157:"... the kirke within this kingdome is now purged of all superstitious observatione of dayes... thairfor the saidis estatis have dischairged and simply dischairges the foirsaid Yule vacance and all observation thairof in tymecomeing, and rescindis and annullis all acts, statutis and warrandis and ordinances whatsoevir granted at any tyme heirtofoir for keiping of the said Yule vacance, with all custome of observatione thairof, and findis and declaires the samene to be extinct, voyd and of no force nor effect in tymecomeing." (English translation: "... the kirk within this kingdom is now purged of all superstitious observation of days... therefore the said estates have discharged and simply discharge the foresaid Yule vacation and all observation thereof in time coming, and rescind and annul all acts, statutes and warrants and ordinances whatsoever granted at any time heretofore for keeping of the said Yule vacation, with all custom of observation thereof, and find and declare the same to be extinct, void and of no force nor effect in time coming.")
29:
170:"The ministers of Scotland, in contempt of the holy-day observed by England, cause their wives and servants to spin in open sight of the people upon Yule day, and their affectionate auditors constrain their servants to yoke their plough on Yule day, in contempt of Christ's nativity. Which our Lord has not left unpunished, for their oxen ran wud, and brak their necks and lamed some ploughmen, which is notoriously known in some parts of Scotland."
2475:
236:, was by far the largest celebration in Scotland. The giftgiving, public holidays and feasting associated with mid-winter were traditionally held between 11 December and 6 January. However, since the 1980s, the fading of the Church's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the United Kingdom and elsewhere, Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on par with, or surpass, Hogmanay and
200:
534:
Folklore, or, Superstitious beliefs in the west of
Scotland within this century: with an appendix, shewing the probable relation of the modern festivals of Christmas, May Day, St. John's Day, and Halloween, to ancient sun and fire
498:
390:
621:
422:
1726:
1721:
395:
506:
1677:
400:
2063:
1424:
2531:
2516:
1322:
1153:
647:
532:
1657:
2052:
1859:
371:
1933:
430:
1662:
1377:
722:
1731:
1520:
1091:
917:
625:
1993:
127:
1908:
663:
2133:
1928:
1823:
88:
75:
had "passed over the
Christmasse dayes with games and feasting". However, the Reformation transformed attitudes to traditional
2506:
2501:
1837:
1220:
999:
2541:
2536:
2511:
1758:
1545:
1540:
1054:
845:
452:
1913:
1617:
1163:
2546:
163:
28:
825:
2526:
2521:
2069:
2058:
1978:
1830:
1751:
1570:
1327:
1215:
929:
890:
2085:
1871:
1793:
1711:
1704:
1607:
1490:
912:
744:
1210:
539:
2033:
2018:
1953:
1903:
1898:
1807:
1788:
1672:
1392:
941:
715:
79:, including Christmas, and led in practice to the abolition of festival days and other church holidays; the
76:
134:
1963:
1587:
1530:
1075:
779:
528:
266:
138:
96:
1865:
1535:
1282:
885:
818:
304:
108:
92:
166:
recorded the opinion of an
English clergyman regarding the post-reformation suppression of Christmas:
2048:
2003:
1652:
1627:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1555:
1342:
1312:
1267:
1242:
44:
2023:
1998:
1938:
1844:
1810:
1778:
1667:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1560:
1550:
1034:
850:
84:
2478:
1983:
1597:
1480:
1419:
1414:
1397:
1357:
865:
772:
708:
308:
210:
80:
684:
607:
2138:
2128:
1988:
1893:
1799:
1744:
1441:
1307:
1287:
1200:
1009:
936:
907:
895:
758:
641:
484:
Cobbett's parliamentary history of
England: from the Norman conquest, in 1066 to the year 1803
367:
330:
237:
363:
356:
2311:
2169:
2098:
2043:
2028:
1813:
1500:
1470:
1372:
1362:
1297:
1113:
1014:
322:
313:
271:
249:
203:
68:
63:) or in Gaelic-speaking areas "Nollaig", was celebrated in a similar fashion to the rest of
22:
2108:
2426:
2306:
2264:
2244:
2229:
1948:
1943:
1923:
1716:
1699:
1689:
1475:
1407:
1367:
1302:
1252:
1185:
870:
667:
478:
277:
214:
64:
1143:
1039:
660:
505:. St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from
2357:
2219:
2164:
2038:
1968:
1918:
1765:
1485:
1453:
1447:
1337:
1277:
1118:
1086:
1024:
994:
924:
261:
225:
180:
2495:
2421:
2342:
2280:
1387:
1382:
1262:
1257:
1180:
902:
860:
813:
765:
561:
33:
680:
217:
church, for various reasons suppressed
Christmas celebrations in Scotland after the
2416:
2364:
2199:
1958:
1458:
1332:
989:
880:
840:
786:
148:
72:
2446:
2123:
2118:
2456:
2431:
2352:
2332:
2327:
2301:
2254:
2234:
2184:
1565:
1352:
1292:
1272:
1232:
1227:
1148:
1098:
284:
218:
188:
199:
2194:
2159:
2008:
1495:
1436:
1402:
1195:
1175:
1128:
1123:
1019:
984:
974:
751:
326:
229:
334:
2436:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2179:
1505:
1138:
1133:
1108:
1064:
1004:
855:
731:
482:
429:. University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from
399:. University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland. Archived from
241:
48:
2259:
1431:
209:
Christmas in
Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly because the
99:
abolished the "Yule vacation and all observation thereof in time coming".
21:"Daft Days" redirects here. For the author of the poem by that title, see
2450:
2441:
2395:
2239:
2113:
2013:
1510:
1464:
1205:
1059:
1044:
979:
964:
953:
233:
184:
123:
52:
459:. St Andrews: University of St Andrews and National Archives of Scotland
2385:
2380:
2285:
2249:
2174:
2143:
1190:
1029:
969:
835:
245:
37:
2390:
2347:
2337:
1973:
1851:
1347:
1317:
1103:
1049:
830:
670:
Edinburgh's
Christmas. Retrieved during the pre-festive season 2011.
579:
593:
59:" (alternative spellings include Yhoill, Yuil, Ȝule and Ȝoull; see
2189:
875:
2411:
2075:
793:
60:
56:
704:
18:
Overview of the role and celebration of
Christmas in Scotland
700:
71:
recorded that in 1545, a few months before his murder,
580:"Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: feast"
144:
Christmas became a Bank
Holiday in Scotland, in 1871.
103:
Post-Reformation suppression of Yule Tide celebrations
594:"Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: daft"
538:. Paisley: Alex. Gardner. p. 190. Archived from
321:(2). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press: 338–381.
179:
The period of festivities running from
Christmas to
2404:
2373:
2320:
2294:
2273:
2152:
2097:
2084:
1882:
1777:
1688:
1519:
1241:
1162:
1073:
950:
804:
503:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707
457:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707
427:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707
396:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707
355:
133:The second Act was partly repealed in 1712 by the
119:)— abolished the Yule Vacance (Christmas recess).
358:Christmas in Scotland: Christmas Around the World
117:Act dischargeing the Yule vacance (15 April 1690
113:Act discharging the Yule vacance (2 June 1640)
716:
248:and other cities now have traditional German
8:
232:only in 1974. The New Year's Eve festivity,
87:being closely linked in Scotland during the
562:"Scotslanguage.com - Fergusson's Daft Days"
130:was briefly in ascendancy within the Kirk.
2094:
723:
709:
701:
252:from late November until Christmas Eve.
198:
27:
296:
646:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
639:
385:
383:
2053:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
661:"Traditional German Christmas Market"
7:
499:"Act discharging the Yule vacation"
2532:17th-century Reformed Christianity
2517:Acts of the Parliament of Scotland
423:"Act discharging the Yule vacance"
391:"Act discharging the Yule vacance"
14:
2474:
2473:
1929:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
1824:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
453:"Act for the Christmas vacation"
681:"Christmas Markets in Scotland"
608:"Scottish Christmas traditions"
1909:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
1838:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1221:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1000:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1:
1860:Christmas television specials
1759:The New Oxford Book of Carols
846:Annunciation to the shepherds
362:. World Book. 2001. pp.
191:, is known as the Daft Days.
1914:Christmas and holiday season
309:"Reformation and Repression"
2565:
826:Adoration of the Shepherds
20:
2469:
2070:WWE Tribute to the Troops
1831:A Visit from St. Nicholas
1752:The Oxford Book of Carols
1328:Feast of the Seven Fishes
891:Massacre of the Innocents
740:
327:10.3366/inr.1959.10.2.338
224:Christmas Day was made a
122:The first Act was partly
1872:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
147:The 1640 Act stated (in
2034:Small Business Saturday
1904:Black Friday (shopping)
1899:Black Friday (partying)
1393:Nine Lessons and Carols
1323:Events and celebrations
77:Christian feasting days
1678:Post-War United States
267:Five Articles of Perth
206:
172:
159:
139:Westminster Parliament
97:Parliament of Scotland
40:
2507:Religion and politics
2502:Christmas in Scotland
1727:Hit singles in the US
1722:Hit singles in the UK
1283:Carols by Candlelight
1211:Santa Claus' daughter
819:Adoration of the Magi
566:www.scotslanguage.com
228:in 1958 in Scotland,
202:
168:
155:
135:Yule Vacance Act 1711
109:Estates of Parliament
32:Christmas funfair at
31:
2542:1640 in Christianity
2537:1690 in Christianity
2512:Scottish Reformation
2019:Santa's Candy Castle
1343:Google Santa Tracker
95:. A 1640 Act of the
2024:Santa Claus Village
1939:Christmas Mountains
1845:Journey of the Magi
851:Baptism of the Lord
509:on 14 December 2013
93:Early Modern period
2547:Church of Scotland
2134:Twelve-dish supper
1984:Jews and Christmas
1934:Christmas Lectures
1663:American Civil War
1398:NORAD Tracks Santa
774:Saint Nicholas Day
666:2011-12-13 at the
628:on 3 February 2009
211:Church of Scotland
207:
41:
2489:
2488:
2465:
2464:
2129:Thirteen desserts
2049:Virginia O'Hanlon
1894:Advent Conspiracy
1808:Films (Christmas,
1800:A Christmas Carol
1745:Carols for Choirs
1288:Cavalcade of Magi
1268:Boar's Head Feast
937:Star of Bethlehem
908:Nativity of Jesus
896:flight into Egypt
781:St. Stephen's Day
373:978-0-7166-0860-8
2554:
2527:1690 in politics
2522:1690 in Scotland
2481:
2477:
2476:
2312:Redcurrant sauce
2101:
2095:
2090:
2064:Winter festivals
1814:Christmas horror
1781:
1692:
1523:
1378:Meals and feasts
1298:Christmas jumper
1245:
1216:Santa's reindeer
1168:
1114:Father Christmas
1078:
1035:Santa's workshop
956:
918:in later culture
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
734:
725:
718:
711:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
677:
671:
658:
652:
651:
645:
637:
635:
633:
624:. Archived from
618:
612:
611:
604:
598:
597:
590:
584:
583:
576:
570:
569:
558:
552:
551:
549:
547:
525:
519:
518:
516:
514:
495:
489:
488:
479:Cobbett, William
475:
469:
468:
466:
464:
449:
443:
442:
440:
438:
419:
413:
412:
410:
408:
387:
378:
377:
361:
352:
346:
345:
343:
341:
314:The Innes Review
301:
272:Little Christmas
250:Christmas market
204:Clootie dumpling
107:Two Acts of the
89:Late Middle Ages
23:Robert Fergusson
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2461:
2427:Pickled herring
2400:
2369:
2316:
2307:Cranberry sauce
2290:
2269:
2245:Red velvet cake
2230:Poppy seed roll
2148:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2059:White Christmas
1949:Christmas truce
1944:Christmas seals
1924:Christmas creep
1886:
1884:
1878:
1779:
1773:
1690:
1684:
1521:
1515:
1368:Lord of Misrule
1303:Christmas Peace
1253:Advent calendar
1243:
1237:
1186:Knecht Ruprecht
1166:
1164:
1158:
1080:
1076:
1069:
958:
954:
946:
871:Herod the Great
806:
800:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
736:
732:
729:
699:
689:
687:
679:
678:
674:
668:Wayback Machine
659:
655:
638:
631:
629:
622:"Archived copy"
620:
619:
615:
606:
605:
601:
592:
591:
587:
578:
577:
573:
560:
559:
555:
545:
543:
542:on 16 July 2012
527:
526:
522:
512:
510:
497:
496:
492:
477:
476:
472:
462:
460:
451:
450:
446:
436:
434:
433:on 7 April 2014
421:
420:
416:
406:
404:
389:
388:
381:
374:
354:
353:
349:
339:
337:
307:(Autumn 1959).
303:
302:
298:
294:
278:Taladh Chriosda
258:
197:
195:Post-war period
177:
164:Robert Jamieson
128:Episcopalianism
105:
73:Cardinal Beaton
65:Catholic Europe
55:, then called "
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:Smoking Bishop
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2039:Super Saturday
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Giving Tuesday
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Christmas club
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:Piae Cantiones
1762:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1732:Music charts (
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Père Fouettard
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1167:Saint Nicholas
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:Grandpa Indian
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:Saint Nicholas
1083:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Old Man Winter
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Miner's figure
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Kallikantzaros
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
961:
959:
951:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
933:
932:
925:Nativity scene
922:
921:
920:
915:
905:
900:
899:
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
822:
821:
810:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
760:Children's Day
756:
749:
746:Blue Christmas
741:
738:
737:
730:
728:
727:
720:
713:
705:
698:
697:
672:
653:
613:
599:
585:
571:
553:
520:
490:
470:
444:
414:
403:on 19 May 2012
379:
372:
347:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
281:
274:
269:
264:
262:Auld Lang Syne
257:
254:
226:public holiday
196:
193:
181:Handsel Monday
176:
173:
161:
160:
126:in 1686, when
104:
101:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:Meat and fish
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
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903:Nativity Fast
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43:Prior to the
39:
35:
34:George Square
30:
24:
16:
2417:Gefilte fish
2365:Ponche crema
2200:Melomakarono
2068:
1959:Cyber Monday
1864:
1829:
1798:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1740:Music books
1733:
1637:
1571:Nazi Germany
1463:
1459:Secret Santa
1446:
1333:Flying Santa
1040:Tió de Nadal
990:Korvatunturi
841:Annunciation
807:Christianity
788:Sol Invictus
688:. Retrieved
675:
656:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
616:
602:
588:
574:
565:
556:
544:. Retrieved
540:the original
533:
523:
511:. Retrieved
507:the original
502:
493:
483:
473:
461:. Retrieved
456:
447:
435:. Retrieved
431:the original
426:
417:
405:. Retrieved
401:the original
394:
357:
350:
338:. Retrieved
318:
312:
299:
283:
276:
223:
215:Presbyterian
208:
183:, including
178:
169:
162:
156:
149:Middle Scots
146:
143:
132:
121:
116:
112:
106:
42:
15:
2432:Roast goose
2353:Mulled wine
2333:Champurrado
2328:Apple cider
2302:Bread sauce
2255:Szaloncukor
2235:Pumpkin pie
2185:Gingerbread
2139:Smörgåsbord
1780:Other media
1618:Philippines
1608:New Zealand
1491:Twelve Days
1448:Räuchermann
1403:Nutcrackers
1353:Las Posadas
1313:Decorations
1293:Christingle
1233:Zwarte Piet
1228:Snegurochka
1149:Sinterklaas
1099:Santa Claus
690:27 November
285:Up Helly Aa
219:Reformation
45:Reformation
2496:Categories
2160:Candy cane
2109:Joulupöytä
2009:Pikkujoulu
1673:New Mexico
1522:By country
1496:Wassailing
1437:Poinsettia
1244:Traditions
1196:Mrs. Claus
1176:Belsnickel
1129:Julemanden
1124:Joulupukki
1055:Wenceslaus
1020:North Pole
985:Jack Frost
975:Christkind
930:Neapolitan
753:Boxing Day
685:Travelness
632:3 February
546:2 December
513:4 December
487:. Bagshaw.
463:4 December
437:2 December
407:2 December
340:1 December
292:References
230:Boxing Day
69:Calderwood
2447:Tourtière
2437:Romeritos
2374:Dumplings
2321:Beverages
2225:Pecan pie
2215:Panettone
2210:Pampushka
2205:Mince pie
2180:Fruitcake
2124:Réveillon
2004:NFL games
1999:NBA games
1994:In August
1964:Economics
1734:Billboard
1588:Indonesia
1531:Australia
1506:Yule goat
1481:Stockings
1415:Ornaments
1144:Père Noël
1139:Olentzero
1134:Noel Baba
1109:Ded Moroz
1065:Yule Lads
1005:Mari Lwyd
856:Bethlehem
733:Christmas
335:0020-157X
242:Edinburgh
175:Daft Days
49:Christmas
47:of 1560,
2480:Category
2451:meat pie
2442:Stuffing
2396:Varenyky
2265:Yule log
2240:Qurabiya
2114:Julebord
2087:Food and
2014:SantaCon
1979:El Gordo
1866:Yule Log
1638:Scotland
1551:Ethiopia
1536:Colombia
1511:Yule log
1465:Spanbaum
1442:Pyramids
1308:Crackers
1206:Sack Man
1092:folklore
1060:Yule cat
965:Badalisc
955:folklore
866:Epiphany
664:Archived
642:cite web
531:(1879).
481:(1810).
256:See also
238:Ne'erday
234:Hogmanay
189:Ne'erday
185:Hogmanay
124:repealed
91:and the
83:and the
53:Scotland
2386:Pierogi
2381:Hallaca
2286:Borscht
2250:Stollen
2220:Pavlova
2195:Makówki
2175:Cozonac
2144:Wigilia
2029:Scrooge
1989:In July
1887:society
1819:Poetry
1653:Ukraine
1628:Romania
1593:Ireland
1583:Iceland
1578:Hungary
1566:Germany
1556:Finland
1546:England
1541:Denmark
1501:Windows
1432:Piñatas
1420:Parades
1373:Markets
1358:Letters
1348:Hampers
1191:Krampus
1030:Perchta
970:Caganer
535:worship
246:Glasgow
137:of the
38:Glasgow
2457:Turkey
2391:Tamale
2348:Kissel
2338:Eggnog
2295:Sauces
2281:Menudo
2260:Turrón
2170:Cookie
2153:Sweets
2119:Kūčios
2100:Dinner
1974:Grinch
1885:modern
1852:Tomten
1811:Santa,
1794:novels
1712:Operas
1700:Carols
1668:Hawaii
1648:Sweden
1643:Serbia
1633:Russia
1623:Poland
1613:Norway
1603:Mexico
1561:France
1476:Stamps
1471:Szopka
1363:Lights
1318:Didukh
1154:Others
1104:Befana
1050:Vertep
913:in art
881:Joseph
831:Advent
370:
333:
2190:Kutia
2089:drink
1717:Songs
1691:Music
1598:Italy
1454:Seals
1408:dolls
1338:Gifts
1278:Cards
1181:Elves
1045:Turoń
1015:Nisse
980:Grýla
876:Jesus
85:state
2412:Carp
2274:Soup
2165:Cake
2076:Xmas
1705:list
1486:Tree
1425:list
886:Mary
795:Yule
692:2023
648:link
634:2009
548:2011
515:2011
465:2011
439:2011
409:2011
368:ISBN
342:2011
331:ISSN
213:, a
187:and
115:and
81:Kirk
61:Yogh
57:Yule
2422:Ham
952:In
323:doi
151:):
51:in
2498::
2055:")
2051:("
1883:In
805:In
683:.
644:}}
640:{{
564:.
501:.
455:.
425:.
393:.
382:^
366:.
364:23
329:.
319:10
317:.
311:.
244:,
240:.
221:.
141:.
111:—
67:.
36:,
2453:)
2449:(
1854:"
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1826:"
1822:"
1816:)
1736:)
724:e
717:t
710:v
694:.
650:)
636:.
610:.
596:.
582:.
568:.
550:.
517:.
467:.
441:.
411:.
376:.
344:.
325::
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
