281:
check dams are built primarily for temporary purposes. Also, there are check dams that are constructed with rockfill or wooden boards. These dams are usually implemented only in small, open channels that drain 10 acres (0.04 km) or less; and usually do not exceed 2 ft (0.61 m) high. Woven wire can be used to construct check dams in order to hold fine material in a gully. It is typically used in environments where the gully has a moderate slope (less than 10%), small drainage area, and in regions where flood flows do not typically carry large rocks or boulders. In nearly all instances, erosion control blankets, which are biodegradable open-weave blankets, are used in conjunction with check dams. These blankets help encourage vegetation growth on the slopes, shorelines and ditch bottoms.
261:
285:
147:, are impractical. Accordingly, they are commonly used in degrading temporary channels, in which permanent stabilization is impractical and infeasible in terms of resource allocation and funding due to the short life period. They are also used when construction delays and weather conditions prevent timely installation of other erosion control practices. This is typically seen during the construction process of large-scale permanent
269:
225:
dams. Because the typical high slope causes high flow velocity, a terraced system of multiple closely spaced check dams is typically necessary to reduce velocity and thereby counteract erosion. Such consolidation check dams, built in terraces, attempt to prevent both headward and downward cutting into channel beds while also stabilizing adjacent hill slopes. They are further used to mitigate flood and debris flow hazards.
72:
20:
189:
28:
36:
119:
by check dams and water transmission losses in deposited sediments is responsible for the delay of runoff to reach the lower part of the river channels. The reduction of peak runoff discharge was larger in the river segment with check dams and vegetation (minus 12%) than in segment without treatment
280:
Check dams are made of a variety of materials. Because they are typically used as temporary structures, they are often made of cheap and accessible materials such as rocks, gravel, logs, hay bales, and sandbags. Of these, logs and rock check dams are usually permanent or semi-permanent, and sandbag
333:
Check dams require regular maintenance as typically temporary structures not designed to withstand long-term use. Dams should be inspected every week and after heavy rainfall. It is important that rubble, litter, and leaves are removed from the upstream side of the dam. This is typically done when
324:
Check dams still require maintenance and sediment removal practices. They become more difficult to implement on steep slopes, as velocity is higher and the distance between dams must be shortened. Check dams, depending on the material used, can have a limited life span but if implemented correctly
204:
in a process called managed aquifer recharge. Winter runoff thus can be stored in aquifers, from which the water can be withdrawn during the dry season for irrigation, livestock watering, and drinking water. This is particularly useful for small settlements located far from a large urban center as
315:
Check dams are a highly effective practice to reduce flow velocities in channels and waterways. In contrast to big dams, check dams are implemented faster, are cost effective, and are smaller in scope. Because of this, their implementation does not typically displace people and communities nor do
233:
In the UK planning laws, applications and restrictions delay flood mitigation work. This can be counteracted by setting up
Temporary Test Dams in watercourses that can then be monitored and valued. This does however require the landowners support. TTDs have proven to be a great way to get rapid
306:
In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, spacing must be designed properly. Check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest. This
251:
to be ten acres or less. The waterway should be on a slope of no more than 50% and should have a minimum depth to bedrock of 2 ft (0.61 m). Check dams are often used in natural or constructed channels or swales. They should never be placed in live streams unless approved by appropriate
224:
As a strategy to stabilize mountain streams, the construction of check dams has a long tradition in many mountainous regions dating back to the 19th century in Europe. Steep slopes impede access by heavy construction machinery to mountain streams, so check dams have been built in place of larger
67:
by reducing water flow velocity. Check dams themselves are not a type of new technology; rather, they are an ancient technique dating from the second century AD. Check dams are typically, though not always, implemented in a system of several dams situated at regular intervals across the area of
297:
Check dams are usually less than 2 to 3 feet (0.61 to 0.91 m) high. and the center of the dam should be at least 6 in (0.15 m) lower than its edges. This criterion induces a weir effect, resulting in increased water surface level upstream for some, if not all flow conditions.
316:
they destroy natural resources if designed correctly. Moreover, the dams are simple to construct and do not rely on advanced technologies, allowing their use in rural communities with fewer resources or access to technical expertise, as they have been in India's drylands for some time now.
142:
Check dams have traditionally been implemented in two environments: across channel bottoms and on hilly slopes. Check dams are used primarily to control water velocity, conserve soil, and improve land. They are used when other flow-control practices, such as lining the channel or creating
151:
or erosion control. As such, check dams serve as temporary grade-control mechanisms along waterways until resolute stabilization is established or along permanent swales that need protection prior to installation of a non-erodible lining.
124:
discharge and total runoff volume as large parts of runoff infiltrated in the sediments deposited behind the check dams. As gully check dams are implemented in a large areas of northern
Ethiopia, this contributes to
768:
S. Parimala
Renganayaki, L. Elango (April 2013). "A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams: a case study near Chennai, India". : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 2 (4):
652:
A conceptual model of check dam hydraulics for gully control:efficiency, optimal spacing and relation with step-pools C. Castillo, R. Pérez, and J. A. Gómez from
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, 1705–1721,
463:
735:
706:
180:
tends to be deposited behind check dams, while finer grains flow through. Floating garbage is also trapped by check dams, increasing their effectiveness as water quality control measures.
120:(minus 5.5%). Reduction of total runoff volume was also larger in the river with check dams than in the untreated river. The implementation of check dams combined with vegetation reduced
983:
1152:
337:
When the site is permanently stabilized and the check dam is no longer needed, it is fully removed, including components washed downstream, and bare spots are stabilized.
104:. They can be used not only to slow flow velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide flows toward vegetation. Although some
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interrupts the flow of water and flattens the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction induces
2403:
683:
366:
857:"Boulder-Faced Log Dams as an Alternative for Gabion Check Dams in First-Order Ephemeral Streams with Coarse Bed Load in Ethiopia"
417:
Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy, Sunita
Chaudhary & Minna J. Hsu (2008). "The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages".
2377:
1031:
2398:
1908:
924:
2372:
779:
Mazzorana, Bruno (6 June 2014). "The susceptibility of consolidation check dams as a key factor for maintenance planning".
818:
205:
check dams require less reliance on machinery, funding, or advanced knowledge compared to large-scale dam implementation.
1056:
Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy, and Minna J. Hsu (2008). "Small Size, Big
Potential: Check Dams for Sustainable Development".
607:
2074:
2024:
1918:
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action following a flood event and a way to get communities involved in the defence against future flood events.
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97:
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430:
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126:
570:"Effects of check dams on runoff characteristics along gully reaches, the case of Northern Ethiopia"
43:, which are artificial drainage channels that are designed to remove silt and pollution from runoff.
2263:
2258:
2059:
1903:
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1378:
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1206:
116:
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2167:
2019:
1535:
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1002:
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176:– conditions, water flows over or through the structure. Coarse and medium-grained sediment from
2009:
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1999:
1888:
1703:
1465:
1455:
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812:
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may result behind the dam, check dams do not primarily function as sediment-trapping devices.
543:
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1989:
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1583:
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1329:
1201:
1073:
868:
788:
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284:
56:
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675:
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Before installing a check dam, engineers inspect the site. Standard practices call for the
2187:
2147:
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1979:
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177:
76:
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2004:
1969:
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105:
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71:
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19:
542:. Ames, IA: Institute for Transportation at Iowa State University. Archived from
2228:
2152:
1856:
1819:
1766:
1490:
1475:
1450:
1324:
1093:
188:
169:
161:
1124:
827:
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Check Dams, Morphological
Adjustments and Erosion Control in Torrential Streams
412:
410:
307:
allows water to pond between dams and substantially slows the flow's velocity.
27:
2334:
2014:
1898:
1838:
1796:
1668:
1505:
1373:
1314:
1304:
1221:
1130:
792:
569:
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the sediment has reached a height of one-half the original height of the dam.
2304:
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1791:
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1663:
1603:
1550:
1545:
1445:
1368:
1358:
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1077:
144:
121:
602:
393:(5th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 267–268.
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
1974:
1941:
1618:
1460:
1427:
112:
40:
2284:
2233:
1761:
1756:
1738:
1718:
1623:
1560:
1495:
1432:
705:
North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2006).
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
101:
64:
1028:
Low Impact
Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide
2079:
1951:
1776:
1771:
1723:
1713:
1683:
1608:
1363:
1294:
1266:
1165:
743:. Colorado: Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. Archived from
361:
356:
273:
193:
820:
IDEQ Stormwater Best
Management Practices Catalog: Check Dams BMP 32
35:
448:
446:
2177:
2162:
2117:
1861:
1834:
1781:
1648:
1643:
1613:
1598:
1407:
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1161:
346:
283:
267:
259:
187:
173:
93:
89:
70:
60:
34:
26:
18:
2207:
2172:
1728:
1688:
1653:
148:
1134:
711:. Raleigh, N.C.: NCDENR. pp. 6.83.1–6.83.3. Archived from
533:
Iowa Statewide Urban Design and Specifications (SUDAS) (2013).
491:
Water Sensitive Urban Design Engineering Procedures: Stormwater
2127:
1568:
52:
973:
Rickard, Charles & Rodney Day, Jeremy Purseglove (2003).
923:. Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations.
674:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2014-08-06).
384:
382:
172:, or seeps through or under the dam. Under high flow –
200:
In arid areas, check dams are often built to increase
886:
USDA Natural Resource Conservation Services (NRCS).
2277:
2216:
2098:
1960:
1932:
1833:
1805:
1737:
1559:
1426:
1343:
1265:
1176:
826:. State of Idaho. pp. 106–108. Archived from
734:Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (2010).
462:(4th ed.). Mississippi DEQ. pp. 4–118.
453:Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality.
391:Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications
1146:
1127:Sabo Gakkaishi Vol.45 (1992-1993) No.4 P22-29
1022:Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program.
737:Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual Volume 3
676:"Water Best Management Practices: Check Dams"
164:. Under low-flow circumstances, water either
8:
1106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
817:Department of Environmental Quality (2005).
781:Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft
536:Design Manual - Erosion and Sediment Control
494:. Australia: CSIRO Publishing. p. 140.
435:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
264:Log dam in a gully, circa 1935, Missouri, US
1125:Trap Function of Bed Road by Steel-Slit Dam
208:Check dams can be used in combination with
1153:
1139:
1131:
628:Garcia, Carmelo & Mario Lenzi (2010).
954:. United States Department of Agriculture
850:
848:
601:
252:local, state and/or federal authorities.
39:A common application of check dams is in
1752:International scale of river difficulty
917:"FAO Watershed Management Field Manual"
378:
1099:
1000:
982:. UK: Environment Agency. p. xi.
948:Urban BMPs: Water, erosion, check dams
568:Etefa Guyassa, and colleagues (2017).
428:
708:Practice Standards and Specifications
632:. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
7:
1034:from the original on 8 December 2019
989:from the original on 23 January 2017
927:from the original on 31 January 2019
873:10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001217
855:Nyssen, J. and colleagues (2017).
469:from the original on March 5, 2016
115:River in Ethiopia, an increase of
14:
976:River Weirs – Good Practice Guide
367:Flexible debris-resisting barrier
51:is a small, sometimes temporary,
861:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
1909:Flooded grasslands and savannas
686:from the original on 2015-09-01
610:from the original on 2021-05-07
156:Water quality control mechanism
129:and increased river base flow.
16:Small dam to counteract erosion
23:Concrete check dams in Austria
1:
594:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.019
347:Water conservation structures
325:can be considered permanent.
160:Many check dams tend to form
2409:Hydrology and urban planning
2075:Universal Soil Loss Equation
2025:Hydrological transport model
1919:Storm Water Management Model
63:, or waterway to counteract
888:"Urban BMPs: Water Erosion"
2455:
2424:Waste treatment technology
1579:Antecedent drainage stream
389:Marsh, William M. (2010).
288:Log dam building in Adawro
88:A check dam placed in the
2404:Environmental engineering
2343:
2315:River valley civilization
2198:Riparian-zone restoration
793:10.1007/s00506-014-0160-4
456:Erosion Stormwater Manual
419:Natural Resources Journal
192:Boulder-faced log dam in
2378:Countries without rivers
2353:Rivers by discharge rate
2065:Runoff model (reservoir)
2030:Infiltration (hydrology)
488:Melbourne Water (2005).
229:Temporary Test Dams TTDs
2050:River Continuum Concept
1815:Agricultural wastewater
1078:10.3200/envt.50.4.22-35
138:Grade control mechanism
75:A check dam across the
2399:Ecological restoration
2373:River name etymologies
2300:Hydraulic civilization
2158:Floodplain restoration
1934:Point source pollution
1709:Sedimentary structures
289:
277:
265:
197:
80:
44:
32:
24:
1985:Discharge (hydrology)
1947:Industrial wastewater
1428:Sedimentary processes
287:
271:
263:
238:Design considerations
191:
111:For instance, on the
74:
55:constructed across a
38:
30:
22:
2090:Volumetric flow rate
1674:Riffle-pool sequence
574:Journal of Hydrology
212:to stop and collect
202:groundwater recharge
127:groundwater recharge
2264:Whitewater kayaking
2259:Whitewater canoeing
2060:Runoff curve number
1904:Flood pulse concept
1070:2008ESPSD..50d..22A
833:on 22 December 2016
586:2017JHyd..545..299G
220:Mountainous regions
117:hydraulic roughness
2419:Water conservation
2290:Aquatic toxicology
2203:Stream restoration
2168:Infiltration basin
2020:Hydrological model
1536:Sediment transport
1359:Estavelle/Inversac
1237:Subterranean river
549:on 9 November 2014
290:
278:
266:
198:
81:
79:, in Kerala, India
45:
33:
25:
2386:
2385:
2363:Whitewater rivers
2269:Whitewater slalom
2100:River engineering
2000:Groundwater model
1961:River measurement
1889:Flood forecasting
1704:Sedimentary basin
1561:Fluvial landforms
1466:Bed material load
1242:River bifurcation
639:978-1-61761-749-2
501:978-0-643-09092-7
400:978-0-470-57081-4
168:into the ground,
31:A steel check dam
2446:
2348:Rivers by length
2183:River morphology
2085:Wetted perimeter
1990:Drainage density
1501:Headward erosion
1330:Perennial stream
1202:Blackwater river
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2443:
2439:Desert greening
2429:Water pollution
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2358:Drainage basins
2339:
2273:
2212:
2188:Retention basin
2148:Erosion control
2143:Detention basin
2094:
2010:Hjulström curve
1962:
1956:
1928:
1872:Non-water flood
1829:
1801:
1747:Helicoidal flow
1733:
1634:Fluvial terrace
1629:Floating island
1555:
1430:
1422:
1413:Rhythmic spring
1347:
1339:
1320:Stream gradient
1261:
1247:River ecosystem
1212:Channel pattern
1180:
1172:
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1121:
1116:
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1021:
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1016:
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611:
603:1854/LU-8518957
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276:river, Ethiopia
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5:
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2249:Stone skipping
2246:
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2236:
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2200:
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2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:Drop structure
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Balancing lake
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
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2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:Playfair's law
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Exner equation
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Bradshaw model
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
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1929:
1927:
1926:
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1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1867:Urban flooding
1859:
1854:
1852:Crevasse splay
1849:
1847:100-year flood
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1807:Surface runoff
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Stream capture
1784:
1779:
1774:
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1741:
1735:
1734:
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1701:
1699:Rock-cut basin
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1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1541:Suspended load
1538:
1533:
1531:Secondary flow
1528:
1523:
1521:Retrogradation
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:Dissolved load
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1418:Spring horizon
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Mineral spring
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1384:list in the US
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Stream channel
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Drainage basin
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Alluvial river
1188:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:External links
1117:
1114:
1113:
1045:
1014:
965:
938:
908:
878:
844:
806:
787:(5): 214–216.
771:
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352:Drop structure
349:
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309:
303:
300:
294:
291:
257:
254:
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230:
227:
221:
218:
214:surface runoff
185:
182:
157:
154:
139:
136:
134:
131:
85:
82:
77:Kudumbur River
61:drainage ditch
15:
13:
10:
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2:
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2330:Surface water
2328:
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2325:Sacred waters
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Riparian zone
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Body of water
2293:
2291:
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2257:
2255:
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2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Riverboarding
2242:
2240:
2239:River surfing
2237:
2235:
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2119:
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2033:
2031:
2028:
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2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:and modelling
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:Return period
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Flood control
1882:
1880:
1879:Flood barrier
1877:
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1864:
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1858:
1855:
1853:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Palaeochannel
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Granular flow
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
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1318:
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1272:
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1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Channel types
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Braided river
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1151:
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1137:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
1109:
1103:
1095:
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1025:
1018:
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978:
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949:
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858:
851:
849:
845:
829:
822:
821:
813:
811:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
765:
762:
750:on 2012-09-05
746:
739:
738:
730:
727:
715:on 2013-07-24
714:
710:
709:
701:
698:
685:
681:
680:water.epa.gov
677:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
656:
649:
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641:
635:
631:
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621:
609:
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599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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564:
561:
545:
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537:
529:
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519:
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503:
497:
493:
492:
484:
481:
465:
458:
457:
449:
447:
443:
438:
432:
425:(3): 565–583.
424:
420:
413:
411:
407:
402:
396:
392:
385:
383:
379:
372:
368:
365:
363:
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335:
328:
326:
319:
317:
310:
308:
301:
299:
292:
286:
282:
275:
270:
262:
255:
253:
250:
249:drainage area
242:
237:
235:
228:
226:
219:
217:
215:
211:
206:
203:
195:
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183:
181:
179:
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163:
155:
153:
150:
146:
137:
132:
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123:
118:
114:
109:
107:
106:sedimentation
103:
99:
95:
91:
83:
78:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
37:
29:
21:
2434:Dams by type
2368:Flash floods
2320:River cruise
2217:River sports
2122:
2070:Stream gauge
2055:Rouse number
2045:Relief ratio
1894:Flood-meadow
1825:Urban runoff
1739:Fluvial flow
1724:River valley
1694:River island
1659:Meander scar
1574:Alluvial fan
1516:Progradation
1391:Karst spring
1335:Winterbourne
1290:Chalk stream
1252:River source
1227:Distributary
1102:cite journal
1064:(4): 22–34.
1061:
1057:
1036:. Retrieved
1027:
1024:"Check dams"
1017:
991:. Retrieved
975:
968:
956:. Retrieved
947:
941:
929:. Retrieved
920:
911:
899:. Retrieved
894:
881:
864:
860:
835:. Retrieved
828:the original
819:
784:
780:
774:
764:
752:. Retrieved
745:the original
736:
729:
717:. Retrieved
713:the original
707:
700:
688:. Retrieved
679:
648:
629:
623:
612:. Retrieved
577:
573:
563:
551:. Retrieved
544:the original
535:
505:. Retrieved
490:
483:
471:. Retrieved
455:
431:cite journal
422:
418:
390:
336:
332:
323:
314:
305:
296:
279:
246:
232:
223:
207:
199:
184:Arid regions
162:stream pools
159:
141:
133:Applications
110:
100:and reduces
98:infiltration
92:, swale, or
87:
48:
46:
2229:Fly fishing
2153:Fish ladder
2138:Daylighting
1857:Flash flood
1820:First flush
1767:Plunge pool
1491:Downcutting
1476:Debris flow
1451:Aggradation
1325:Stream pool
1058:Environment
580:: 299–309.
473:October 21,
329:Maintenance
320:Limitations
272:Log dam in
166:infiltrates
2393:Categories
2335:Wild river
2015:Hydrograph
2005:Hack's law
1970:Baer's law
1914:Inundation
1899:Floodplain
1839:stormwater
1797:Whitewater
1669:Oxbow lake
1506:Knickpoint
1481:Deposition
1374:Hot spring
1315:Streamflow
1305:Stream bed
1222:Confluence
993:4 November
958:4 November
931:28 October
901:28 October
837:28 October
754:28 October
719:28 October
690:28 October
614:2020-08-31
553:28 October
507:28 October
373:References
311:Advantages
196:, Ethiopia
170:evaporates
68:interest.
2414:Landscape
2305:Limnology
2254:Triathlon
2224:Canyoning
2193:Revetment
2123:Check dam
2035:Main stem
1792:Waterfall
1679:Point bar
1664:Mouth bar
1604:Billabong
1551:Water gap
1546:Wash load
1526:Saltation
1446:Anabranch
1369:Holy well
1257:Tributary
1094:224015181
1086:153334085
1003:cite book
801:130712151
682:. USEPA.
256:Materials
145:bioswales
122:peak flow
49:check dam
41:bioswales
2108:Aqueduct
1975:Baseflow
1942:Effluent
1619:Cut bank
1584:Avulsion
1461:Bed load
1441:Abrasion
1090:ProQuest
1038:28 March
1032:Archived
984:Archived
925:Archived
895:usda.gov
684:Archived
608:Archived
464:Archived
341:See also
113:Graliwdo
84:Function
2285:Aquifer
2278:Related
2234:Rafting
1762:Meander
1757:Log jam
1719:Thalweg
1624:Estuary
1496:Erosion
1433:erosion
1345:Springs
1300:Current
1267:Streams
1207:Channel
1170:springs
1166:streams
1066:Bibcode
921:fao.org
769:416–423
582:Bibcode
302:Spacing
216:water.
102:eroding
94:channel
65:erosion
2080:WAFLEX
1952:Sewage
1835:Floods
1777:Riffle
1772:Rapids
1714:Strath
1684:Ravine
1609:Canyon
1364:Geyser
1295:Coulee
1280:Bourne
1275:Arroyo
1178:Rivers
1162:Rivers
1092:
1084:
897:. USDA
799:
636:
498:
397:
362:Groyne
357:Gabion
274:Adawro
210:limans
194:Maygwa
178:runoff
2178:Levee
2163:Flume
2118:Canal
1862:Flood
1782:Shoal
1649:Gully
1644:Gulch
1614:Chine
1599:Bayou
1456:Armor
1408:Ponor
1183:lists
1082:S2CID
987:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
831:(PDF)
824:(PDF)
797:S2CID
748:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
547:(PDF)
540:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
460:(PDF)
174:flood
90:ditch
57:swale
2208:Weir
2173:Leat
1837:and
1729:Wadi
1689:Rill
1654:Glen
1639:Gill
1589:Bank
1431:and
1396:list
1379:list
1350:list
1285:Burn
1168:and
1108:link
1040:2018
1009:link
995:2014
960:2014
933:2014
903:2014
839:2014
756:2014
721:2014
692:2014
653:2014
634:ISBN
555:2014
509:2014
496:ISBN
475:2014
437:link
395:ISBN
293:Size
243:Site
149:dams
2128:Dam
1594:Bar
1569:Ait
1074:doi
869:doi
865:143
789:doi
598:hdl
590:doi
578:545
53:dam
2395::
1164:,
1104:}}
1100:{{
1088:.
1080:.
1072:.
1062:50
1060:.
1048:^
1030:.
1026:.
1005:}}
1001:{{
919:.
893:.
867:.
863:.
859:.
847:^
809:^
795:.
785:66
783:.
678:.
658:^
606:.
596:.
588:.
576:.
572:.
517:^
445:^
433:}}
429:{{
423:48
421:.
409:^
381:^
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1352:)
1348:(
1185:)
1181:(
1154:e
1147:t
1140:v
1110:)
1096:.
1076::
1068::
1042:.
1011:)
997:.
962:.
935:.
905:.
875:.
871::
841:.
803:.
791::
758:.
723:.
694:.
642:.
617:.
600::
592::
584::
557:.
511:.
477:.
439:)
403:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
