Knowledge (XXG)

Birkhoff's theorem (electromagnetism)

Source 📝

1955: 1349: 2501: 1950:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{j}(r_{i})&=\epsilon _{jki}r_{k}\\0&={\mathcal {L}}_{V}E_{i}dr_{i}+E_{i}{\mathcal {L}}_{V}dr_{i}\\&=V_{j}(E_{i})dr_{i}+E_{i}V_{j}(dr_{i})\\&=V_{j}(E_{i})dr_{i}+E_{i}d(V_{j}(r_{i}))\\&=V_{j}(E_{i})dr_{i}+E_{i}\epsilon _{jki}dr_{k}\\&=V_{j}(E_{i})dr_{i}+\epsilon _{jki}E_{k}dr_{i}\\V_{j}(E_{i})&=-\epsilon _{jki}E_{k}\\\end{aligned}}} 195: 512: 1317: 356: 625: 725: 76: 1079: 365: 936: 1156: 208: 525: 634: 190:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nabla \times \mathbf {E} &=-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}},\\\nabla \times \mathbf {B} &=\mu \varepsilon {\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}.\end{aligned}}} 949: 2368:
Thus, we find that the magnetic field is static. Similarly, using the second rotational invariance equation, we can find that the electric field is static. Therefore, the solution must be static.
507:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nabla \times \mathbf {E} &=\nabla \times E(r,t)\mathbf {\hat {r}} =0,\\\nabla \times \mathbf {B} &=\nabla \times B(r,t)\mathbf {\hat {r}} =0.\end{aligned}}} 1354: 1161: 954: 819: 639: 530: 370: 213: 81: 2090: 814: 2145: 1312:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}V_{i}&=\epsilon _{ijk}r_{j}{\frac {\partial }{\partial {r_{k}}}}\\{\mathcal {L}}_{V}(E)&=0\\{\mathcal {L}}_{V}(B)&=0.\end{aligned}}} 807: 2326: 2220: 2363: 203:. The field is purely radial as non-radial components cannot be invariant under rotation, which would be necessary for symmetry. Therefore, we can rewrite the fields as 351:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} (\mathbf {r} ,t)&=E(r,t)\mathbf {\hat {r}} ,\\\mathbf {B} (\mathbf {r} ,t)&=B(r,t)\mathbf {\hat {r}} .\end{aligned}}} 620:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mu \varepsilon {\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}&=0,\\-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}&=0.\end{aligned}}} 2542: 2278: 2247: 2168: 2018: 1998: 1978: 1343: 1149: 1126: 1106: 778: 755: 720:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}&=0,\\{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}&=0.\end{aligned}}} 2566: 2535: 2483: 48: 2471: 2447: 1074:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}dB&=0\\d{\star E}&=0\\\star d{\star E}&={\dot {E}}\\dE&=-{\dot {B}}\end{aligned}}} 2571: 2528: 200: 931:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=E_{i}dr_{i}\\B&=\epsilon _{ijk}B_{i}dr_{j}\wedge dr_{k}\end{aligned}}} 2561: 2024: 629:
Simply dividing by the constant coefficients, we find that both the magnetic and electric field are static
2284: 517: 68: 40: 36: 25: 2487: 2100: 783: 2402: 2290: 2226: 2174: 941: 2333: 2465: 32: 2453: 2443: 2418: 2512: 2508: 2410: 17: 2254: 2406: 2500: 2232: 2153: 2003: 1983: 1963: 1328: 1322: 1134: 1111: 1091: 1085: 763: 740: 199:
Since the fields are spherically symmetric, they depend only on the radial distance in
44: 2555: 56: 52: 1129: 2386: 2422: 39:
is necessarily static. Pappas (1984) gives two proofs of this theorem, using
2457: 2437: 2095:
Because the product of the components of the vector are just its length
35:. It states that any spherically symmetric solution of the source-free 2150:
And substituting back into our equation and rewriting for a function
758: 735: 2414: 2439:
Differential Forms with Applications to the Physical Sciences
1483: 1433: 1275: 1238: 944:, we can rewrite Maxwell's Equations with these forms as 2516: 2336: 2293: 2257: 2235: 2177: 2156: 2103: 2027: 2006: 1986: 1966: 1352: 1331: 1159: 1137: 1114: 1094: 952: 817: 786: 766: 743: 637: 528: 368: 211: 79: 1084:The spherical symmetry condition requires that the 24:concerns spherically symmetric static solutions of 2357: 2320: 2272: 2241: 2214: 2162: 2139: 2084: 2012: 2000:under rotation and we can write for some function 1992: 1972: 1949: 1337: 1311: 1143: 1120: 1100: 1073: 930: 801: 772: 749: 719: 619: 506: 350: 189: 516:Moreover, we can substitute into the source-free 488: 421: 335: 269: 2536: 8: 2442:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 46–47. 360:We find that the curls must be zero, since, 2543: 2529: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2307: 2306: 2292: 2256: 2234: 2197: 2176: 2155: 2131: 2118: 2108: 2102: 2076: 2063: 2044: 2026: 2005: 1985: 1965: 1937: 1921: 1898: 1885: 1871: 1858: 1842: 1829: 1813: 1800: 1780: 1761: 1751: 1738: 1722: 1709: 1683: 1670: 1654: 1641: 1625: 1612: 1589: 1573: 1563: 1550: 1534: 1521: 1501: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1474: 1461: 1448: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1410: 1394: 1374: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1330: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1221: 1216: 1207: 1201: 1185: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1151:that represents their rotations are zero 1136: 1113: 1093: 1056: 1055: 1024: 1023: 1008: 980: 953: 951: 918: 902: 889: 873: 849: 836: 818: 816: 793: 789: 788: 785: 765: 742: 687: 681: 648: 642: 638: 636: 587: 581: 545: 539: 529: 527: 483: 482: 446: 416: 415: 379: 369: 367: 330: 329: 290: 282: 264: 263: 224: 216: 212: 210: 164: 158: 140: 111: 105: 90: 80: 78: 2377: 2085:{\displaystyle E=g(r^{2},t)r_{i}dr_{i}} 2463: 7: 2497: 2495: 1325:as the directional derivative along 63:Derivation from Maxwell's equations 2515:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 1213: 1209: 694: 684: 655: 645: 594: 584: 552: 542: 458: 440: 391: 373: 171: 161: 134: 118: 108: 84: 14: 2385:Pappas, Richard C. (March 1984). 2499: 2140:{\displaystyle r_{i}r_{i}=r^{2}} 802:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} 730:Derivation using Lie derivatives 688: 649: 588: 546: 485: 447: 418: 380: 332: 291: 283: 266: 225: 217: 165: 141: 112: 91: 2484:Birkhoff's theorem (relativity) 49:Birkhoff's theorem (relativity) 2321:{\displaystyle dE=-{\dot {B}}} 2249:, we find by definition that, 2209: 2190: 2056: 2037: 1904: 1891: 1819: 1806: 1728: 1715: 1692: 1689: 1676: 1663: 1631: 1618: 1595: 1579: 1540: 1527: 1380: 1367: 1292: 1286: 1255: 1249: 479: 467: 412: 400: 326: 314: 301: 287: 260: 248: 235: 221: 16:In physics, in the context of 1: 2567:Eponymous theorems of physics 2470:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2215:{\displaystyle E=df(r^{2},t)} 2358:{\displaystyle {\dot {B}}=0} 2395:American Journal of Physics 47:. It is a limiting case of 2588: 2494: 2481: 2436:Flanders, Harley (1963). 1321:By the definition of the 62: 26:Maxwell's field equations 2572:Electromagnetism stubs 2511:-related article is a 2359: 2322: 2274: 2243: 2216: 2164: 2141: 2086: 2014: 1994: 1974: 1951: 1339: 1313: 1145: 1122: 1102: 1075: 932: 803: 774: 751: 721: 621: 508: 352: 191: 31:The theorem is due to 2488:George David Birkhoff 2360: 2323: 2275: 2244: 2217: 2165: 2142: 2087: 2015: 1995: 1975: 1952: 1340: 1314: 1146: 1123: 1103: 1076: 933: 804: 775: 752: 722: 622: 509: 353: 201:spherical coordinates 192: 28:of electromagnetism. 2334: 2291: 2273:{\displaystyle dE=0} 2255: 2233: 2175: 2154: 2101: 2025: 2004: 1984: 1964: 1350: 1329: 1157: 1135: 1128:with respect to the 1112: 1092: 950: 815: 784: 764: 741: 635: 526: 366: 209: 77: 2407:1984AmJPh..52..255P 2391:in electrodynamics" 2227:exterior derivative 942:Hodge star operator 69:Maxwell's equations 41:Maxwell's equations 2389:Birkhoff's theorem 2355: 2318: 2270: 2239: 2212: 2160: 2137: 2082: 2010: 1990: 1970: 1947: 1945: 1335: 1309: 1307: 1141: 1118: 1098: 1071: 1069: 928: 926: 799: 770: 747: 717: 715: 617: 615: 504: 502: 348: 346: 187: 185: 33:George D. Birkhoff 22:Birkhoff's theorem 2524: 2523: 2346: 2315: 2242:{\displaystyle E} 2163:{\displaystyle f} 2013:{\displaystyle g} 1993:{\displaystyle r} 1980:is equivalent to 1973:{\displaystyle E} 1338:{\displaystyle V} 1229: 1144:{\displaystyle V} 1121:{\displaystyle B} 1101:{\displaystyle E} 1064: 1032: 773:{\displaystyle B} 750:{\displaystyle E} 701: 662: 601: 559: 518:Maxwell equations 491: 424: 338: 272: 178: 125: 37:Maxwell equations 2579: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2509:electromagnetism 2503: 2496: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2382: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2285:Maxwell equation 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2202: 2201: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2123: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2068: 2067: 2049: 2048: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2011: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1903: 1902: 1890: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1863: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1834: 1833: 1818: 1817: 1805: 1804: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1756: 1755: 1743: 1742: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1713: 1698: 1688: 1687: 1675: 1674: 1659: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1630: 1629: 1617: 1616: 1601: 1594: 1593: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1555: 1554: 1539: 1538: 1526: 1525: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1466: 1465: 1453: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1415: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1379: 1378: 1366: 1365: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1173: 1172: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1015: 987: 937: 935: 934: 929: 927: 923: 922: 907: 906: 894: 893: 884: 883: 854: 853: 841: 840: 808: 806: 805: 800: 798: 797: 792: 779: 777: 776: 771: 756: 754: 753: 748: 726: 724: 723: 718: 716: 702: 700: 692: 691: 682: 663: 661: 653: 652: 643: 626: 624: 623: 618: 616: 602: 600: 592: 591: 582: 560: 558: 550: 549: 540: 513: 511: 510: 505: 503: 493: 492: 484: 450: 426: 425: 417: 383: 357: 355: 354: 349: 347: 340: 339: 331: 294: 286: 274: 273: 265: 228: 220: 196: 194: 193: 188: 186: 179: 177: 169: 168: 159: 144: 126: 124: 116: 115: 106: 94: 67:The source-free 18:electromagnetism 2587: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2562:Electrodynamics 2552: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2492: 2490: 2480: 2479: 2462: 2450: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2415:10.1119/1.13934 2384: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2332: 2331: 2289: 2288: 2253: 2252: 2231: 2230: 2193: 2173: 2172: 2152: 2151: 2127: 2114: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2072: 2059: 2040: 2023: 2022: 2002: 2001: 1982: 1981: 1962: 1961: 1944: 1943: 1933: 1917: 1907: 1894: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1867: 1854: 1838: 1825: 1809: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1757: 1747: 1734: 1718: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1679: 1666: 1650: 1637: 1621: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1585: 1569: 1559: 1546: 1530: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1497: 1480: 1470: 1457: 1444: 1430: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1390: 1383: 1370: 1357: 1348: 1347: 1327: 1326: 1306: 1305: 1295: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1258: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1217: 1212: 1197: 1181: 1174: 1164: 1155: 1154: 1133: 1132: 1110: 1109: 1090: 1089: 1086:Lie derivatives 1068: 1067: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1016: 999: 998: 988: 974: 973: 963: 948: 947: 925: 924: 914: 898: 885: 869: 862: 856: 855: 845: 832: 825: 813: 812: 787: 782: 781: 762: 761: 739: 738: 732: 714: 713: 703: 693: 683: 678: 677: 664: 654: 644: 633: 632: 614: 613: 603: 593: 583: 575: 574: 561: 551: 541: 524: 523: 520:, to find that 501: 500: 451: 437: 436: 384: 364: 363: 345: 344: 304: 279: 278: 238: 207: 206: 184: 183: 170: 160: 145: 131: 130: 117: 107: 95: 75: 74: 65: 45:Lie derivatives 12: 11: 5: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2504: 2478: 2477: 2448: 2428: 2401:(3): 255–256. 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2283:And using our 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2238: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2159: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2009: 1989: 1969: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1334: 1323:Lie derivative 1304: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1140: 1117: 1097: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 983: 979: 976: 975: 972: 969: 966: 964: 962: 959: 956: 955: 921: 917: 913: 910: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 882: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 863: 861: 858: 857: 852: 848: 844: 839: 835: 831: 828: 826: 824: 821: 820: 796: 791: 769: 746: 731: 728: 712: 709: 706: 704: 699: 696: 690: 686: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 665: 660: 657: 651: 647: 641: 640: 612: 609: 606: 604: 599: 596: 590: 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 562: 557: 554: 548: 544: 538: 535: 532: 531: 499: 496: 490: 487: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 452: 449: 445: 442: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 423: 420: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 385: 382: 378: 375: 372: 371: 343: 337: 334: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 305: 303: 300: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280: 277: 271: 268: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 239: 237: 234: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214: 182: 176: 173: 167: 163: 157: 154: 151: 148: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 132: 129: 123: 120: 114: 110: 104: 101: 98: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 82: 64: 61: 51:by taking the 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2584: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449:0-12-259650-1 2445: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2329: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2250: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2170: 2157: 2148: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2020: 2007: 1987: 1967: 1958: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1375: 1371: 1362: 1358: 1345: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1222: 1218: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1165: 1152: 1138: 1131: 1115: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 984: 981: 977: 970: 967: 965: 960: 957: 945: 943: 938: 919: 915: 911: 908: 903: 899: 895: 890: 886: 880: 877: 874: 870: 866: 864: 859: 850: 846: 842: 837: 833: 829: 827: 822: 810: 794: 767: 760: 744: 737: 734:Defining the 729: 727: 710: 707: 705: 697: 674: 671: 668: 666: 658: 630: 627: 610: 607: 605: 597: 578: 571: 568: 565: 563: 555: 536: 533: 521: 519: 514: 497: 494: 476: 473: 470: 464: 461: 455: 453: 443: 433: 430: 427: 409: 406: 403: 397: 394: 388: 386: 376: 361: 358: 341: 323: 320: 317: 311: 308: 306: 298: 295: 275: 257: 254: 251: 245: 242: 240: 232: 229: 204: 202: 197: 180: 174: 155: 152: 149: 147: 137: 127: 121: 102: 99: 97: 87: 72: 70: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 29: 27: 23: 19: 2517:expanding it 2506: 2491: 2438: 2431: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2367: 2330: 2282: 2251: 2224: 2171: 2149: 2097: 2094: 2021: 1959: 1346: 1320: 1153: 1130:vector field 1083: 946: 939: 811: 733: 631: 628: 522: 515: 362: 359: 205: 198: 73: 66: 57:backreaction 30: 21: 15: 2225:Taking the 1960:Therefore, 71:state that 53:flat metric 2556:Categories 2482:See also: 2387:"Proof of 2372:References 940:Using the 2466:cite book 2423:0002-9505 2344:˙ 2313:˙ 2304:− 1919:ϵ 1915:− 1840:ϵ 1759:ϵ 1392:ϵ 1214:∂ 1210:∂ 1183:ϵ 1062:˙ 1053:− 1030:˙ 1010:⋆ 1003:⋆ 982:⋆ 909:∧ 871:ϵ 695:∂ 685:∂ 656:∂ 646:∂ 595:∂ 585:∂ 579:− 553:∂ 543:∂ 537:ε 534:μ 489:^ 462:× 459:∇ 444:× 441:∇ 422:^ 395:× 392:∇ 377:× 374:∇ 336:^ 270:^ 172:∂ 162:∂ 156:ε 153:μ 138:× 135:∇ 119:∂ 109:∂ 103:− 88:× 85:∇ 2458:10441583 55:without 2403:Bibcode 2456:  2446:  2421:  759:2-form 736:1-form 2507:This 2287:that 2513:stub 2486:and 2472:link 2454:OCLC 2444:ISBN 2419:ISSN 1108:and 809:as: 757:and 43:and 2411:doi 2229:of 1088:of 780:in 2558:: 2468:}} 2464:{{ 2452:. 2417:. 2409:. 2399:52 2397:. 2393:. 2365:. 2328:, 2280:. 2222:. 2147:. 2092:. 1957:. 1303:0. 1081:. 711:0. 611:0. 498:0. 59:. 20:, 2544:e 2537:t 2530:v 2519:. 2474:) 2460:. 2425:. 2413:: 2405:: 2353:0 2350:= 2341:B 2310:B 2301:= 2298:E 2295:d 2268:0 2265:= 2262:E 2259:d 2237:E 2210:) 2207:t 2204:, 2199:2 2195:r 2191:( 2188:f 2185:d 2182:= 2179:E 2158:f 2133:2 2129:r 2125:= 2120:i 2116:r 2110:i 2106:r 2078:i 2074:r 2070:d 2065:i 2061:r 2057:) 2054:t 2051:, 2046:2 2042:r 2038:( 2035:g 2032:= 2029:E 2008:g 1988:r 1968:E 1939:k 1935:E 1929:i 1926:k 1923:j 1912:= 1905:) 1900:i 1896:E 1892:( 1887:j 1883:V 1873:i 1869:r 1865:d 1860:k 1856:E 1850:i 1847:k 1844:j 1836:+ 1831:i 1827:r 1823:d 1820:) 1815:i 1811:E 1807:( 1802:j 1798:V 1794:= 1782:k 1778:r 1774:d 1769:i 1766:k 1763:j 1753:i 1749:E 1745:+ 1740:i 1736:r 1732:d 1729:) 1724:i 1720:E 1716:( 1711:j 1707:V 1703:= 1693:) 1690:) 1685:i 1681:r 1677:( 1672:j 1668:V 1664:( 1661:d 1656:i 1652:E 1648:+ 1643:i 1639:r 1635:d 1632:) 1627:i 1623:E 1619:( 1614:j 1610:V 1606:= 1596:) 1591:i 1587:r 1583:d 1580:( 1575:j 1571:V 1565:i 1561:E 1557:+ 1552:i 1548:r 1544:d 1541:) 1536:i 1532:E 1528:( 1523:j 1519:V 1515:= 1503:i 1499:r 1495:d 1490:V 1484:L 1476:i 1472:E 1468:+ 1463:i 1459:r 1455:d 1450:i 1446:E 1440:V 1434:L 1428:= 1421:0 1412:k 1408:r 1402:i 1399:k 1396:j 1388:= 1381:) 1376:i 1372:r 1368:( 1363:j 1359:V 1333:V 1300:= 1293:) 1290:B 1287:( 1282:V 1276:L 1266:0 1263:= 1256:) 1253:E 1250:( 1245:V 1239:L 1223:k 1219:r 1203:j 1199:r 1193:k 1190:j 1187:i 1179:= 1170:i 1166:V 1139:V 1116:B 1096:E 1059:B 1050:= 1043:E 1040:d 1027:E 1021:= 1013:E 1006:d 996:0 993:= 985:E 978:d 971:0 968:= 961:B 958:d 920:k 916:r 912:d 904:j 900:r 896:d 891:i 887:B 881:k 878:j 875:i 867:= 860:B 851:i 847:r 843:d 838:i 834:E 830:= 823:E 795:3 790:R 768:B 745:E 708:= 698:t 689:B 675:, 672:0 669:= 659:t 650:E 608:= 598:t 589:B 572:, 569:0 566:= 556:t 547:E 495:= 486:r 480:) 477:t 474:, 471:r 468:( 465:B 456:= 448:B 434:, 431:0 428:= 419:r 413:) 410:t 407:, 404:r 401:( 398:E 389:= 381:E 342:. 333:r 327:) 324:t 321:, 318:r 315:( 312:B 309:= 302:) 299:t 296:, 292:r 288:( 284:B 276:, 267:r 261:) 258:t 255:, 252:r 249:( 246:E 243:= 236:) 233:t 230:, 226:r 222:( 218:E 181:. 175:t 166:E 150:= 142:B 128:, 122:t 113:B 100:= 92:E

Index

electromagnetism
Maxwell's field equations
George D. Birkhoff
Maxwell equations
Maxwell's equations
Lie derivatives
Birkhoff's theorem (relativity)
flat metric
backreaction
Maxwell's equations
spherical coordinates
Maxwell equations
1-form
2-form
Hodge star operator
Lie derivatives
vector field
Lie derivative
exterior derivative
Maxwell equation
"Proof of Birkhoff's theorem in electrodynamics"
Bibcode
1984AmJPh..52..255P
doi
10.1119/1.13934
ISSN
0002-9505
Differential Forms with Applications to the Physical Sciences
ISBN
0-12-259650-1

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.