454:, a type of X-ray machine. Using the CT scan instead of the traditional rotating rod source transmission scan reduces the scan time and produces almost noise-free images. The two scanners are located in the same machine, but they do not perform scans at the same time. A CT scan is typically done first, followed by a PET scan. For cardiac scans, combining CT cardiac data with PET metabolic or perfusion data from PET/CT machines may be of clinical value. While there are unresolved issues with using a high-speed CT scan for attenuation correction of cardiac images, many new CT scanners are marketed with PET scanners and can be used to measure
169:
atria, atrial septum, left atrial appendage, and coronary arteries. It can also be used during cardiac surgery to monitor the patient and assess the success of surgical interventions. TTE can visualize non-dilated coronary arteries and measure coronary artery flow using harmonic imaging, contrast agents, and high-frequency transducers. This noninvasive and low-cost method can help diagnose and manage patients with suspected or confirmed CAD by demonstrating pathologic coronary artery flow patterns at rest and with pharmacological stress.
372:. Specifically, it looks for calcium deposits in the coronary arteries that can narrow arteries and increase the risk of heart attack. This severity can be presented as Agatston score or Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) score. The CAC score is an independent marker of risk for cardiac events, cardiac mortality, and all-cause mortality. In addition, it provides additional prognostic information to other cardiovascular risk markers. A typical coronary CT calcium scan is done without the use of
352:(ECG) gating or triggering to capture a motion-free image. Standard CT scans are acquired in either Axial or Helical modes, while CCT adds the ECG gating dimension to these modes to capture images of the heart. These modifications are necessary to obtain the required data from the planar slice images, which are reconstructed from back-projected transmitted data obtained by radial excursion of the X-ray tube and detector.
2642:
223:
138:
588:
281:, although many modern pacemakers are safe for use within an MRI scanner. Other metal structures such as artificial valves and coronary stents are generally not problematic. However, MR is less widely available and may be more difficult for patients to tolerate than other noninvasive modalities, requiring physician monitoring for complex cases.
322:
524:
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source spinning around the circular path so as to bathe the inner circle with a uniform and known X-ray density. Cardiology uses are growing with the incredible developments in CT technology. Currently, multidetector CT, specially the 64 detector-CT are allowing to make cardiac studies in just a few
441:
that travel in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to produce images showing the location of the positrons and the metabolic processes in the body. The accuracy of the image depends on the initial speed of the emitted positron, which affects the ability of the scanner to define
168:
Transesophageal echocardiography is an invasive procedure that involves inserting a flexible probe with an ultrasound transducer into the esophagus, providing closer access to the heart and surrounding structures. This procedure allows for better imaging of the aorta, pulmonary artery, heart valves,
180:
However, TEE has several disadvantages, including the need for a team of medical personnel to perform the procedure, the necessity of the patient to follow specific guidelines before the procedure, longer procedure time, and potential discomfort for the patient requiring general anesthesia. TEE is
475:
rupture, and stem cell tracking. PET/MRI systems come in two types: tandem, in-line systems where two imagers share a patient transport system for sequential acquisitions, and integrated systems where both scanners operate simultaneously. The latter has some performance limitations, but it may be
466:
PET/MRI systems combine the capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide both functional and morphological information in various clinical applications. Cardiac MRI can produce complementary data to increase accuracy and reproducibility to PET
248:
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MR) technology is able to measure the size, shape, function, and tissue characteristics of the heart in a single session. It is also commonly used to determine ventricular function and for the evaluation of structural heart disease. It is more reproducible than
209:
for contrast echocardiography has significantly improved the usefulness of echocardiography in diagnosing and assessing coronary artery disease. Ultrasound contrast is used for assessing left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during stress echocardiography. Contrast echocardiography can
719:
Fleisher, L. A.; Beckman, J. A.; Brown, K. A.; Calkins, H.; Chaikof, E. L.; Fleischmann, K. E.; Freeman, W. K.; Froehlich, J. B.; Kasper, E. K.; Kersten, J. R.; Riegel, B.; Robb, J. F.; Smith Jr, S. C.; Jacobs, A. K.; Adams, C. D.; Anderson, J. L.; Antman, E. M.; Buller, C. E.; Creager, M. A.;
689:
Hendel, R. C.; Berman, D. S.; Di Carli, M. F.; Heidenreich, P. A.; Henkin, R. E.; Pellikka, P. A.; Pohost, G. M.; Williams, K. A.; American
College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology; American College Of, R.; American Heart, A.;
196:
3D TEE is a technology developed to improve upon the limitations of 2D tomography. With the introduction of the matrix TEE probe, 3D TEE can collect real-time 3D images that provide a comprehensive view of the heart structures, leading to better understanding and decision making during cardiac
119:
discourage the use of routine cardiac imaging during pre-operative assessment for patients about to undergo low or mid-risk non-cardiac surgery because the procedure carries risks and is unlikely to result in the change of a patient's management. Stress cardiac imaging is discouraged in the
210:
simultaneously assess regional myocardial function and perfusion, allowing for the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. It has several advantages compared to other non-invasive imaging techniques, such as being performed without radiation exposure and potential
152:
waves for continuous heart chamber and blood movement visualization. It is the most commonly used imaging tool for diagnosing heart problems, as it allows non-invasive visualization of the heart and the blood flow through the heart, using a technique known as
Doppler.
720:
Ettinger, S. M.; Faxon, D. P.; Fuster, V.; Halperin, J. L.; Hiratzka, L. F.; Hunt, S. A.; Lytle, B. W.; Nishimura, R.; Ornato, J. P.; Page, R. L.; Riegel, B. (2007). "ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on
Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery".
690:
American
Society of Echocardiology; Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance; Society Of Nuclear, M. (2009). "ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging".
501:
tracer injected into the blood stream, which ultimately distributes into the heart. SPECT provides information about blood flow to the heart and how well the heart is functioning. It is commonly used to evaluate patients who have, or are suspected to have,
410:. PET enables visual image analysis of multiple different metabolic chemical processes and is thus one of the most flexible imaging technologies. Cardiology uses are growing very slowly due to technical and relative cost difficulties. Most uses are for
292:
techniques have made it possible to analyze and quantify some aspects of cardiac MRI automatically. The use of cardiac MRI is projected to increase through greater availability of scanners and more widespread knowledge about its clinical application.
1597:
van der Bijl, Noortje; Joemai, Raoul M. S.; Geleijns, Jacob; Bax, Jeroen J.; Schuijf, Joanne D.; de Roos, Albert; Kroft, Lucia J. M. (2010). "Assessment of
Agatston Coronary Artery Calcium Score Using Contrast-Enhanced CT Coronary Angiography".
128:
Echocardiography is regularly utilized to diagnose, manage, and monitor patients with suspected or established heart ailments, making it a highly prevalent diagnostic imaging technique in cardiology due to its speed and efficiency.
476:
essential in some applications, such as cardiac perfusion and metabolism. PET/MRI is still in its early stages, and more work is needed to establish it as a widespread and cost-effective clinical tool for cardiac imaging.
348:(CCT) is a modified form of the traditional chest CT due to the difficulty of imaging the complex, moving heart. This is achieved through the use of thin slices and high-resolution scanning, as well as the addition of
264:
Additional benefits from cardiac MRI include the ability to detect scar within the heart using late gadolinium enhancement, and identify other abnormalities of the heart muscle itself such as infiltration with iron or
172:
Transesophageal echocardiography creates clearer images of the heart and surrounding blood vessels than traditional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). TEE is especially useful for patients with obesity or chronic
197:
procedures. The technique acquires a volumetric data set and displays it in custom orientations, allowing for greater depth and understanding of heart structures compared to 2D echocardiography.
305:, but technological improvements are lessening the amount. CT is best employed in low-to-intermediate-risk patients and is often used when other noninvasive tests are equivocal or abnormal. The
241:. These hydrogen atoms possess a property known as nuclear spin. Although the direction of this spin is usually random, the spin can be aligned using a powerful magnetic field. Faint
510:. The accuracy of the test depends on the technical quality of the study, and interpreting the results requires knowledge of the physics and technical aspects of the procedure.
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2012:
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are emitted by these hydrogen atoms when their alignment is temporarily disturbed which can be detected and used to create an image of the heart.
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2000:
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seconds (less than 10 seconds, depending on the equipment and protocol used). These images are reconstructed using algorithms and software.
278:
2285:
1825:
1773:
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214:. Contrast echocardiography requires intravenous administration of an ultrasound contrast agent during contrast specific ultrasound imaging.
174:
964:
873:
301:
Computed tomography (CT) provides simultaneous evaluation of multiple systems. A downside to CT scans are that they subject the patient to
2535:
2211:
2116:
628:
2416:
1033:
939:
839:
802:
670:
600:, also known as a percutaneous echocardiogram is an imaging methodology using specially designed, long, thin, complex manufactured
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306:
2423:
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2220:
757:
632:
145:
24:
652:
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Additionally, TEE has some risks associated with it, such as esophageal perforation and adverse reactions to medication.
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99:
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pathway being examined are used to make the location of the chemical compounds of interest visible in a PET image.
230:
182:
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59:
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2121:
1911:
242:
2664:
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2007:
1990:
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273:. Furthermore, an MRI scan cannot be performed in some people who have metallic implants such as some types of
36:
2552:
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627:(FFR) examines the pressure drop across the stenosis in suspected ischemic coronary artery that may require
624:
503:
377:
369:
250:
1394:
Tao, Qian; van der Geest, Rob; Lelieveldt, Boudewijn (2020). "Deep learning for quantitative cardiac MRI".
2598:
455:
234:
1025:
Coronary
Angiography - Advances in Noninvasive Imaging Approach for Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease
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Coronary
Angiography - Advances in Noninvasive Imaging Approach for Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease
831:
Coronary
Angiography - Advances in Noninvasive Imaging Approach for Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease
794:
Coronary
Angiography - Advances in Noninvasive Imaging Approach for Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease
572:
is performed during a cardiac catheterization and used to determine the patency and configuration of the
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1973:
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437:. When a positron and an electron come close together, they annihilate each other, producing two
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560:, typically at 30 frames per second, to visualize the position and volume of blood within the
1290:. Charles S. White, Linda B. Haramati, Joseph Jen-Sho Chen, Jeffrey M. Levsky. Oxford. 2013.
1235:. Charles S. White, Linda B. Haramati, Joseph Jen-Sho Chen, Jeffrey M. Levsky. Oxford. 2013.
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1122:. McRobbie, Donald W., 1958- (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
770:
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1820:. Guido Germano, Daniel S. Berman (2nd ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Futura. 2006.
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A physician may recommend cardiac imaging to support a diagnosis of a heart condition.
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and does not have any known long-term effects, making it safe for repeated imaging.
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dye, but it can possibly be done from contrast-enhanced images as well, such as in
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42:
29:
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1938:
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An intravascular ultrasound image of the ostium of the left main coronary artery
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through blood vessels in the leg or wrist to determine the functioning of the
494:
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protein. Disadvantages of MRI include lengthy protocols and the potential for
181:
also limited by available anatomy and may require a second procedure, such as
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PET tracers emit positrons, which are nearly identical to negatively charged
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is used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess myocardial viability.
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evaluation of patients without cardiac symptoms or in routine follow-ups.
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Kalb, Bobby; Indik, Julia H.; Ott, Peter; Martin, Diego R. (March 2018).
601:
541:
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411:
403:
1768:. Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. 2019.
1703:. Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. 2019.
1646:. Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. 2019.
1611:
1465:. Vasken Dilsizian, Gerald M. Pohost (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ. 2019.
1416:
1170:
Captur, Gabriella; Manisty, Charlotte; Moon, James C. (September 2016).
177:(COPD) who may have difficulty obtaining high-quality images using TTE.
156:
TTE is commonly used to evaluate patients with coronary artery disease.
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1537:
Neves, Priscilla
Ornellas; Andrade, Joalbo; Monção, Henry (2017).
1062:"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance physics for clinicians: part I"
586:
561:
549:
545:
522:
333:
332:(CTA), an imaging methodology using a ring-shaped machine with an
320:
257:
to better distinguish health from disease. Additionally, MR lacks
221:
136:
95:
75:
310:
1863:
965:"The role of transesophageal echocardiography in clinical use"
874:"The role of transesophageal echocardiography in clinical use"
523:
325:
Image of contrast enhanced dual-source coronary CT-angiograph
527:
A coronary angiogram showing the left coronary circulation
458:, which is a useful adjunct to PET physiological imaging.
313:(TIMI) score can help select appropriate patients for CT.
669:, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, archived from
78:. These cardiac techniques are otherwise referred to as
54:
refers to minimally invasive imaging of the heart using
233:
visualizes the heart by detecting hydrogen atoms using
762:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
657:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
2617:
2589:
2446:
2301:
2197:
1937:
1930:
1532:
1530:
35:
23:
18:
480:Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
433:, but have the opposite charge and are considered
309:or the Diamond-Forrester chest pain criteria and
1339:"MRI of patients with implanted cardiac devices"
1539:"Coronary artery calcium score: current status"
442:the position of radioactive atoms in the body.
368:of the heart for the assessment of severity of
317:Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA)
237:, particularly those attached to water and fat
1172:"Cardiac MRI evaluation of myocardial disease"
514:Associated invasive cardiac imaging techniques
1875:
722:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
692:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
422:of elements within chemical compounds of the
8:
1066:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
1055:
1053:
471:, inflammatory processes, assessing risk of
141:Apical four chamber ultrasound view of heart
1934:
1917:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1882:
1868:
1860:
1796:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1674:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1493:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
969:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
878:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
486:Single photon emission computed tomography
450:Most new PET scanners are combined with a
2013:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
1570:
1415:
1354:
1095:
1077:
980:
889:
226:Axial MRI image at the level of the heart
2056:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
540:monitoring and blood sampling through a
2156:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
644:
185:, to visualize the anatomy for safety.
1841:
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1311:
1256:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1143:
664:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
653:American Society of Nuclear Cardiology
164:Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)
15:
2286:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
2025:enlargement of existing septal defect
1343:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1280:
1278:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1018:
1016:
311:Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction
7:
2020:production of septal defect in heart
1513:"Heart scan (coronary calcium scan)"
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
824:
822:
133:Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
307:Wells' score for pulmonary embolism
2117:transposition of the great vessels
2042:creation of septal defect in heart
629:percutaneous coronary intervention
389:Positron emission tomography (PET)
14:
2417:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
1600:American Journal of Roentgenology
1396:American Journal of Roentgenology
2641:
2640:
774:, American College of Cardiology
402:imaging methodology that tracks
218:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2424:Left atrial appendage occlusion
1176:Heart (British Cardiac Society)
1060:Ridgway, John P. (2010-11-30).
552:, and, following injections of
330:Computed tomography angiography
205:The introduction of ultrasound
758:American College of Cardiology
633:coronary artery bypass surgery
146:Transthoracic echocardiography
1:
2546:Radionuclide ventriculography
506:and is additionally used for
366:computed tomography (CT) scan
175:obstructive pulmonary disease
2531:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1817:Clinical gated cardiac SPECT
1188:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309077
508:myocardial perfusion imaging
395:Positron emission tomography
290:convolutional neural network
253:, allowing for more precise
100:myocardial perfusion imaging
1555:10.1590/0100-3984.2015.0235
608:equipment to visualize the
249:echocardiography with less
2681:
2138:for univentricular defect
1120:MRI from picture to proton
982:10.1016/j.jcma.2013.08.009
891:10.1016/j.jcma.2013.08.009
734:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.003
704:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.013
493:imaging methodology using
251:inter-observer variability
231:Magnetic resonance imaging
183:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
117:professional organizations
60:magnetic resonance imaging
2638:
2478:Implantable loop recorder
2122:Arterial switch operation
1912:Interventional cardiology
1902:
612:and the interior wall of
604:attached to computerized
201:Contrast Echocardiography
2557:Coronary catheterization
2047:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
2008:Mitral valve replacement
1991:Aortic valve replacement
597:Intravascular ultrasound
583:Intravascular ultrasound
533:Coronary catheterization
519:Coronary catheterization
384:Nuclear medicine imaging
362:coronary CT calcium scan
356:Coronary CT calcium scan
297:Computed tomography (CT)
2553:Cardiac catheterization
2495:Electrophysiology study
2395:Radiofrequency ablation
2360:Alcohol septal ablation
1079:10.1186/1532-429X-12-71
963:Tsai, Shen-Kou (2013).
872:Tsai, Shen-Kou (2013).
769:: an initiative of the
625:Fractional flow reserve
504:coronary artery disease
378:coronary CT angiography
370:coronary artery disease
243:electromagnetic signals
235:superconducting magnets
158:Stress echocardiography
2599:Impedance cardiography
2221:Coronary artery bypass
1848:: CS1 maint: others (
1765:Cardiac CT, PET and MR
1700:Cardiac CT, PET and MR
1643:Cardiac CT, PET and MR
1462:Cardiac CT, PET and MR
1150:: CS1 maint: others (
592:
528:
473:atherosclerotic plaque
418:purposes. Appropriate
341:Gated Cardiac CT (CCT)
326:
284:Recent development in
227:
142:
2630:Transcutaneous pacing
2434:Heart transplantation
2355:Ventricular reduction
2171:Blalock–Taussig shunt
1800:) CS1 maint: others (
1735:) CS1 maint: others (
1678:) CS1 maint: others (
1543:Radiologia Brasileira
1497:) CS1 maint: others (
1322:) CS1 maint: others (
1267:) CS1 maint: others (
590:
526:
467:scans, especially in
456:myocardial thickening
324:
225:
140:
2604:Ballistocardiography
2161:systemic circulation
1408:10.2214/AJR.19.21927
570:Coronary angiography
2483:Cardiac stress test
2461:Electrocardiography
2400:Pacemaker insertion
2147:Kawashima procedure
2111:compound procedures
1986:Aortic valve repair
1959:Mitral valve repair
1612:10.2214/AJR.09.3734
192:3D Echocardiography
64:computed tomography
2536:Cardiovascular MRI
2466:Vectorcardiography
2321:Pericardial window
2316:Pericardiocentesis
2257:Drug-eluting stent
2086:Rastelli procedure
2035:Balloon septostomy
1356:10.1002/jmri.25824
760:(September 2013),
593:
544:inserted into the
529:
327:
303:ionizing radiation
259:ionizing radiation
228:
143:
70:(NM) imaging with
2652:
2651:
2509:Angiocardiography
2455:Electrophysiology
2442:
2441:
2385:Catheter ablation
2368:Conduction system
2293:LeCompte maneuver
2281:Bentall procedure
2142:Norwood procedure
2132:Senning procedure
2127:Mustard procedure
2030:Atrial septostomy
1981:Valve replacement
1827:978-0-470-98730-8
1775:978-1-118-75448-1
1710:978-1-118-75448-1
1653:978-1-118-75448-1
1472:978-1-118-75448-1
1297:978-0-19-982948-4
1242:978-0-19-982948-4
1182:(18): 1429–1435.
1129:978-0-521-86527-2
728:(17): e159–e241.
698:(23): 2201–2229.
558:X-ray fluoroscopy
554:radiocontrast dye
469:systemic diseases
350:electrocardiogram
114:Medical specialty
49:
48:
2672:
2644:
2643:
2609:Cardiotocography
2577:
2541:Ventriculography
2514:Echocardiography
2505:
2457:
2373:Maze procedure (
2370:
2336:
2312:
2265:
2264:Obstacle removal
2252:Bare-metal stent
2248:
2208:
2165:pulmonary artery
2157:
2112:
2097:pulmonary artery
2070:Fontan procedure
2065:pulmonary artery
2057:
2021:
1935:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1760:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1665:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1606:(6): 1299–1305.
1594:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1484:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1419:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1358:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1081:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1020:
1011:
1010:
984:
960:
954:
953:
926:
920:
919:
893:
869:
854:
853:
826:
817:
816:
789:
783:
782:
781:
779:
754:
748:
745:
715:
684:
683:
681:
675:
661:
649:
491:nuclear medicine
400:nuclear medicine
255:reference ranges
124:Echocardiography
80:echocardiography
68:nuclear medicine
45:
16:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2665:Cardiac imaging
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2634:
2613:
2585:
2581:Phonocardiogram
2573:
2503:Cardiac imaging
2501:
2453:
2438:
2366:
2350:Septal myectomy
2340:Cardiomyoplasty
2332:
2326:Pericardiectomy
2308:
2297:
2263:
2244:
2204:
2198:Cardiac vessels
2193:
2187:Glenn procedure
2155:
2110:
2093:right ventricle
2055:
2019:
1941:
1926:
1922:Cardiac imaging
1907:Cardiac surgery
1898:
1888:
1858:
1857:
1840:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1788:
1776:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1723:
1711:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1666:
1654:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1485:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1310:
1298:
1287:Cardiac imaging
1284:
1283:
1276:
1255:
1243:
1232:Cardiac imaging
1229:
1228:
1219:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1014:
975:(12): 661–672.
962:
961:
957:
942:
928:
927:
923:
884:(12): 661–672.
871:
870:
857:
842:
828:
827:
820:
805:
791:
790:
786:
777:
775:
771:ABIM Foundation
767:Choosing Wisely
756:
755:
751:
718:
688:
679:
677:
673:
666:ABIM Foundation
659:
651:
650:
646:
641:
622:
585:
574:coronary artery
521:
516:
482:
464:
448:
391:
386:
358:
343:
319:
299:
220:
207:contrast agents
203:
194:
166:
135:
126:
108:
52:Cardiac imaging
41:
19:Cardiac imaging
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2591:Function tests
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:Bruce protocol
2480:
2475:
2473:Holter monitor
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Endarterectomy
2266:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2246:Coronary stent
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2077:left ventricle
2074:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:Ross procedure
1988:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:involving the
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1826:
1807:
1774:
1742:
1709:
1685:
1652:
1633:
1589:
1549:(3): 182–189.
1526:
1504:
1471:
1447:
1402:(3): 529–535.
1386:
1349:(3): 595–603.
1329:
1296:
1274:
1241:
1217:
1157:
1128:
1111:
1049:
1034:
1012:
955:
940:
921:
855:
840:
818:
803:
784:
749:
747:
746:
716:
643:
642:
640:
637:
621:
618:
584:
581:
520:
517:
515:
512:
481:
478:
463:
460:
447:
444:
390:
387:
385:
382:
357:
354:
342:
339:
318:
315:
298:
295:
279:defibrillators
271:claustrophobia
219:
216:
212:nephrotoxicity
202:
199:
193:
190:
165:
162:
134:
131:
125:
122:
107:
104:
47:
46:
39:
33:
32:
27:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Cardioversion
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Dor procedure
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:to the right
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:Transcatheter
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:Valvuloplasty
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1515:. Mayo Clinic
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:953-307-675-5
1031:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
941:953-307-675-5
937:
933:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
841:953-307-675-5
837:
833:
832:
825:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
804:953-307-675-5
800:
796:
795:
788:
785:
773:
772:
768:
763:
759:
753:
750:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
686:
676:on 2012-04-16
672:
668:
667:
658:
654:
648:
645:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
619:
617:
615:
614:blood vessels
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
589:
582:
580:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:chambers and
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
525:
518:
513:
511:
509:
505:
500:
497:emitted by a
496:
492:
488:
487:
479:
477:
474:
470:
462:PET/MRI Scans
461:
459:
457:
453:
445:
443:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:radioisotopes
417:
413:
409:
408:radioisotopes
405:
401:
397:
396:
388:
383:
381:
379:
375:
374:radiocontrast
371:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
340:
338:
335:
331:
323:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
296:
294:
291:
287:
286:deep learning
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
217:
215:
213:
208:
200:
198:
191:
189:
186:
184:
178:
176:
170:
163:
161:
159:
154:
151:
147:
139:
132:
130:
123:
121:
118:
115:
111:
105:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
44:
40:
38:
34:
31:
28:
26:
22:
17:
2502:
2413:implantation
2407:implantation
2390:Cryoablation
2231:Off-pump CAB
2041:
2024:
1949:Valve repair
1939:Heart valves
1921:
1816:
1810:
1764:
1699:
1642:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1546:
1542:
1517:. Retrieved
1507:
1461:
1417:1887/3184262
1399:
1395:
1389:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1286:
1231:
1179:
1175:
1119:
1114:
1069:
1065:
1028:. : InTech.
1024:
972:
968:
958:
934:. : InTech.
930:
924:
881:
877:
834:. : InTech.
830:
797:. : InTech.
793:
787:
776:, retrieved
765:
752:
725:
721:
695:
691:
678:, retrieved
671:the original
663:
647:
623:
595:
594:
531:
530:
484:
483:
465:
449:
446:PET/CT Scans
428:
393:
392:
359:
344:
328:
300:
283:
263:
247:
229:
204:
195:
187:
179:
171:
167:
155:
144:
127:
112:
109:
94:and Cardiac
51:
50:
2567:Cardiac PET
2310:Pericardium
2274:Atherectomy
2212:Angioplasty
1954:Valvulotomy
778:10 February
499:radioactive
489:(SPECT), a
398:(PET) is a
148:(TTE) uses
106:Indications
92:Cardiac PET
84:Cardiac MRI
2562:Cardiac CT
2429:Cardiotomy
2334:Myocardium
2102:Sano shunt
1892:procedures
1890:Tests and
1784:1097463082
1719:1097463082
1662:1097463082
1481:1097463082
1044:1096887058
950:1096887058
850:1096887058
813:1096887058
680:August 17,
639:References
606:ultrasound
495:gamma rays
452:CT scanner
439:gamma rays
435:antimatter
346:Cardiac CT
275:pacemakers
150:ultrasonic
98:including
88:Cardiac CT
56:ultrasound
25:ICD-10-PCS
1942:and septa
1844:cite book
1836:243693702
1792:cite book
1727:cite book
1670:cite book
1620:0361-803X
1586:CC BY 4.0
1563:0100-3984
1489:cite book
1442:204974611
1426:0361-803X
1365:1522-2586
1314:cite book
1306:869749065
1259:cite book
1251:869749065
1196:1468-201X
1146:cite book
1088:1532-429X
1072:(1): 71.
991:1726-4901
900:1726-4901
685:, citing
631:(PCI) or
602:catheters
431:electrons
424:metabolic
406:emitting
239:molecules
66:(CT), or
2659:Category
2646:Category
2379:minimaze
2375:Cox maze
1628:21098187
1581:28670030
1519:9 August
1434:31670597
1381:24257311
1373:28776823
1212:23647168
1204:27354273
1138:65203245
1106:21118531
1007:36016740
999:24064328
916:36016740
908:24064328
742:17950140
712:19497454
566:arteries
542:catheter
538:pressure
416:clinical
412:research
404:positron
1931:Surgery
1572:5487233
1097:3016368
556:, uses
267:amyloid
62:(MRI),
43:D057791
2618:Pacing
2226:MIDCAB
2217:Bypass
2167:shunt
2061:atrium
1974:mitral
1969:aortic
1834:
1824:
1782:
1772:
1717:
1707:
1660:
1650:
1626:
1618:
1579:
1569:
1561:
1479:
1469:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1304:
1294:
1249:
1239:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1136:
1126:
1104:
1094:
1086:
1042:
1032:
1005:
997:
989:
948:
938:
914:
906:
898:
848:
838:
811:
801:
740:
710:
577:lumens
414:, not
2575:sound
2447:Tests
2405:S-ICD
2302:Other
2236:TECAB
2081:aorta
1896:heart
1438:S2CID
1377:S2CID
1208:S2CID
1003:S2CID
912:S2CID
674:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
610:lumen
562:heart
550:heart
546:heart
536:uses
364:is a
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