304:. When the surrounding temperatures are cold, endotherms increase metabolic heat production to keep their body temperature constant, thus making the internal body temperature of an endotherm more or less independent of the temperature of the environment. Endotherms possess a larger number of mitochondria per cell than ectotherms, enabling them to generate more heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolize fats and sugars. Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as cold-blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals. Ectotherms are the opposite of endotherms when it comes to regulating internal temperatures. In ectotherms, the internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance; the biggest factor that enables them to maintain adequate body temperatures is due to environmental influences. Living in areas that maintain a constant temperature throughout the year, like the tropics or the ocean, has enabled ectotherms to develop behavioral mechanisms that respond to external temperatures, such as sun-bathing to increase body temperature, or seeking the cover of shade to lower body temperature.
755:. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat. For humans,
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sensors, which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures. Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems, these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback, thus maintaining a constant core temperature.
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232:. It results when the homeostatic control mechanisms of heat within the body malfunction, causing the body to lose heat faster than producing it. Normal body temperature is around 37°C (98.6°F), and hypothermia sets in when the core body temperature gets lower than 35 °C (95 °F). Usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, hypothermia is usually treated by methods that attempt to raise the body temperature back to a normal range.
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optimal body temperature in fluctuating forest conditions. This physiological mechanism, coupled with thermosensation, allows them to thrive across diverse environments. Overall, these adaptations underscore the beetle's remarkable resilience and highlight the significance of understanding their physiology for effective management and conservation efforts.
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544:, a short-term temporary drop in body temperature. Organisms, when presented with the problem of regulating body temperature, have not only behavioural, physiological, and structural adaptations but also a feedback system to trigger these adaptations to regulate temperature accordingly. The main features of this system are
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One possible explanation for plant thermoregulation is to provide protection against cold temperature. For example, the skunk cabbage is not frost-resistant, yet it begins to grow and flower when there is still snow on the ground. Another theory is that thermogenicity helps attract pollinators, which
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trap warm air acting as excellent insulators just as hair in mammals acts as a good insulator. Mammalian skin is much thicker than that of birds and often has a continuous layer of insulating fat beneath the dermis. In marine mammals, such as whales, or animals that live in very cold regions, such as
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to increase evaporation of water across the moist surfaces of the lungs and the tongue and mouth. Mammals like cats, dogs and pigs, rely on panting or other means for thermal regulation and have sweat glands only in foot pads and snout. The sweat produced on pads of paws and on palms and soles mostly
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has been recorded as the world's fastest land animal relative to body length, at a speed of 322 body lengths per second. Besides the unusually great speed of the mites, the researchers were surprised to find the mites running at such speeds on concrete at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F),
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will hold its feet up in the air to cool down, seek cooler objects with which to contact, find shade, or return to its burrow. They also go to their burrows to avoid cooling when the temperature falls. Aquatic animals can also regulate their temperature behaviorally by changing their position in the
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Animals other than humans regulate and maintain their body temperature with physiological adjustments and behavior. Desert lizards are ectotherms, and therefore are unable to regulate their internal temperature themselves. To regulate their internal temperature, many lizards relocate themselves to a
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There are four avenues of heat loss: evaporation, convection, conduction, and radiation. If skin temperature is greater than that of the surrounding air temperature, the body can lose heat by convection and conduction. However, if air temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin,
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beetle encompasses a suite of adaptations crucial for its survival and reproduction. Flight capabilities enable them to disperse and locate new host trees, while sensory organs aid in detecting environmental cues and food sources. Of particular importance is their ability to thermoregulate, ensuring
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monkeys reach their highest body temperature at night and lowest during the day. Sutherland
Simpson and J.J. Galbraith observed that all nocturnal animals and birds – whose periods of rest and activity are naturally reversed through habit and not from outside interference – experience their highest
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Measured temperature varies according to thermometer placement, with rectal temperature being 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) higher than oral temperature, while axillary temperature is 0.3–0.6 °C (0.5–1.1 °F) lower than oral temperature. The average difference between oral and axillary
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An endotherm is an animal that regulates its own body temperature, typically by keeping it at a constant level. To regulate body temperature, an organism may need to prevent heat gains in arid environments. Evaporation of water, either across respiratory surfaces or across the skin in those animals
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The most heat-resistant insects are three genera of desert ants recorded from three different parts of the world. The ants have developed a lifestyle of scavenging for short durations during the hottest hours of the day, in excess of 50 °C (122 °F), for the carcasses of insects and other
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In experiments on cats performed by
Sutherland Simpson and Percy T. Herring, the animals were unable to survive when rectal temperature fell below 16 °C (61 °F). At this low temperature, respiration became increasingly feeble; heart-impulse usually continued after respiration had ceased,
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heat by convection and conduction. In such conditions, the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation. So, when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature, anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise.
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and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations. The physiological control of the body's core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which assumes the role as the body's "thermostat". This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature
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within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal thermoregulation. The internal thermoregulation process is one
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that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulation of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the
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A cold weather strategy is to temporarily decrease metabolic rate, decreasing the temperature difference between the animal and the air and thereby minimizing heat loss. Furthermore, having a lower metabolic rate is less energetically expensive. Many animals survive cold frosty nights through
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837:) is able to thermoregulate itself, remaining on average 20 °C (36 °F) above air temperature while flowering. Heat is produced by breaking down the starch that was stored in their roots, which requires the consumption of oxygen at a rate approaching that of a flying
1387:, in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life was much lower than the 35°C usually assumed, at about 30.55°C in 36–40°C humid environments, but progressively decreased in hotter, dry ambient environments.
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and are able to allow their less insulated extremities to cool to temperatures much lower than their core temperature—nearly to 0 °C (32 °F). This minimizes heat loss through less insulated body parts, like the legs, feet (or hooves), and nose.
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animals, he showed a relation between death temperature and the quantity of solid constituents of the body. In higher animals, however, his experiments tend to show that there is greater variation in both the chemical and physical characteristics of the
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of false hibernators (e.g., bears) varies; occasionally the animal may emerge from its den for brief periods. Some bats are true hibernators and rely upon a rapid, non-shivering thermogenesis of their brown fat deposit to bring them out of hibernation.
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also can behaviorally thermoregulate by seeking out cooler portions of trees on hot days. They preferentially wrap themselves around the coolest portions of trees, typically near the bottom, to increase their passive radiation of internal body heat.
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animals lies in observed constancy of the temperature of the former, and the observed variability of the temperature of the latter. Almost all birds and mammals have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of the surrounding air
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in women ranges from 36.45 to 36.7 °C (97.61 to 98.06 °F). Within 24 hours of ovulation, women experience an elevation of 0.15–0.45 °C (0.27–0.81 °F) due to the increased metabolic rate caused by sharply elevated levels of
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Work in 2022 established by experiment that a wet-bulb temperature exceeding 30.55°C caused uncompensable heat stress in young, healthy adult humans. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as
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Previously, average oral temperature for healthy adults had been considered 37.0 °C (98.6 °F), while normal ranges are 36.1 to 37.8 °C (97.0 to 100.0 °F). In Poland and Russia, the temperature had been measured
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who must change microhabitats to keep a constant body temperature. By moving to cooler areas when it is too hot and to warmer areas when it is cold, they can thermoregulate their temperature to stay within their necessary bounds.
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Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature. They regulate their behavior based on the temperature outside, if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as
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in the sun, the lizard absorbs solar heat. It may also absorb heat by conduction from heated rocks that have stored radiant solar energy. To lower their temperature, lizards exhibit varied behaviors. Sand seas, or
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cope with heat gain by evaporative cooling and behavioral adaptations. An example of behavioral adaptation is that of a lizard lying in the sun on a hot rock in order to heat through radiation and conduction.
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Havenith, George; Coenen, John M.L; Kistemaker, Lyda; Kenney, W. Larry (1998). "Relevance of individual characteristics for human heat stress response is dependent on exercise intensity and climate type".
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birds is similar to that of humans and other homeothermic animals, except that the maximum occurs earlier in the afternoon and the minimum earlier in the morning. Also, the curves obtained from rabbits,
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in extremities – this is where the warm arterial blood travelling to the limb passes the cooler venous blood from the limb and heat is exchanged warming the venous blood and cooling the arterial (e.g.,
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by exhausting the metabolic capital of the respiratory centre; heart rate is increased; the beats then become arrhythmic and eventually cease. The central nervous system is also profoundly affected by
1230:, caused by circulating pyrogens produced by the immune system. To the subject, a rise in core temperature due to fever may result in feeling cold in an environment where people without fever do not.
1215:, and drops down to pre-ovulatory levels within a few days of menstruation. Women can chart this phenomenon to determine whether and when they are ovulating, so as to aid conception or contraception.
984:; these two cacti remain cool by storing water. Over time, the genes selecting for higher heat tolerance were reduced in the population due to the cooler host climate the fly is able to exploit.
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Simpson, S. & Galbraith, J.J (1905). "Observations on the normal temperatures of the monkey and its diurnal variation, and on the effects of changes in the daily routine on this variation".
772:
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children aged 4–14 between oral and axillary temperature was 0.56 °C, while the mean difference between rectal and axillary temperature for children under 4 years old was 0.38 °C.
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which is significant because this temperature is well above the lethal limit for the majority of animal species. In addition, the mites are able to stop and change direction very quickly.
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During intense physical activity (e.g. sports), evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss. Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss.
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temperature during the natural period of activity (night) and lowest during the period of rest (day). Those diurnal temperatures can be reversed by reversing their daily routine.
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exhibits active thermal regulation behavior. During high temperature sunny days, it aligns its body with the direction of sunlight to reduce the body area under direct sunlight.
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pathways share in this metabolic depression, and, though less energy is used up, still less energy is generated. The effects of this diminished metabolism become telling on the
3513:. Earlier editions back to at least 5th edition 1976, contain useful information on the subject of thermoregulation, the concepts of which have changed little in that time).
1824:
Kanosue, K.; Crawshaw, L. I.; Nagashima, K.; Yoda, T. (2009). "Concepts to utilize in describing thermoregulation and neurophysiological evidence for how the system works".
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However, too high a temperature speeds up the metabolism of different tissues to such a rate that their metabolic capital is soon exhausted. Blood that is too warm produces
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also have a well-marked and regular diurnal variation of body temperature that follows periods of rest and activity, and is not dependent on the incidence of day and night;
171:
1117:(under the arm). 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) was considered "ideal" temperature in these countries, while normal ranges are 36.0 to 36.9 °C (96.8 to 98.4 °F).
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Increasing body size to more easily maintain core body temperature (warm-blooded animals in cold climates tend to be larger than similar species in warmer climates (see
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lay their eggs en masse. The resulting group of larvae, depending on its size, is able to thermoregulate and keep itself at the optimum temperature for development.
3324:
Harvey, Mark S.; Austin, Andrew D.; Adams, Mark (2007). "The systematics and biology of the spider genus
Nephila (Araneae:Nephilidae) in the Australasian region".
2318:
Westhoff, Jacob (9 October 2014). "Behavioural thermoregulation and bioenergetics of riverine smallmouth bass associated with ambient cold-period thermal refuge".
510:, helps in cooling body temperature to within the organism's tolerance range. Animals with a body covered by fur have limited ability to sweat, relying heavily on
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Kakuta, Naoto; Yokoyama, Shintaro; Nakamura, Mitsuyoshi; Mabuchi, Kunihiko (March 2001). "Estimation of
Radiative Heat Transfer Using a Geometric Human Model".
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H.M. Vernon performed work on the death temperature and paralysis temperature (temperature of heat rigor) of various animals. He found that species of the same
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Recent studies suggest that the average temperature for healthy adults is 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) (same result in three different studies). Variations (one
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decrease; judgment becomes impaired as drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until the individual loses consciousness; without medical intervention,
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In humans, a diurnal variation has been observed dependent on the periods of rest and activity, lowest at 11 p.m. to 3 a.m. and peaking at 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
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more environmentally favorable location. They may do this in the morning only by raising their head from its burrow and then exposing their entire body. By
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Arends, A; Bonaccorso, FJ; Genoud, M (1995). "Basal rates of metabolism of nectarivorous bats (Phyllostomidae) from a semiarid thorn forest in
Venezuela".
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Some animals living in cold environments maintain their body temperature by preventing heat loss. Their fur grows more densely to increase the amount of
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A 2022 study on the effect of heat on young people found that the critical wet-bulb temperature at which heat stress can no longer be compensated, T
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Selkirk, Glen A & McLellan, Tom M (November 2001). "Influence of aerobic fitness and body fatness on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress".
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Ehmann, H; Swan, G; Swan, G; Smith, B (1991). "Nesting, egg incubation and hatching by the heath monitor
Varanus rosenbergi in a termite mound".
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in mammals), which are attached to feather or hair shafts; this distorts the surface of the skin making feather/hair shaft stand erect (called
164:
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reserves and slow all body functions. True hibernators (e.g., groundhogs) keep their body temperatures low throughout hibernation whereas the
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has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, the
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in which they share or steal each other's body warmth. Kleptothermy is observed, particularly amongst juveniles, in endotherms such as
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1807:
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2079:"Has contemporary climate change played a role in population declines of the lizard Ctenophorus decresii from semi-arid Australia?"
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muscle becomes rigid with heat rigor at about 50 °C, with the sudden rigidity of the whole body rendering life impossible.
1178:, and dogs were quite similar to those from humans. These observations indicate that body temperature is partially regulated by
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can keep its body temperature relatively constant, even though the environment can be very hot during the day and cold at night.
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where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include
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3831:
2039:
2702:
2890:"Comparison of Axillary Temperature with Rectal or Oral Temperature and Determination of Optimum Placement Time in Children"
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Knapp, CR; Owens, AK (2008). "Nesting
Behavior and the Use of Termitaria by the Andros Iguana (Cyclura Cychlura Cychlura)".
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internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the
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2957:"An investigation into the diurnal variation of the body temperature of nocturnal and other birds, and a few mammals"
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Brown, C. R.; Foster, G. G. (1992). "The thermal and energetic significance of clustering in the speckled mousebird,
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is similar to hibernation, however, it usually occurs in hot periods to allow animals to avoid high temperatures and
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are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.
1945:
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have developed the ability to remain functional even when the water temperature is below freezing; some use natural
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1044:. Both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrates enter into estivation. Examples include lady beetles (
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children aged 6–12 was found to be only 0.1 °C (standard deviation 0.2 °C), and the mean difference in
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3188:"Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold for young, healthy subjects (PSU HEAT Project)"
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the beats becoming very irregular, appearing to cease, then beginning again. Death appeared to be mainly due to
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In warm environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to maximize heat loss:
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In cold environments, birds and mammals employ the following adaptations and strategies to minimize heat loss:
244:. Also, for such results to be comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The
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There are limits both of heat and cold that an endothermic animal can bear and other far wider limits that an
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refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like
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536:. Dense coats found in desert endotherms also aid in preventing heat gain such as in the case of the camels.
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42:
2040:"Thermal ecology of Microlophus occipitalis (Sauria: Tropiduridae) in the Plain Dry Forest of Tumbes, Peru"
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Harmon, Katherine. "How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?". Scientific
American. Retrieved 2017-03-01
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The effects of such a genetic change in body temperature on longevity is difficult to study in humans.
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Canals, M; Rosenmann, M; Bozinovic, F (1989). "Energetics and geometry of huddling in small mammals".
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621:). Almost all other animals display a variation of body temperature, dependent on their surroundings (
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is borne out by observations that heat production is accompanied by the arrival of beetles or flies.
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300:. Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes and are colloquially referred to as
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Ancel A, Visser H, Handrich Y, Masman D, Le Maho Y (1997). "Energy saving in huddling penguins".
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1211:. The basal body temperature ranges between 36.7–37.3 °C (98.1–99.1 °F) throughout the
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1993:"Temperature Regulation of the Human Body". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
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37:"Body temperature" redirects here. For information regarding normal human body temperature, see
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Increasing blood flow to body surfaces to maximize heat transfer across the advective gradient.
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937:) and so reduce heat loss. Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit
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Thermoregulation is also an integral part of a reptile's life, specifically lizards such as
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Vecellio, Daniel J.; Wolf, S. Tony; Cottle, Rachel M.; Kenney, W. Larry (1 February 2022).
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1814:. SeaWorld/Busch Gardens Animal Information Database, 2002. Last accessed 27 November 2006.
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1336:, and convulsions may set in. Consciousness may also be lost, propelling the person into a
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Lying in the sun (heating this way is affected by the body's angle in relation to the sun).
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3397:"Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why"
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condition. These changes can sometimes also be observed in patients experiencing an acute
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or goose pimples) which slows the movement of air across the skin and minimizes heat loss.
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2589:"Tree-hugging koalas demonstrate a novel thermoregulatory mechanism for arboreal mammals"
200:: a state of dynamic stability in an organism's internal conditions, maintained far from
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Human
Biology: An introduction to human evolution, variation, growth, and adaptability
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to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from
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Storing fat reserves in one place (e.g., camel's hump) to avoid its insulating effect
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F.H. Pough; R.M. Andrews; J.E. Cadle; M.L. Crump; A.H. Savitzky; K.D. Wells (2001).
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during cold periods. To remain in "stasis" for long periods, these animals build up
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Federation of
American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) (27 April 2014).
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Deepti Chaturvedi; K.Y. Vilhekar; Pushpa Chaturvedi; M.S. Bharambe (17 June 2004).
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1467:"Global Warming: Future Temperatures Could Exceed Livable Limits, Researchers Find"
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Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access
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based on the thermotolerance differences between species and hosts. For example,
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Behavioural adaptations like living in burrows during the day and being nocturnal
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animal may endure and yet live. The effect of too extreme a cold is to decrease
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are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most
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and, hence, greater variation in the extreme temperature compatible with life.
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Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the
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Some plants are known to protect themselves against colder temperatures using
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During cold weather, many animals increase their thermal inertia by huddling.
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Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries
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Thermoregulation and Human Performance: Physiological and Biological Aspects
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Kenneth S. Hagen (1962). "Biology and ecology of predaceous Coccinellidae".
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techniques, that allow them to raise their body temperatures substantially.
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2990:
2908:
2834:
2624:
2605:
2262:
2162:
2110:
1972:
1845:
1734:
1632:
1085:, which temporarily reduces their high metabolic rates to conserve energy.
3675:
3548:
3540:
3457:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50.
3034:
Meditation changes temperatures: Mind controls body in extreme experiments
2519:
1791:
997:
65:
3686:
Temperature Regulation: Recent Physiological and Pharmacological Advances
2229:
Kenneth A. Nagy; Daniel K. Odell & Roger S. Seymour (December 1972).
2077:
Walker, Samantha; Stuart-Fox, Devi; Kearney, Michael R. (December 2015).
1364:
1356:
1333:
1318:
1310:
899:
726:
Elongated, often vascularized extremities to conduct body heat to the air
261:
188:
3610:. Medicine and Sport Science. Vol. 53. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
2347:"What does 'splooting' mean? And why are New York's squirrels doing it?"
2286:"Thermogenesis in three Philodendron species (Araceae) of French Guiana"
905:
2425:
2392:
1372:
1368:
1325:
1021:
To cope with limited food resources and low temperatures, some mammals
1002:
977:
938:
822:
662:
533:
487:
205:
3737:
3577:
3095:"The effect of cold narcosis on reflex action in warm-blooded animals"
2331:
2144:
1899:
Harrison, G.A., Tanner, J.M., Pilbeam, D.R., & Baker, P.T. (1988)
1881:"Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms and Treatment". WebMD. Retrieved 2017-03-01
751:
As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human
3412:
2644:. Great Lakes Environment. University of Michigan Press. p. 15.
2565:
2468:
1609:"Antifreeze proteins: characteristics, occurrence and human exposure"
1345:
1226:
is a regulated elevation of the set point of core temperature in the
1158:
1114:
1074:
1009:
981:
860:
568:
541:
362:
Losing heat by being in contact with a colder surface. For instance:
272:
253:
249:
245:
3920:
3337:
2384:
2304:
3438:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3373:. Singapore & River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co.
1758:"Lumbar sympathectomy and cold acclimatization by the arctic wolf"
1341:
1298:
1286:
1239:
1223:
1146:
1142:
1092:
996:
967:
904:
853:
826:
766:
738:
656:
646:
458:
391:
317:
216:
and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as
1399:
arthropods exceeds the lethal temperatures for most vertebrates.
1360:
1337:
576:
516:
471:
268:
220:
occurs. Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the
3924:
3810:
Encyclopedia of animals – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians.
3517:
Hardy, James D; Gagge, A. Pharo; Stolwijk, Jan A, eds. (1970).
548:
and then the feedback of the newly adjusted temperature to the
1871:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 890.
1078:
918:
398:
The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard.
276:
2641:
Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region, Revised Ed
2231:"Temperature Regulation by the Inflorescence of Philodendron"
400:
The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow.
1914:
Human Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective
608:
showed that the essential difference between the so-called
3472:. North American Revision. New York: William Wood & Co
224:
is sustained above 35 °C (95 °F) for six hours.
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1673:"Great Spruce Bark Beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann)"
894:
thermal gradient. Sprawling prone in a cool shady spot, "
292:
Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from
3370:
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation
3247:"Why you need to worry about the 'wet-bulb temperature'"
1711:"Functional architecture of the thermoregulatory system"
1355:
showed very similar temperature values, those from the
2862:
Rectal, ear, oral, and axillary temperature comparison
1934:
Boundless (26 May 2016). "Thermoreception". Boundless.
1925:"Thermoregulation". www.unm.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
1607:
Crevel, R.W.R; Fedyk, J.K; Spurgeon, M.J (July 2002).
889:, produce up to 57.7 °C (135.9 °F), and the
3269:"Mite sets new record as world's fastest land animal"
204:
with its environment (the study of such processes in
1097:
Chart showing diurnal variation in body temperature.
283:
Classification of animals by thermal characteristics
4011:
3958:
3888:"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"
3634:"Heat transfer from spheres and other animal forms"
3519:
Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation
2924:"How reliable is axillary temperature measurement?"
2811:"Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)"
2038:Jordán A., Juan C.; Pérez Z., José (25 June 2013).
1309:may set in towards the end, and death is caused by
1273:, and hence to lessen the production of heat. Both
821:occurs in the flowers of many plants in the family
3787:
3494:(12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders.
3010:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 149.
2748:
2011:Wilmore, Jack H., & Costill, David L. (1999).
1944:Tansey, Etain A.; Johnson, Christopher D. (2015).
482:to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues.
411:Climbing to higher ground up trees, ridges, rocks.
381:Releasing heat by radiating it away from the body.
3812:Reader's Digest Association, Inc. Pages 567–568.
3069:"OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 (UCP2)"
1133:36.5–37.3 °C (97.7–99.1 °F) for females
929:). This allows the individuals to increase their
2736:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
1403:forms of life which have died from heat stress.
1131:36.3–37.1 °C (97.3–98.8 °F) for males,
30:"Body heat" redirects here. For other uses, see
4023:
3262:
3260:
1289:and those parts concerning consciousness; both
720:Evaporative cooling by perspiration and panting
260:. Some animals undergo one of various forms of
3790:How Life Learned to Live: Adaptation in Nature
3756:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2015:(2nd ed). Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
1540:
1538:
1506:"Hypothermia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment"
1395:The maximum temperatures tolerated by certain
691:Having the ability to store energy as fat for
515:serves to increase friction and enhance grip.
3936:
3856:Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology.
1704:
1702:
450:Changing shape to alter surface/volume ratio.
388:Ectothermic heating (or minimizing heat loss)
322:Seeking shade is one method of cooling. Here
165:
8:
2809:Wong, Lena; Forsberg, C; Wahren, LK (2005).
396:The red line represents the air temperature.
3566:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
2785:"Are Human Body Temperatures Cooling Down?"
2771:cold temperatures birds minimize heat loss.
2122:
2120:
1903:. (3rd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press
1568:
1566:
552:This cyclical process aids in homeostasis.
3943:
3929:
3921:
3521:. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
3007:Women's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
1406:In April 2014, the South Californian mite
172:
158:
52:
3913:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3874:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 1998
3736:
3665:
3221:
3203:
3118:
2980:
2939:
2614:
2604:
2152:
1781:
1756:Swan, K. G.; R. E. Henshaw (March 1973).
3148:
1693:
1529:
1305:quickly follows. Occasionally, however,
1186:Variations due to human menstrual cycles
1017:Hibernation, estivation and daily torpor
3511:Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology
2815:Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
2212:"Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)"
2028:. (5th ed). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
1458:
556:Homeothermy compared with poikilothermy
546:stimulus, receptor, modulator, effector
212:). If the body is unable to maintain a
55:
3794:. Translated by Miriam Varon. Mit Pr.
3529:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3088:
3086:
3084:
3050:
3040:
2284:Gibernau, Marc; Barabé, Denis (2000).
1826:European Journal of Applied Physiology
1805:Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment
1715:Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol
3319:
3317:
2002:Guyton & Hall (2006), pp. 891–892
1946:"Recent advances in thermoregulation"
1912:Weiss, M.L., & Mann, A.E. (1985)
1169:In essence, the temperature curve of
1136:36.6–37.3 °C (97.9–99.1 °F)
1128:36.4–37.1 °C (97.5–98.8 °F)
417:Building an insulated nest or burrow.
414:Entering a warm water or air current.
235:It was not until the introduction of
7:
3167:. Macmillan and Company. p. 818
3093:Simpson S, Herring PT (9 May 1905).
2955:Simpson, S; Galbraith, J. J (1905).
2638:Harding, J.H.; Mifsud, D.A. (2017).
1602:
1600:
470:To cope with low temperatures, some
368:Staying wet in a river, lake or sea.
3245:Timperley, Jocelyn (31 July 2022).
3074:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
2688:10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.001445
2413:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1194:(which lasts from the first day of
1153:Variations due to circadian rhythms
2751:Biology: Concepts and Applications
966:will exploit different species of
41:. For the 2011 Japanese film, see
25:
2941:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.010
2703:"Estivation: The Survival Siesta"
1867:Guyton, A.C.; Hall, J.E. (2006).
1371:46 °C. Also, in the case of
1238:Some monks are known to practice
875:Behavioral temperature regulation
346:of sweat and other bodily fluids.
3683:Milton, Anthony Stewart (1994).
3632:Mitchell, John W (1 June 1976).
3431:
3296:"Chapter 21: Most heat tolerant"
2827:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x
2755:. Thomson Brooks/Cole. pp.
2345:Adela Suliman (12 August 2022).
2013:Physiology of sport and exercise
1953:Advances in Physiology Education
1916:. (4th ed). Boston: Little Brown
1774:10.1097/00000658-197303000-00008
1124:) from three other studies are:
1077:occurs in small endotherms like
532:the polar bears, this is called
436:Folding skin to reduce exposure.
64:
3483:Other Internet Archive listings
3395:Charkoudian, Nisha (May 2003).
3205:10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2021
3004:Swedan, Nadya Gabriele (2001).
2783:Weintraub, Karen (April 2020).
2701:Bob Moore (29 September 2009).
2127:Minorsky, Peter V. (May 2003).
1671:Benzel, Joseph (18 June 2015).
1575:"Homeostasis: Thermoregulation"
1573:Boundless (20 September 2016).
1052:North American desert tortoises
519:also counteract overheating by
3469:Kirke's Handbook of Physiology
3466:Green, Charles Wilson (1917).
3111:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001084
2973:10.1113/jphysiol.1905.sp001124
2865:. Yahoo Health. Archived from
2103:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.12.001
2026:Textbook of Medical Physiology
1869:Textbook of Medical Physiology
600:By numerous observations upon
466:image of a snake around an arm
1:
3808:Weldon Owen Pty Ltd. (1993).
3717:Journal of Applied Physiology
3658:10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85711-6
3192:Journal of Applied Physiology
2512:10.1016/S0022-5193(89)80016-5
2255:10.1126/science.178.4066.1195
1625:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00042-X
1359:examined being 38.5 °C,
1234:Variations due to biofeedback
1108:Normal human body temperature
645:control is separate from the
523:, or rapid vibrations of the
3859:Thermal Comfort Observations
3729:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2055
3294:Sherwood, Van (1 May 1996).
2928:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2922:Quintana, E.C. (June 2004).
1613:Food and Chemical Toxicology
779:A dog panting after exercise
673:Using small smooth muscles (
18:Behavioural thermoregulation
3031:Cromie, William J. (2002).
2734:Herpetology, second edition
2675:Annual Review of Entomology
2044:Revista Peruana de Biología
1261:Limits compatible with life
976:is found in cacti like the
4081:
3507:see Table of Contents link
2320:Ecology of Freshwater Fish
2293:Canadian Journal of Botany
2083:Journal of Thermal Biology
1727:10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006
1409:Paratarsotomus macropalpis
1105:
747:of human thermoregulation.
735:Thermoregulation in humans
732:
697:Have shortened extremities
498:
311:
36:
32:Body Heat (disambiguation)
29:
3846:Resources in your library
3768:10.1017/S0080456800011649
3164:A Text Book of Physiology
2961:The Journal of Physiology
2587:Briscoe, Natalie (2014).
2129:"The Hot and the Classic"
2024:Guyton, Arthur C. (1976)
1838:10.1007/s00421-009-1256-6
702:countercurrent blood flow
439:Concealing wing surfaces.
288:Endothermy vs. ectothermy
3981:Renin–angiotensin system
3915:Medical Subject Headings
3604:Marino, Frank E (2008).
3326:Invertebrate Systematics
2210:Holdrege, Craig (2000).
1965:10.1152/advan.00126.2014
1650:. Sinauer. p. 270.
1367:45 °C, and various
1102:Normal human temperature
950:regionally heterothermic
898:," has been observed in
829:cones. In addition, the
647:sensation of temperature
571:. However, animals with
4065:Mathematics in medicine
3461:Simpson & Galbraith
3454:Encyclopædia Britannica
3401:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3302:. University of Florida
2178:Plants Thermoregulation
1709:Romanovsky, AA (2007).
1442:Insect thermoregulation
1219:Variations due to fever
921:and birds (such as the
913:Animals also engage in
800:Microlophus occipitalis
442:Exposing wing surfaces.
425:Lying on a hot surface.
3488:Hall, John E. (2010).
3300:Book of Insect Records
2606:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0235
2554:Journal of Herpetology
1646:Hill, Richard (2016).
1432:Human body temperature
1285:first, especially the
1283:central nervous system
1204:basal body temperature
1098:
1006:
910:
780:
748:
666:
587:The physiology of the
573:facultative endothermy
467:
404:
331:
328:black-footed albatross
39:Human body temperature
3879:29 March 2015 at the
3541:10.1007/s004210050327
3105:(5 Suppl 8): 305–11.
2747:Starr, Cecie (2005).
1096:
1000:
956:Different species of
908:
778:
742:
665:its arms to cool down
660:
639:anterior hypothalamus
462:
395:
371:Covering in cool mud.
365:Lying on cool ground.
321:
210:physiological ecology
187:is the ability of an
3898:on 26 September 2010
3892:The Physics Factbook
2841:on 26 September 2010
2599:(6). Royal Society.
2216:The Nature Institute
1810:2 March 2009 at the
1447:Thermal neutral zone
1089:Variation in animals
987:Some flies, such as
867:) and several other
806:Ctenophorus decresii
653:In birds and mammals
222:wet bulb temperature
3886:Wong, Lena (1997).
3650:1976BpJ....16..561M
3638:Biophysical Journal
3459:This cites work of
3161:Foster, M. (1889).
2789:Scientific American
2713:on 21 November 2018
2504:1989JThBi.141..181C
2461:1997Natur.385..304A
2247:1972Sci...178.1195N
2241:(4066): 1195–1197.
2095:2015JTBio..54...66W
973:Drosophila mettleri
948:. Some animals are
858:Triticum aestivum),
850:antifreeze proteins
604:and other animals,
589:Dendroctonus micans
525:gular (throat) skin
480:antifreeze proteins
453:Inflating the body.
335:Ectothermic cooling
326:chicks are using a
202:thermal equilibrium
3365:Blatteis, Clark M.
2426:10.1007/BF00296648
1253:Effect on lifespan
1122:standard deviation
1099:
1068:water-holding frog
1007:
911:
781:
749:
667:
468:
405:
332:
214:normal temperature
4055:Animal physiology
4050:Human homeostasis
4032:
4031:
3959:Blood composition
3952:Human homeostasis
3832:Library resources
3700:978-0-8176-2992-2
3691:Birkhäuser Verlag
3617:978-3-8055-8648-1
3578:10.1109/10.914795
3501:978-1-4160-4574-8
3380:978-981-02-3172-9
3273:Featured Research
3017:978-0-8342-1731-7
2897:Indian Pediatrics
2766:978-0-534-46226-0
2651:978-0-472-05338-4
2455:(6614): 304–305.
2332:10.1111/eff.12192
2145:10.1104/pp.900071
1762:Annals of Surgery
1648:Animal Physiology
1198:until the day of
1180:circadian rhythms
865:Solanum tuberosum
852:. This occurs in
776:
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
4072:
4045:Thermoregulation
4024:Thermoregulation
3945:
3938:
3931:
3922:
3911:Thermoregulation
3907:
3905:
3903:
3894:. Archived from
3870:
3868:
3866:
3837:Thermoregulation
3805:
3793:
3784:Helmut Tributsch
3779:
3750:
3740:
3723:(5): 2055–2063.
3711:
3709:
3707:
3679:
3669:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3599:link to abstract
3597:
3560:
3522:
3505:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3458:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3413:10.4065/78.5.603
3391:
3389:
3387:
3350:
3349:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3090:
3079:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:. Archived from
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2709:. Archived from
2698:
2692:
2691:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:10.1670/07-098.1
2549:
2543:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2469:10.1038/385304a0
2444:
2438:
2437:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2184:. Archived from
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1821:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1295:respiration rate
1192:follicular phase
1141:temperatures of
1031:core temperature
990:Lucilia sericata
835:Nelumbo nucifera
777:
521:gular fluttering
330:chick for shade.
208:has been called
193:body temperature
185:Thermoregulation
174:
167:
160:
68:
57:Thermoregulation
53:
44:Body Temperature
21:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4007:
3954:
3949:
3901:
3899:
3885:
3881:Wayback Machine
3864:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3823:
3802:
3782:
3753:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3689:. Switzerland:
3682:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3563:
3525:
3516:
3502:
3487:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3447:, ed. (1911). "
3443:
3432:
3430:
3394:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3367:, ed. (2001) .
3363:
3359:
3357:Further reading
3354:
3353:
3338:10.1071/is05016
3323:
3322:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3136:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3049:
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3030:
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3025:
3018:
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3002:
2998:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2892:
2887:
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2882:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2593:Biology Letters
2586:
2585:
2581:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2408:Colius striatus
2405:
2404:
2400:
2385:10.2307/1382765
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2351:Washington Post
2344:
2343:
2339:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2305:10.1139/b00-038
2288:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1812:Wayback Machine
1803:
1799:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:on 4 April 2017
1572:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1428:
1419:Nephila pilipes
1393:
1386:
1263:
1255:
1236:
1221:
1202:), the average
1188:
1155:
1132:
1110:
1104:
1091:
1019:
931:thermal inertia
927:emperor penguin
877:
816:
795:
767:
745:control circuit
737:
686:Bergmann's rule
655:
631:
598:
585:
558:
503:
497:
401:
399:
397:
390:
337:
316:
310:
290:
285:
242:internal organs
178:
141:Tachymetabolism
136:Bradymetabolism
121:Thermostability
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3976:Blood pressure
3973:
3971:Osmoregulation
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3883:
3871:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:External links
3824:
3822:
3821:
3806:
3801:978-0262700283
3800:
3780:
3751:
3712:
3699:
3680:
3644:(6): 561–569.
3629:
3616:
3601:
3572:(3): 324–331.
3561:
3535:(3): 231–241.
3523:
3514:
3500:
3485:
3463:
3445:Chisholm, Hugh
3428:
3407:(5): 603–612.
3392:
3379:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3313:
3286:
3275:. ScienceDaily
3256:
3237:
3198:(2): 340–345.
3178:
3153:
3134:
3080:
3060:
3023:
3016:
2996:
2967:(3): 225–238.
2947:
2934:(6): 797–798.
2914:
2903:(6): 600–603.
2880:
2869:on 8 July 2007
2852:
2821:(2): 122–128.
2801:
2775:
2765:
2739:
2724:
2707:Audubon Guides
2693:
2664:
2650:
2630:
2579:
2544:
2525:
2498:(2): 181–189.
2492:J. Theor. Biol
2482:
2439:
2420:(7): 658–664.
2398:
2379:(3): 947–956.
2363:
2337:
2310:
2276:
2221:
2202:
2168:
2116:
2069:
2058:on 19 May 2022
2030:
2017:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1959:(3): 139–148.
1936:
1927:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1859:
1816:
1797:
1768:(3): 286–292.
1748:
1698:
1681:
1663:
1656:
1638:
1619:(7): 899–903.
1596:
1562:
1546:"Khan Academy"
1534:
1522:
1497:
1472:
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1456:
1454:
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1449:
1444:
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1262:
1259:
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1235:
1232:
1220:
1217:
1187:
1184:
1154:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1018:
1015:
964:Sonoran Desert
876:
873:
825:as well as in
815:
812:
794:
791:
733:Main article:
728:
727:
724:
721:
718:
711:
710:
698:
695:
689:
682:
654:
651:
630:
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594:
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499:Main article:
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340:Vaporization:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4077:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Heat transfer
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Fluid balance
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
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3818:1-875137-49-1
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3769:
3765:
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3546:
3542:
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3512:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3440:public domain
3429:
3427:
3422:
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3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3151:, p. 50.
3150:
3149:Chisholm 1911
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3061:
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3024:
3019:
3013:
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3000:
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2704:
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2694:
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2676:
2668:
2665:
2653:
2647:
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2642:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2191:on 7 May 2012
2187:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:Plant Physiol
2130:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:(1): R37–46.
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:, p. 49.
1695:
1694:Chisholm 1911
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1657:9781605354712
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:, p. 48.
1531:
1530:Chisholm 1911
1526:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1481:"Hypothermia"
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:Spiders like
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:Coccinellidae
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1004:
999:
995:
993:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
965:
962:found in the
961:
960:
954:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
935:gigantothermy
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
907:
903:
902:on hot days.
901:
897:
892:
888:
883:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:Thermogenesis
813:
811:
808:
807:
802:
801:
792:
790:
787:
765:
762:
758:
754:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
714:
708:
703:
699:
696:
694:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
675:arrector pili
672:
671:
670:
664:
659:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:preoptic area
629:Brain control
628:
626:
624:
623:poikilothermy
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
593:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:poikilothermy
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
537:
535:
530:
529:Down feathers
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
502:
494:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
464:Thermographic
461:
452:
449:
448:
446:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
429:
424:
423:
421:
416:
413:
410:
409:
407:
406:
394:
387:
380:
379:
377:
370:
367:
364:
363:
361:
360:
358:
353:
352:
350:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
287:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
233:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
175:
170:
168:
163:
161:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
146:Thermogenesis
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
126:Gigantothermy
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4003:Proteostasis
3900:. Retrieved
3896:the original
3891:
3863:. Retrieved
3858:
3836:
3809:
3789:
3786:(May 1985).
3759:
3755:
3720:
3716:
3704:. Retrieved
3685:
3641:
3637:
3621:. Retrieved
3606:
3569:
3565:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3510:
3509:(Previously
3490:
3474:. Retrieved
3468:
3452:
3404:
3400:
3384:. Retrieved
3369:
3329:
3325:
3304:. Retrieved
3299:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3272:
3251:The Guardian
3250:
3240:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3163:
3156:
3102:
3098:
3072:
3063:
3033:
3026:
3006:
2999:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2900:
2896:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2861:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2818:
2814:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:
2778:
2770:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2696:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2640:
2633:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2560:(1): 46–53.
2557:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2535:Herpetofauna
2534:
2528:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2417:
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1330:hyperthermia
1323:
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1209:progesterone
1196:menstruation
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614:cold-blooded
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422:Conduction:
408:Convection:
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351:Convection:
302:warm-blooded
291:
237:thermometers
234:
226:
218:hyperthermia
192:
191:to keep its
184:
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131:Kleptothermy
116:Thermolabile
101:Heterothermy
91:Poikilotherm
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3623:9 September
3476:8 September
3449:Animal Heat
3386:8 September
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1832:(1): 5–11.
1485:Mayo Clinic
1437:Innate heat
1307:convulsions
1303:hypothermia
1267:ectothermic
1244:biofeedback
1190:During the
1176:guinea pigs
1060:salamanders
1042:desiccation
891:sand lizard
839:hummingbird
793:In reptiles
753:homeostasis
743:Simplified
707:Arctic wolf
679:goose bumps
643:homeostatic
619:homeothermy
606:John Hunter
596:Vertebrates
561:Homeothermy
506:possessing
430:Radiation:
378:Radiation:
344:Evaporation
266:hibernating
230:hypothermia
198:homeostasis
96:Homeothermy
4039:Categories
4019:Predictive
3998:Hemostasis
3902:24 October
3865:28 January
3762:: 65–104.
3738:1807/14121
3332:(5): 407.
3099:J. Physiol
2845:24 October
2717:24 October
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2195:24 October
2062:9 December
1453:References
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1378:protoplasm
1291:heart rate
1271:metabolism
1247:meditation
1115:axillarily
1066:, and the
1064:cane toads
1056:crocodiles
1038:Estivation
959:Drosophila
946:insulation
869:angiosperm
757:adaptation
730:In humans
693:metabolism
495:Endothermy
484:Amphibians
476:antifreeze
403:necessary.
324:sooty tern
308:Ectotherms
298:ectothermy
294:endothermy
196:aspect of
106:Stenotherm
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3988:Acid–base
3346:1445-5226
3214:8750-7587
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3043:cite book
2373:J. Mammal
2356:12 August
2326:: 72–85.
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1275:catabolic
1200:ovulation
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1027:brown fat
1023:hibernate
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923:mousebird
900:squirrels
896:splooting
871:species.
814:In plants
784:the body
761:evolution
661:Kangaroo
550:stimulus.
501:Endotherm
314:Ectotherm
111:Eurytherm
86:Mesotherm
81:Endotherm
76:Ectotherm
3877:Archived
3776:84391743
3747:11641344
3594:13629890
3586:11327500
3557:35920504
3426:full pdf
3421:12744548
3306:30 April
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3129:16992777
2991:16992810
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