995:
insulation. While it is possible to determine the increase of insulation provided by chairs, sleeping or resting situations are more difficult to evaluate unless the individual is completely immobile. Body motion decreases the insulation of a clothing ensemble by pumping air through clothing openings and/or causing air motion within the clothing. This effect varies considerably depending on the nature of the motion and of the clothing. Accurate estimates of clothing insulation for an active person are therefore not available, unless measurements are made for the specific condition (e.g., with a walking manikin). A rough estimate of the clothing insulation for an active person is:
46:
selection of textile material significantly affects the comfort of the wearer. Different textile fiber holds individual properties that suit in different environments. Natural fibers are breathable and absorb moisture, while synthetic fibers are hydrophobic; they repel moisture and do not allow air to pass. Different environments demand a diverse selection of clothing materials. Hence the appropriate choice is important. The major determinants that influence
Thermophysiological comfort are the permeable construction, heat, and moisture transfer rate.
60:
1017:
calculation, energy simulation, HVAC sizing and building operation than previous practice. As a matter of fact, usually simplifications are used (0.5 clo in the summer, 1.0 in the winter). This may lead to systems that are incorrectly sized and/or operated. A model that is able to predict how building occupants change their clothing would greatly improve HVAC system operation.
1021:
for a dress code or social influences, style preferences that may differ due to gender or work position. According to ASHRAE-55 standard, only if individuals are freely making adjustments in clothing to suit their thermal preferences, it is acceptable to use a single representative average value for everyone.
1016:
Clothing insulation is correlated with outdoor air temperature, indoor operative temperatures, relative humidity and also by the presence of a dress code in the environment in question. Recent studies have developed dynamic predictive clothing insulation models that allow more precise thermal comfort
272:
and on active subjects. Equations may then be used to calculate the thermal insulation. Because clothing insulation cannot be measured for most routine engineering applications, tables of measured values for various clothing ensembles can be used. According to ASHRAE-55 2010 standard, there are three
1020:
As mentioned, clothing adaptation has an important role in achieving thermal comfort and is probably the most effective adjustment that occupants can make to adapt themselves in a thermal environment. Moreover, clothing variability may also depend on factors unrelated to thermal conditions, such as
45:
Thermophysiological comfort is the capacity of the clothing material that makes the balance of moisture and heat between the body and the environment. It is a property of textile materials that creates ease by maintaining moisture and thermal levels in a human's resting and active states. The
994:
Other factors that influence the clothing insulation are posture and activity. Sitting or lying change the thermal insulation due to the compression of air layers in the clothing, but at the same time - depending on the materials that are made of - chairs and bedding can provide considerable
199:
The layers of trapped air between the skin and the exterior surface play a major insulating role. If the clothing is squeezed tight (as by the straps of a backpack), insulation will be poorer in those places. Insulation is improved when convection in the air layers is minimised.
192:, usually thin — if there is a risk of precipitation this should be impermeable, the ideal being a textile that stops water droplets but allows water vapor to pass so as to remove evaporated sweat (a textile of this sort is said to "breathe");
220:(square metre kelvins per watt or m⋅K/W) used to describe insulation used in residential and commercial construction—thus, the higher the value, the better the insulation performance.
195:
and between the two, a "thick" layer that traps the air and prevents contact between the skin and the wind-breaking layer (which, as it is thin, gets close to the ambient temperature).
1582:""U.S. Soldiers in Alaska Get Super-Warm Togs". The Science News-Letter. Vol. 39, No. 8 (Feb. 22, 1941), pp. 124-125. Published by: Society for Science & the Public".
1429:
185:
a layer near the body for hygiene (changed more often than the other clothing), whose role is to get rid of sweat so it does not remain in contact with the skin;
1621:
37:
also exists to protect from heat, such as for metallurgical workers or firemen. As regards thermal comfort, only the first case is considered.
1540:
1413:
1353:
81:
1062:
The ambient temperature at which someone's body will be at thermal equilibrium depends on the rate of heat generation per unit area
107:
1484:"A study on thermophysiological comfort properties of fabrics in relation to constituent fibre fineness and cross-sectional shapes"
1343:
85:
252:
R. One clo is the amount of insulation that allows a person at rest to maintain thermal equilibrium in an environment at 21
175:
1013:
is the insulation without activity. For metabolic rates less than or equal to 1.2 met, no adjustment is recommended.
70:
264:
There are a number of ways to determine clothing insulation provided by clothes, but the most accurate according to
1403:
1386:
1405:
Pre-print of
Conference Proceedings: Textile Institute 1988 Annual World Conference, Sydney, Australia, 10-13 July
89:
74:
1271:"H. (2012), Dynamic predictive clothing insulation models based on outdoor air and indoor operative temperatures"
1595:
1270:
237:
217:
213:
140:
295:
It is possible to define a complete clothing ensemble as a combination of individual garments using
34:
1445:"Engineering of clothing systems for improved thermophysiological comfort: The effect of openings"
1625:
1583:
1511:
1423:
143:
but is very mobile. There are thus two elements that are important in protecting from the cold::
125:
23:
1643:
1536:
1503:
1464:
1409:
1349:
1324:
1316:
1067:
133:
1495:
1456:
1372:
Thermophysiological comfort and water resistant protection in soft shell protective garments
1285:
1608:
1564:
422:
Long-sleeved pajama top, long pajama trousers, short 3/4 sleeved robe, slippers (no socks)
269:
162:
stopping the wind from penetrating and replacing the layer of warm air close to the body
1530:
170:. Water is a better conductor of heat than air, thus if clothes are damp — because of
1637:
1515:
1230: – Lowering of body temperature due to the passing flow of lower-temperature air
1221:
241:
121:
1289:
1047:
318:
229:
189:
1256:
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
446:
Knee-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, half slip, panty hose, long-sleeved sweater
1370:
1305:"Evaluating thermophysiological comfort using the principles of sensory analysis"
1024:
Some basic insulation values can be considered as examples of typical conditions
59:
1535:. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall. p. 539.
1499:
1460:
1227:
305:
245:
129:
1507:
1468:
1320:
1483:
1444:
1304:
1328:
486:
Insulated coveralls, long-sleeved thermal underwear, long underwear bottoms
292:
to estimate the insulation of ensembles that differ in garment composition;
147:
setting up a layer of still air which serves as insulation, by the use of
1215:
454:
Knee-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, half slip, panty hose, suit jacket
174:, rain, or immersion — water replaces some or all of the air between the
167:
27:
1587:
1209:
273:
methods for estimating clothing insulation using the tables provided.
1569:
314:
265:
225:
281:, the indicated value of intrinsic clothing insulation can be used;
1050:
257:
253:
181:
Thermal insulation is thus optimal with three layers of clothing:
171:
148:
332:
The name comes from the word "togs", British slang for clothes.
322:
277:
If the ensemble in question matches reasonably well with one on
249:
233:
152:
462:
Ankle-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, suit jacket, panty hose
33:
Even if the main role of clothing is to protect from the cold,
1034:
178:, causing thermal loss through conduction and/or evaporation.
156:
53:
1402:
Conference, Textile
Institute (Manchester, England) (1988).
438:
Knee-length skirt, long-sleeved shirt, full slip, panty hose
260:) in a normally ventilated room (0.1 m/s air movement).
1482:
Varshney, R. K.; Kothari, V. K.; Dhamija, S. (2010-05-17).
430:
Knee-length skirt, short-sleeved shirt, panty hose, sandals
398:
Trousers, long-sleeved shirt, long-sleeved sweater, T-shirt
1264:
1262:
1224: – Clothing to protect against an extreme environment
406:
Same as above, plus suit jacket and long underwear bottoms
1449:
International
Journal of Clothing Science and Technology
1127:
person in summer dress (shorts and bare torso) at rest (
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1622:
Notes for course "Human
Factors: Ambient Environment"
1303:
Cubrić, Ivana
Salopek; Skenderi, Zenun (March 2013).
1562:
Thermal
Comfort chapter, Fundamentals volume of the
1443:
Ruckman, J.E.; Murray, R.; Choi, H.S. (1999-01-01).
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
341:
Table 1 – Typical insulation for clothing ensembles
296:
289:
285:
278:
1218: – Objects worn to cover a portion of the body
1006:×(0.6+0.4/M) 1.2 met < M < 2.0 met
1009:where M is the metabolic rate in met units and I
284:It is acceptable to add or subtract garments on
188:an outer close-knit or closely woven layer as a
1212: – Sense of physical or psychological ease
8:
1428:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
587:Sleeveless, scoop neck (thick), i.e., jumper
88:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1391:. Eastland Publications. 2001. p. 16.
339:
1375:. University of Leeds (School of Design).
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
494:
208:Clothing insulation may be expressed in
1240:
1187:fast walking in heavy polar equipment (
1157:slow walking in light polar equipment (
510:
500:
345:
1604:
1593:
1421:
1100:the number of watts per square metre,
1096:is taken to be the number of clos and
513:
503:
348:
478:Overalls, long-sleeved shirt, T-shirt
7:
1488:The Journal of the Textile Institute
390:Same as above, plus vest and T-shirt
128:(exchange of heat through contact),
86:adding citations to reliable sources
1043:heavy polar equipment: 4 clo ;
1040:light polar equipment: 3 clo ;
990:Further considerations and examples
952:Long-sleeve short wrap robe (thick)
358:Walking shorts, short-sleeved shirt
1120:Temperature of thermal equilibrium
1058:Temperature of thermal equilibrium
980:Long-sleeve long wrap robe (thick)
303:Another unit that is used is the "
14:
268:Fundamentals are measurements on
1408:. Textile Institute. p. 9.
1142:heavy polar equipment, at rest (
58:
1031:summer clothing: 0.6 clo ;
470:Long-sleeved coveralls, T-shirt
382:Same as above, plus suit jacket
336:Clothing ensembles and garments
1290:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.024
910:Short-sleeve short robe (thin)
721:Slippers (quilted, pile lined)
629:Long-sleeve shirtdress (thick)
601:Short-sleeve shirtdress (thin)
16:Thermal insulation by clothing
1:
1345:Improving Comfort in Clothing
938:Long-sleeve long gown (thick)
806:Short-sleeve knit sport shirt
615:Long-sleeve shirtdress (thin)
573:Sleeveless, scoop neck (thin)
496:Table 2 – Garment insulation
366:Trousers, short-sleeved shirt
212:units. The clo has the same
1074:. The empirical formula is:
867:Sleeveless short gown (thin)
792:Sleeveless/scoop-neck blouse
740:Suit jackets and waistcoasts
374:Trousers, long-sleeved shirt
166:Another important factor is
1529:Collier, Billie J. (2000).
1342:Song, Guowen (2011-01-20).
1172:sleeping in a polar duvet (
966:Long-sleeve pajamas (thick)
924:Short-sleeve pajamas (thin)
882:Sleeveless long gown (thin)
665:Ankle-length athletic socks
41:Thermophysiological comfort
1660:
1572:, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005.
896:Short-sleeve hospital gown
132:(movement of fluids), and
1500:10.1080/00405000802542184
1461:10.1108/09556229910258098
1348:. Elsevier. p. 114.
932:Straight trousers (thick)
846:Long-sleeve flannel shirt
120:There are three kinds of
1309:Collegium Antropologicum
1278:Building and Environment
918:Straight trousers (thin)
820:Short-sleeve dress shirt
414:Sweat pants, sweat shirt
50:Mechanisms of insulation
834:Long-sleeve dress shirt
826:Double-breasted (thick)
798:Single-breasted (thick)
769:Sleeveless vest (thick)
685:Sleeveless vest (thick)
1603:Cite journal requires
1532:Understanding textiles
1369:Stevens, Katy (2008).
1269:Schiavon, S.; Lee, K.
876:Trousers and coveralls
861:Long-sleeve sweatshirt
812:Double-breasted (thin)
784:Single-breasted (thin)
755:Sleeveless vest (thin)
671:Sleeveless vest (thin)
609:Long underwear bottoms
288:from the ensembles in
176:fibres of the clothing
1624:by Prof. Alan Hedge,
346:Ensemble description
204:Units and measurement
1037:outfit: 2 clo ;
1028:naked body: 0 ;
511:Garment description
501:Garment description
141:thermal conductivity
82:improve this section
853:Sleepwear and Robes
713:Long-sleeve (thick)
679:Pantyhose/stockings
497:
342:
35:protective clothing
20:Clothing insulation
1626:Cornell University
778:Shirts and blouses
749:Knee socks (thick)
699:Long-sleeve (thin)
637:Long underwear top
531:Dresses and skirts
495:
340:
24:thermal insulation
1542:978-0-13-021951-0
1415:978-1-870812-08-5
1355:978-0-85709-064-5
1068:thermal insulance
987:
986:
733:Calf-length socks
493:
492:
328:1 clo = 1.55 togs
118:
117:
110:
1651:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1195:= 4 clo) :
1070:of the clothing
498:
343:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
62:
54:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1616:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1565:ASHRAE Handbook
1561:
1550:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1420:
1416:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1242:
1237:
1206:
1060:
1012:
1005:
1001:
992:
517:
507:
352:
338:
270:heated manikins
206:
114:
103:
97:
94:
79:
63:
52:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1614:
1605:|journal=
1574:
1548:
1541:
1521:
1494:(6): 495–505.
1474:
1435:
1414:
1394:
1388:Textile Trends
1378:
1361:
1354:
1334:
1295:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:= −80 °C.
1185:
1184:= −28 °C;
1170:
1169:= −25 °C;
1155:
1140:
1139:= +27 °C;
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1107:= (31 − 0.155·
1090:
1089:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1010:
1003:
999:
991:
988:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:Walking shorts
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
880:
878:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
855:
850:
847:
843:
842:
840:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
780:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
743:
737:
734:
730:
729:
727:
725:
722:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:Sandals/thongs
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
659:
654:
652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
533:
528:
526:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
491:
490:
487:
483:
482:
479:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
419:
418:
415:
411:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
350:
347:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
301:
300:
293:
282:
262:
261:
224:1 clo = 0.155
205:
202:
197:
196:
193:
186:
164:
163:
160:
139:Air has a low
116:
115:
66:
64:
57:
51:
48:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:Exposure suit
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:= −6 °C;
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
996:
989:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
884:
881:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
844:
841:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
781:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
728:
726:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
561:
559:Skirt (thick)
558:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
525:
522:
521:
499:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
420:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
344:
335:
333:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
310:
308:
307:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
275:
274:
271:
267:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
221:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
177:
173:
169:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:heat transfer
112:
109:
101:
91:
87:
83:
77:
76:
72:
67:This section
65:
61:
56:
55:
49:
47:
40:
38:
36:
31:
29:
25:
21:
1617:
1596:cite journal
1577:
1563:
1531:
1524:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1455:(1): 37–52.
1452:
1448:
1438:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1344:
1337:
1315:(1): 57–64.
1312:
1308:
1298:
1281:
1277:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1135:= 0.4 clo):
1132:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
997:
993:
890:Short shorts
875:
852:
777:
739:
656:
649:
567:Men's briefs
545:Skirt (thin)
530:
523:
331:
313:1 tog = 0.1
304:
302:
263:
209:
207:
198:
190:wind breaker
180:
165:
159:, et cetera)
138:
119:
104:
98:October 2023
95:
80:Please help
68:
44:
32:
26:provided by
19:
18:
1284:: 250–260.
1191:= 180 W/m,
1161:= 120 W/m,
325:≈ 0.645 clo
236:≈ 0.88 K·m·
1235:References
1228:Wind chill
1180:= 8 clo):
1176:= 48 W/m,
1165:= 3 clo):
1150:= 4 clo):
1146:= 60 W/m,
1131:= 60 W/m,
1000:cl, active
946:Sweatpants
214:dimensions
130:convection
126:conduction
1516:135786524
1508:0040-5000
1469:0955-6222
1424:cite book
1321:0350-6134
1081:= 31°C −
974:Coveralls
623:Full slip
595:Half-slip
524:Underwear
134:radiation
69:does not
1644:Clothing
1638:Category
1329:23697251
1216:Clothing
1204:See also
1066:and the
1053:: 8 clo.
960:Overalls
657:Sweaters
650:Footwear
168:humidity
28:clothing
1588:3917809
1210:Comfort
1092:or, if
742:(lined)
581:T-shirt
553:Panties
297:Table 2
290:Table 1
286:Table 2
279:Table 1
218:R value
216:as the
90:removed
75:sources
22:is the
1586:
1570:ASHRAE
1539:
1514:
1506:
1467:
1412:
1352:
1327:
1319:
1046:polar
518:(clo)
508:(clo)
353:(clo)
266:ASHRAE
149:fibres
1584:JSTOR
1512:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
1051:duvet
983:0.69
969:0.57
955:0.48
941:0.46
927:0.42
913:0.34
899:0.31
885:0.20
870:0.18
829:0.48
815:0.42
801:0.44
787:0.36
772:0.17
763:Boots
758:0.10
716:0.36
707:Shoes
702:0.25
688:0.22
674:0.13
632:0.47
618:0.33
604:0.29
590:0.27
576:0.23
562:0.23
548:0.14
489:1.37
481:0.89
473:0.72
465:1.10
457:1.04
449:1.10
441:0.67
433:0.54
425:0.96
417:0.74
409:1.30
401:1.01
393:0.96
385:0.96
377:0.61
369:0.57
361:0.36
172:sweat
1609:help
1537:ISBN
1504:ISSN
1465:ISSN
1430:link
1410:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1048:down
977:0.49
963:0.30
949:0.28
935:0.24
921:0.15
907:0.08
893:0.06
864:0.34
849:0.34
837:0.25
823:0.19
809:0.17
795:0.12
766:0.10
752:0.06
736:0.03
724:0.03
710:0.02
696:0.02
682:0.02
668:0.02
640:0.20
626:0.16
612:0.15
598:0.14
584:0.08
570:0.04
556:0.03
542:0.01
153:wool
73:any
71:cite
1496:doi
1492:101
1457:doi
1286:doi
1115:)°C
1035:ski
1002:= I
539:Bra
309:":
306:tog
256:(70
240:·W·
238:BTU
210:clo
157:fur
84:by
1640::
1600::
1598:}}
1594:{{
1568:,
1551:^
1510:.
1502:.
1490:.
1486:.
1463:.
1453:11
1451:.
1447:.
1426:}}
1422:{{
1323:.
1313:37
1311:.
1307:.
1282:59
1280:.
1276:.
1261:^
1243:^
1011:cl
1004:cl
516:cl
506:cl
351:cl
258:°F
254:°C
250:hr
246:°F
242:ft
155:,
136:.
124::
30:.
1611:)
1607:(
1590:.
1545:.
1518:.
1498::
1471:.
1459::
1432:)
1418:.
1358:.
1331:.
1292:.
1288::
1197:T
1193:R
1189:P
1182:T
1178:R
1174:P
1167:T
1163:R
1159:P
1152:T
1148:R
1144:P
1137:T
1133:R
1129:P
1113:R
1111:·
1109:P
1105:T
1098:P
1094:R
1087:R
1085:·
1083:P
1079:T
1072:R
1064:P
998:I
514:I
504:I
349:I
323:W
321:·
319:m
317:·
315:K
299:.
248:·
244:·
234:W
232:·
230:m
228:·
226:K
151:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
92:.
78:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
