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places are in urban areas. However, the majority of
Chinese people live in rural areas, and foreigners do not have access to these locations. Most visitors also travel around with an interpreter or a guide, which are usually provided by the government. These “professional friends” get paid well to live in Beijing, and make sure that the visitors do not do anything out of the ordinary. Foreigners are also discouraged from forming friendships with the natives of the country, which results in them socializing with only the servants. The government has done everything in its power to prevent contact between the foreigner and the native, and there are visitors that live there for a long period of time without forming any real friendships. Leys gives the example of not being able to use public transit, and not going to native eating places. When using public transit such as the train, there are special lounges that are reserved just for foreigners. There is no way to avoid this segregation, and when foreigners try to, there are negative consequences to the local residents.
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cultural heritage, the government staged a "cultural renaissance" by claiming that they found archaeological objects. In order to restore the traditional image, they only needed enough objects to make the foreigners believe that they had enriched the cultural heritage rather than destroyed it. Many of the monuments were only open to foreigners and overseas
Chinese, and were forbidden to the residents of China. Some monuments could only be seen by foreigners if they made an appointment, and even then, they were given a hard time when trying to access some locations. The residents were restricted access to bookstores and art galleries as well. The authorities feared that if the Chinese people had contact with their past, they would be contaminated, so they did everything in their power to prevent this.
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beneath them. There was clearly a separation between the ruling and the ruled. Leys used the example of Wang Shiwei who was a revolutionary that wrote a letter to the government to address this issue. In the letter he mentions the class differences and accuses the superiors of acting like they "belong to a different breed of humanity" by having all the food they can eat while the rest of the people suffer. Wang Shiwei had to attend public accusation meetings after this incident, and in one meeting he criticized
410:. When traveling between provinces, foreigners are required to carry a pass that lists the places they are allowed to visit in detail, and the document must be stamped by security officials when you arrive, and when you depart. If a foreigner was to show up in a province unexpected, they would not be allowed to go and wander the city because they do not have permission to be there, instead they would be encouraged to stay in the hotel until their next train arrived.
366:. All these groups are treated differently while they are visiting. For example, Chinese with a foreign citizenship are treated like other foreigners. In one situation, a man went to visit his family in their home and spent the night. The next day he was told that he had to sleep in his hotel, but he was welcome to visit. The government has instilled a fear in their citizens, to the point where they even treat family members as foreigners.
33:
933:"One of the confusing things about his book is the use of "Maoist" to cover everything the author dislikes, including much to which Mao objected - bureaucratism, for example - and much which was unrelated to him." Borthwick believes that the book is stereotyping the country, and that the West needs to have a better relationship with China in order to have an understanding of its people.
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problem with juvenile delinquency. The delinquents were usually young urban people that were sent to the countryside to correct their behavior during the
Cultural Revolution. They were often deported from their family, and were under army guidance, so their behavior was understandable. Other areas that Leys visited included
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Sally
Borthwick wrote a book about the education and social change in China, and she thinks that Leys account of his stay in Beijing could be seen as an attack on China. She believes that the book is bitter and that Leys makes it seem like there is no chance for China to reform in its current system.
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Simon Leys fell in love with China when he traveled there for the first time in 1955. When he went back in 1972, he had already known the city walls in
Beijing were razed, but he was seized by panic when he discovered the monumental gates were demolished as well. Mao had destroyed many historical and
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With all the intellectuals gone, and the revolution still going on, most schools were closed for at least four years. When Leys tried to visit the universities, he was not granted access to the lectures or teaching material they were using. In secondary schools, students were made to do farm work and
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instead. For several years, the cultural activity in China ceased to exist. Many institutions were closed, including schools, museums, and bookstores. Museums are usually dedicated to those who are in charge, so they could not be reopen until history had been rewritten. When bookstores and museums
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In Peggy Durdin's review, she states that it was the "most illuminating book so far written about the
Chinese People's Republic.". Durdin was very knowledgeable in this field and was a foreign correspondent and writer that covered Asia. She was born in China, attended the Shanghai American School,
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all literature that did not conform to Maoist orthodoxy was removed. There was also irreparable damages and looting to temples, monasteries and monuments. Those that were not razed were used as warehouses, workshops, or garbage dumps. To make it seem like the revolution did not destroy the
Chinese
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and they also had a system of hierarchical classes. The Maoist bureaucracy had thirty hierarchical classes, and each one had specific prerogatives and privileges. The officials that were at the top of the hierarchy had more influence and power and also had more advantages and privileges than those
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The translation starts with a foreword by Leys to address the criticism the book has received. He states that he does not want to question the achievements of the regime, but is adding some shadows by offering notes and details that have been omitted by other witnesses. There is also a foreword to
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Chinese people are limited to the areas they are allowed to visit in their own cities. They are not allowed into luxurious hotels and clubs that are for foreigners, unless they are on official business. There are also certain museums and monuments that they cannot enter. The Maoist government has
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Leys argues that foreigners do not see the real China, they only see what the authorities allow them to see. When they are in China, they are limited to the areas they are allowed to visit. Out of the hundreds of cities, there are only about a dozen that are open to foreigners, and most of these
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If the destruction of the entire legacy of China's traditional culture was the price to pay to insure the success of the revolution, I would forgive all the iconoclasms, I would support them with enthusiasm! What makes the Maoist vandalism so odious and so pathetic is not that it is irreparably
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was rundown, but the atmosphere was more relaxed compared to
Beijing. There was also less interference from the central government and more outside influence, so foreigners are able to go to public places without causing a commotion. However, this less favored area faced poverty and also had a
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in China. Leys describes the Maoist propaganda as "one of the most monotonous, arid, and indigent creations in the world." The reason it was "condemned to death" was due to the fact that it was able to educate even the illiterate about China's three-thousand-year-old history.
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The professional bureaucratic life is very different from that of the common citizen. The Maoist authorities have an obsession with hierarchical classes and we see an example of this through the model of cars that the officials drive. Mao was a big supporter of the
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from the campaign, and those who were critical about the regime were punished. Some intellectuals were dismissed and sent to the countryside to work in the fields and factories while others were killed or committed suicide. In a speech by Mao, he claimed that
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There is only so much that people can suffer before they decide to rage against the ruling class. The
Papaoshan cemetery is where the officials of the regime are buried, and to show their anger against bureaucrats, the mob started breaking their tombs.
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directly, which resulted in authorities trying the case behind closed doors. He ended disappearing from view for two years and when his friends were able to find him, he said he was now making matchboxes. When the
Communists had to evacuate
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and after she left she continued to have an interest in the country. Durdin agrees with Leys that the majority of visitors that travel to China do not see how the Chinese people live, and that they are controlled by a small group of men.
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the English-language edition where he states that China is "unreal" because the Maoist authorities stage settings that are artificially created for foreign visitors, and they prevent contact between foreigners and the Chinese people.
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built a wall between people, including Chinese people that come back from abroad to visit. They have arranged this category of visitors into four groups: Chinese who have taken out foreign citizenship, compatriots from
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executed four hundred and sixty scholars" and they had executed forty-six thousand. The intellectuals, writers, and artists in China were close to extinction and the ones that were left were silenced.
558:, which was written before the Cultural Revolution, but could be used to describe China. He states that it has "more truth and accuracy than researchers who come back from Peking .” When Mao led the
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Wang Shiwei was one of the many people that were killed because of their opinions. The Maoist regime waged a war against the mind and went after the Chinese intellectuals in 1957 in the
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275:, and was then translated into English in 1977. The book is about Leys' six-month stay in China, which he made in 1972. Leys discusses the cultural and political destruction of the
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to get citizens to express their opinions about the communist party so they could make the country better. However, the government had a change of heart which resulted in the
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at the time. He wrote under a pseudonym since, like other academics and journalists who refrained from criticizing China, he did not want to be barred from future visits to
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finally reopened, nearly all of the history was eliminated and changed. Bookstores were set up like pharmacies with a counter between the customer and employee, and in the
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The authorities destroyed China's cultural heritage and Leys describes the different areas that he visited during his stay in China, and the situation in each one.
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about Shi Chuanxiang, who was an example of one of the individuals the Maoist authorities tried to emulate. He also includes a chapter titled
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mutilating an ancient civilization but rather that by doing so it gives itself an alibi for not grappling with the true revolutionary tasks.
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2. Rev. of Book of Simon Leys: Chinese Shadows, by Sally Borthwick. Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 1 (1979): 145. Web
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Aux origines d’Ombres chinoises: une mission de six mois au service de l’ambassade de Belgique en République populaire de Chine
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were not getting the necessary education. By destroying the history of China, the Maoist government has moved to an age of
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The destruction and damage of old monuments and temples were organized on a large scale by the Maoist regime and the
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they could not take him as their prisoner so he was shot because they did not want to leave any witnesses behind.
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The reason Leys believes Beijing was destroyed was because it had a lot of imperial tradition. He refers to the
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Schwartz, Benjamin I. Rev. of Book of Simon Leys: Chinese Shadows. The New Republic. (Aug 1977): 40
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Durdin, Peggy. Rev. of Book of Simon Leys: Chinese Shadows. Worldview, Vol 21, No.3 (Mar 1978): 51.
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Durdin, Peggy. Rev. of Book of Simon Leys: Chinese Shadows. Worldview, Vol 21, No.3 (Mar 1978): 51
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cultural buildings around China, as well as any artifacts that were reminders of the feudal past.
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The book concludes with "A Short Critical Bibliography" which recommends books which include
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A History of the Chinese Communist Party: II: The Chinese Party in Power: 1949-1976
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as the "Maoist rape of the ancient capital". The monument is placed in
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Chinese traditional opera was very popular in China before Mao's wife
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959:, 26 May 1977 - article drawn in part from the book of the same name.
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dictatorship and made the younger generation have a loss of culture.
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campaign, his aim was to transform the country, but it led to the
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was in charge of production. She formed the alliance of the
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Leys, Simon. Chinese Shadows. New York: Viking Press, 1977
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Temple of the Great Buddha (three caves of Yenxia sandong)
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A History of the Chinese Communist Party: I, 1921-1949
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260:is a book written by Simon Leys, which is the
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783:Fayuan Monastery and Buddhist Association
358:, overseas Chinese, and compatriots from
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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413:In the following chapter, Leys includes
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918:has earned mixed reviews from critics.
427:A Short History of European Philosophy
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18:Chinese Shadows (Ombres Chinoises)
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544:Monument to the People's Heroes
531:Monument to the People's Heroes
454:. The campaign was used by the
419:A Short Philosophical Interlude
42:needs additional citations for
1000:10.1080/14672715.1978.10409097
937:References and further reading
864:sleeping quarters for workmen
716:Temple of the Six Banyan Trees
415:A Short Hagiographic Interlude
283:, who was the chairman of the
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423:Vade-mecum of the Pig Breeder
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885:Temple of the Western Garden
768:Temple of the White Dagoba (
626:Beijing city fortifications
180:Chinese Cultural Revolution
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452:Hundred Flowers Campaign
311:Hundred Flowers Movement
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896:Temple of the City Gods
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851:converted into offices
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508:by Jacques Guillermaz
949:Leys, Simon (1977),
834:Temple of Boyun Guan
564:Great Chinese Famine
555:Nineteen Eighty-Four
513:Cultural destruction
295:Chronology of events
51:improve this article
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465:Ch’in Shih Huang Ti
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911:Critical reception
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107:November 2013
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68: –
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62:Find sources:
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40:This article
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1409:Maoist China
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1004:the original
994:(3): 19–27.
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931:
925:A review by
924:
920:
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914:
710:disappeared
689:Fan Zhongyan
641:House-Museum
590:
581:Gang of Four
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473:totalitarian
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264:for Belgian
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200:Viking Press
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153:(Simon Leys)
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
770:Beihai Park
703:YelĂĽ Chucai
327:1968-1969:
190:Non-fiction
1424:Simon Leys
1388:Categories
1341:Durdin, 51
904:warehouse
821:Balizhuang
696:destroyed
682:destroyed
658:destroyed
647:destroyed
639:Xu Beihong
633:destroyed
620:destroyed
607:Condition
593:Red Guards
585:propaganda
577:Jiang Qing
291:(Peking).
281:Mao Zedong
266:Sinologist
77:newspapers
1323:Leys, 122
1305:Leys, 134
1296:Leys, 135
1287:Leys, 133
1278:Leys, 136
1224:Leys, 212
1215:Leys, 161
1206:Leys, 141
1197:Leys, 145
1188:Leys, 145
1179:Leys, 129
1170:Leys, 127
1161:Leys, 127
1152:Leys, 126
1143:Leys, 125
1125:Leys, 107
734:restored
720:Guangzhou
388:Zhengzhou
371:Guangdong
360:Hong Kong
321:1958-59:
309:1956-57:
262:pseudonym
196:Publisher
1314:Leys, 97
1269:Leys, 51
1260:Leys, 54
1251:Leys, 53
1242:Leys, 58
1134:Leys,110
1116:Leys, 84
1107:Leys, 46
1098:Leys, 37
1089:Leys, 13
1080:Leys, 13
1071:Leys, 20
1053:Leys, xv
1044:Leys, ix
979:(1978).
880:unknown
701:Tomb of
687:Tomb of
679:Hangzhou
668:Hangzhou
655:Hangzhou
604:Location
552:’s book
408:Hangzhou
400:Shanghai
384:Lianzhou
380:Beidaihe
341:Overview
168:Language
1233:Leys,56
1062:Leys, x
876:Luoyang
861:Beijing
848:Beijing
837:Beijing
826:Beijing
812:Beijing
799:Beijing
789:closed
786:Beijing
775:Beijing
760:Beijing
744:Beijing
731:Beijing
707:Beijing
671:closed
644:Beijing
630:Beijing
617:Beijing
376:Tianjin
289:Beijing
176:Subject
171:English
91:scholar
888:Suzhou
823:Pagoda
445:Yan'an
440:Stalin
404:Suzhou
392:Anyang
356:Taiwan
333:1968:
315:1957:
237:220 pp
147:Author
93:
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1015:Notes
1007:(PDF)
984:(PDF)
900:Xi'an
396:Hefei
364:Macao
234:Pages
186:Genre
98:JSTOR
84:books
425:and
406:and
362:and
243:ISBN
229:1977
211:1974
70:news
996:doi
498:by
489:by
279:by
53:by
1390::
992:10
990:.
986:.
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463:“
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95:·
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