarchy
4201:Narcissism
4120:Youth work
4115:Youth vote
4055:Teen court
3799:Cyberdelic
3789:Subculture
3583:Space rock
3533:Folk music
3480:Love beads
3336:Wavy Gravy
3289:Acid Tests
3004:Beat Hotel
2933:Chicago 10
2893:The Source
2808:Iron Horse
2405:Heart Beat
2097:Doctor Sax
1760:January 4,
1416:SFGate.com
1393:SFGate.com
1211:References
1125:character
1051:Ed Sanders
969:James Dean
955:Bob Denver
793:assemblage
652:Wizz Jones
569:Pink Floyd
540:Ray Carney
410:Stereotype
356:Bartlebies
202:, and the
102:subculture
88:columnist
73:conformity
53:(1959) by
4181:Grounding
3804:Head shop
3711:Jipitecas
3658:Mescaline
3608:Jam bands
3593:Raga rock
3578:Acid rock
3538:Folk rock
3485:Long hair
3465:Happening
3372:Free love
3243:Woodstock
3183:Drop City
3149:Etymology
3049:(partner)
2859:1952–1995
2576:Alene Lee
2121:Tristessa
1963:Philament
1887:April 28,
1857:April 28,
1738:April 28,
1708:April 28,
1447:March 10,
1422:March 10,
1170:Beatitude
1123:DC Comics
1002:Brad Bird
933:starring
923:The 1953
920:hipsters.
847:Jay DeFeo
797:happening
769:Jay DeFeo
758:occultism
756:, drugs,
565:Bob Dylan
490:Herb Caen
484:Etymology
473:Daliesque
391:Herb Caen
324:beatitude
284:In 1948,
220:Ken Kesey
208:Bob Dylan
126:Communism
116:serve in
112:, seeing
90:Herb Caen
4141:Adultism
4129:Barriers
3947:Elements
3858:New Left
3681:Deadhead
3638:Cannabis
3427:Veganism
3392:Pacifism
3341:Hog Farm
3268:Nambassa
3253:The Farm
3158:Beatniks
3055:(father)
2825:" (1978)
2818:" (1975)
2803:" (1971)
2796:" (1966)
2789:" (1961)
2782:" (1958)
2775:" (1956)
2768:" (1956)
2761:" (1956)
2456:Writings
1881:Archived
1851:Archived
1800:(1990).
1732:Archived
1702:Archived
1578:(2009).
1418:. SFGATE
1159:See also
1061:and the
1055:The Fugs
1041:Flappers
1004:'s film
985:(1960).
843:The Rose
801:funk art
673:Buddhism
664:series.
631:leotards
600:Birdland
379:cruelty?
339:hipsters
188:New Left
61:Beatniks
18:Beatniks
4294:Hippies
4289:Greaser
4272:Beatnik
3772:Related
3731:New Age
3726:Mánička
3716:La Onda
3490:Tie-dye
3331:Yippies
3309:Diggers
3295:Furthur
3131:Hippies
2997:Beatnik
2968:Related
2787:Kaddish
2766:America
2602:Beatnik
2437:Big Sur
2374:Related
2145:Big Sur
2037:Fiction
1899:Sources
1133:Museums
1033:Hippies
1010:(1999).
681:liberal
661:Tonight
648:Newquay
615:goatees
608:hipster
519:Sputnik
504:suffix
502:Yiddish
386:Playboy
346:and in
266:History
180:hippies
4151:Ageism
3763:Zippie
3663:Peyote
3040:People
2960:(2013)
2952:(2010)
2944:(2010)
2936:(2009)
2928:(2007)
2920:(2007)
2912:(2005)
2904:(2000)
2896:(1999)
2888:(1993)
2880:(1959)
2811:(1973)
2736:(1986)
2727:(1978)
2719:(1973)
2711:(1968)
2703:(1963)
2695:(1961)
2687:(1956)
2674:Poetry
2524:People
2516:(2009)
2497:(2007)
2491:(2002)
2483:(1990)
2475:(1987)
2448:(2013)
2440:(2013)
2432:(2012)
2424:(2011)
2416:(2010)
2408:(1980)
2400:(1960)
2392:(1959)
2366:(1999)
2358:(1997)
2350:(1990)
2344:(1960)
2336:(1960)
2328:(1959)
2309:(1993)
2301:(1991)
2282:(2005)
2263:(2006)
2255:(2003)
2247:(1973)
2239:(1971)
2231:(1960)
2223:(1959)
2204:Poetry
2196:(2002)
2188:(1971)
2180:(1968)
2172:(1966)
2164:(1965)
2156:(1963)
2148:(1962)
2140:(1960)
2132:(1960)
2124:(1960)
2116:(1960)
2108:(1959)
2100:(1959)
2092:(1958)
2084:(1958)
2076:(1957)
2068:(1950)
2048:(1942)
1920:
1916:(hc);
1912:
1812:
1651:
1624:
1590:
1497:
1470:
1269:
1248:. Ed.
1185:Hippie
1107:Eloise
1074:Signet
865:(1960)
677:Taoism
627:bongos
623:berets
280:(1959)
256:, and
222:, and
198:, the
194:, the
190:, the
186:, the
182:, the
140:, and
4008:Types
3686:Feral
3526:Music
2869:Films
2744:Poems
2590:Other
2505:Audio
2381:Films
2317:Audio
2271:Plays
1924:(pbk)
1037:Goths
1029:Punks
927:film
917:Bebop
908:D.O.A
588:bebop
547:mind.
398:this.
3821:list
3748:Rave
2949:Howl
2901:Beat
2780:Ignu
2773:Howl
2413:Howl
1918:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1889:2018
1859:2018
1810:ISBN
1762:2024
1740:2018
1710:2018
1680:2019
1649:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1449:2022
1424:2022
1267:ISBN
1175:Cool
1039:and
967:and
937:and
803:and
783:and
754:jazz
675:and
621:and
571:and
512:Beat
507:-nik
158:Howl
146:jazz
118:WWII
75:and
3648:LSD
3643:DMT
3297:bus
2185:Pic
1104:'s
1049:by
957:in
877:'s
819:or
637:'s
510:to
469:Bop
303:in
4371::
1875:.
1849:.
1845:.
1778:.
1730:.
1726:.
1696:.
1671:.
1602:^
1582:.
1567:^
1549:^
1517:.
1440:.
1414:.
1391:.
1329:.
1307:.
1285:.
1226:.
1043:.
1035:,
1031:,
811:.
799:,
795:,
787:.
779:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
617:,
598:,
594:,
575:.
428:,
330:.
296:Go
262:.
250:,
244:,
238:,
232:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
136:,
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3109:v
2821:"
2814:"
2799:"
2792:"
2785:"
2778:"
2771:"
2764:"
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2750:"
2659:e
2652:t
2645:v
2060:)
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1891:.
1861:.
1818:.
1764:.
1742:.
1712:.
1682:.
1657:.
1630:.
1596:.
1476:.
1451:.
1426:.
971:.
457:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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