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well defined base while only using their hands. The use of a mold has been found to be a significant advantage when replicating the bowls. The large numbers of beveled rim bowls found (often in a single site) seem to support the mold theory because mass production with a mold is far more feasible than making them by hand. A debate exists among advocates of the mold theory. Most impose the use of a mobile mold that could be made of a variety of materials including wood, metal, stone or even another beveled rim bowl. Others suggest that craftsmen would have used a ground mold wherein the bowls were formed in a conical depression created in the ground.
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While the exact method for production of beveled rim bowls is unknown, the most widely accepted theory is the use of a mold. A lesser accepted theory is that the bowls were made by hand. Archeologists replicating beveled rim bowls have found it considerably difficult to achieve the straight sides and
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Beveled rim bowls are generally uniform in size standing roughly 10 cm (4 in) tall with the mouth of the bowl being approximately 18 cm (7.1 in) in diameter. The sides of the bowls have a straight steep angle down to a very defined base usually 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter.
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Roughly 75% of all ceramics found with Uruk culture sites are bevel-rimmed bowls, so two major aspects make them historically significant to archeologists. First, they are one of the earliest signs of mass production of a single product in history. Second, their suspected use as a form of payment to
50:
period (c. 3200-3100 BC) their use declined along with a rise (starting in the Late Uruk period) in numbers of the ceramics called "tall flowerpots" (Grobe
Blumentopfe), which were of similar faric as Beveled Rim Bowls but were wheel made, who's use is also still unclear. Beveled rim bowls remained
93:
labor system. It is also supported by the fact that the bowls are often found whole and in large piles as if they were disposable. The bowls would have been used for rationing once or twice and then discarded in a central location. An alternate theory is that the bowls were used for baking bread,
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The porous vegetable tempered bowls are made of low fired clay and have relatively thick walls compared to other forms of pottery of the time, making them surprisingly robust. The most unusual aspects of bevelled rim bowls are that they are undecorated and found discarded in large quantities.
346:
Perruchini, Elsa, et al. "Revealing invisible stews: new results of organic residue analyses of
Beveled Rim Bowls from the Late Chalcolithic site of Shakhi Kora, Kurdistan Region of Iraq." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 48,
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Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Jorge, Joeri Kaal, and Juan Luis
Montero Fenollós, "Organic matter from bevelled rim bowls of the Middle Euphrates: Results from molecular characterization using pyrolysis-GC–MS", Microchemical Journal 141, 1-6,
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Vidale, Massimo, "A Vessel for
Building Another Vessel. A Technical Template of the Late 4th Millennium BCE in the Central-Eastern of the Iranian Plateau?", Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies 1.2, pp. 9-16,
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Sánchez, Jorge
Sanjurjo, and Juan Luis Montero FenollĂłs, "Restudying the Beveled Rim Bowls: new preliminary data from two Uruk sites in the Syrian Middle Euphrates", Journal of Ancient History, pp. 263-280,
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Beveled rim bowls began to appear in the Early Uruk period (c. 3900-3600 BC), were common in the Middle Uruk period (c. 3600-3400 BC) and the Late Uruk period (c. 3400-3200 BC). In the subsequent
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Sanjurjo-Sanchez, Jorge, et al., "Assessing the firing temperature of Uruk pottery in the Middle
Euphrates Valley (Syria): Bevelled rim bowls", Microchemical Journal 142, pp. 43-53, 2018
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Azizi
Kharanaghi, Mohammad Hossein, et al., "New Evidence of Beveled Rim Bowls from Kale Kub, South Khorasan Province", Parseh Journal of Archaeological Studies 4.12, pp. 29-48, 2020
325:
Beale T., "Bevelled Rim Bowls and their
Implications for Change and Economic Organization in the Later Fourth Millennium B.C.", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 37, pp. 289-313, 1978
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Sanjurjo-Sánchez, Jorge, et al., "Geochemical study of beveled rim bowls from the Middle Syrian
Euphrates sites", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7, pp. 808-818, 2016
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Stimpfl, Arianna M., "Pottery is King: Bevel Rim Bowls and Power in Early Urban
Societies of the Ancient Near East", MS thesis, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2017
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Berman, Judith C., "Neutron activation analysis of beveled rim bowls and other Uruk ceramics from the Susiana Plain, Southwestern Iran", Paléorient 15.1, pp. 289-290, 1989
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Potts, Daniel, "Bevel-Rim Bowls and Bakeries: Evidence and Explanations from Iran and the Indo-Iranian Borderlands", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 61, pp. 1–23, 2009
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Johnson, G. A., "Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran", Volume 51 of Anthropological Papers Series, University of Michigan Press, 1973
35:. They constitute roughly three quarters of all ceramics found in Uruk culture sites, are therefore a unique and reliable indicator of the presence of the
229:
Jones, Jennifer E., "Standardized volumes? Mass-produced bowls of the Jemdet Nasr period from Abu Salabikh, Iraq", Paléorient, pp. 153-160, 1996
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Millard, A.R., "The Bevelled-Rim Bowls: Their Purpose and Significance", British Institute for the Study of Iraq, vol. 50, pp. 49-57, 1988
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Mayyas, A., et al., "Beeswax preserved in a Late Chalcolithic bevelled-rim bowl from the tehran plain, Iran", Iran 50.1, pp. 13-25, 2012
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197:"Administrators' bread: an experiment-based re-assessment of the functional and cultural role of the Uruk bevel-rim bowl"
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Nissen, Hans J., "The early history of the ancient Near East, 9000-2000 BC", University of Chicago Press, 1988
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workers is a milestone in history because there is no evidence of rationed payments before bevelled rim bowls.
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are small, undecorated, mass-produced clay bowls most common in the 4th millennium BC during the
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Van De Mieroop, M. (2008). A history of the ancient Near East. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing
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89:). The rations would be given as payment to laborers for services rendered as part of a
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Pollock, Susan, "Abu Salabikh, the Uruk Mound 1985-86", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 121–41, 1987
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In Syria they were found at Tell Humeida and Tell Ramadi. They have also been found at
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Bevelled rim bowls are widely thought to be used for measurement of grain rations (
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in use in a few sites during the Early Dynastic I period (c. 3100-2900 BC).
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expanded so did the production and use of these bowls in places like
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which also could have been rationed in its container.
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Uruk-period beveled rim bowl, c. 3400–3200 BCE, from
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106:in the mid-fourth millennium BC. As the
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158:)", which belonged to Kechi-
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214:10.1017/S0003598X0006662X
393:Archaeological artifacts
55:Physical characteristics
33:Late Chalcolithic period
378:4th-millennium BC works
173:Historical significance
195:Goulder, Jill (2010).
126:), in northern (e.g.,
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388:Ancient Mesopotamia
169:in southwest Iran.
22:Habuba Kabira South
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37:Uruk culture
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398:Uruk period
167:Mahtoutabad
136:Tepe Yahiya
87:emmer wheat
48:Jemdat Nasr
41:Mesopotamia
39:in ancient
372:Categories
182:References
156:Miri Qalat
132:Tepe Sialk
120:Godin Tepe
64:Production
201:Antiquity
162:culture.
150:near the
148:Pakistan
24:in Syria
144:Nurabad
142:(e.g.,
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160:Makran
91:Corvée
79:barley
85:, or
83:spelt
354:2018
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301:2011
289:2012
256:ISBN
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140:Iran
104:Uruk
209:doi
73:Use
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