351:
having no political unity above the level of the band and extended family. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers, who carried few possessions on their backs as they adaptively moved to acquire seasonal food sources without depleting them. At campsites, they built small circular huts with frames of four bent poles, which they covered with woven mats. Adapted to the warm climate, they wore minimal clothing. At times, bands came together in large groups of hundreds of people, but most of the time their encampments were small, consisting of a few homes with a few dozen people. Along the Rio Grande, some
Coahuiltecan lived more sedentary lives, perhaps constructing more substantial dwellings and using palm fronds as a building material.
306:. Most modern linguists, however, discount this theory for lack of evidence; instead, they believe that the Coahuiltecan were diverse in both culture and language. At least seven different languages are known to have been spoken, one of which is called Coahuiltecan or Pakawa, spoken by a number of bands near San Antonio. The best-known of the languages are Comecrudo and Cotoname, both spoken by people in the delta of the Rio Grande and Pakawa. Catholic Missionaries compiled vocabularies of several of these languages in the 18th and 19th centuries, but the language samples are too small to establish relationships between and among the languages.
360:
540:, a few families retained memories and elements of their Coahuiltecan heritage. In the late 20th century, these families united in public opposition to the excavation of Indian remains buried in the graveyard of the former Mission. Archeologists conducted investigations at the mission in order to prepare for projects to preserve the buildings. In the words of scholar Alston V. Thoms, they “became readily visible as resurgent Coahuiltecans.”
272:
318:
the bands apparently numbered between 100 and 500 people. The total population of non-agricultural
Indians, including the Coahuiltecan, in northeastern Mexico and neighboring Texas at the time of first contact with the Spanish has been estimated by two different scholars as 86,000 and 100,000. Possibly 15,000 of these lived in the Rio Grande delta, the most densely populated area. In 1757, Spanish chroniclers recorded a small group of
41:
2330:
464:
of Nuevo Leon in 1587. But they lacked the organization and political unity to mount an effective defense when a larger number of
Spanish settlers returned in 1596. Conflicts between the Coahuiltecan peoples and the Spaniards continued throughout the 17th century. The Spanish replaced slavery by forcing the Indians to move into the
350:
Texas historian
Jennifer Logan wrote that Coahuiltecan culture represents "the culmination of more than 11,000 years of a way of life that had successfully adapted to the climate and resources of south Texas.” The peoples shared the common traits of not farming, living in small autonomous bands, and
317:
Over more than 300 years of
Spanish colonial history, their explorers and missionary priests recorded the names of more than one thousand bands or ethnic groups. Band names and their composition doubtless changed frequently, and bands were often identified by geographic features or locations. Most of
510:
Spanish settlement of the lower Rio Grande Valley and delta, the remaining demographic stronghold of the
Coahuiltecan, began in 1748. The Spanish identified fourteen different bands living in the delta in 1757. Overwhelmed in numbers by Spanish settlers, most of the Coahuiltecan were absorbed by the
463:
In 1580, Carvajal, governor of Nuevo Leon, and a gang of "renegades who acknowledged neither God nor King", began conducting regular slave raids to capture
Coahuiltecans along the Rio Grande. The Coahuiltecan were not defenseless. They often raided Spanish settlements, and they drove the Spanish out
325:
Smallpox and slavery decimated the
Coahuiltecan in the Monterrey area by the mid-17th century. Due to their remoteness from the major areas of Spanish expansion, the Coahuiltecan in Texas may have suffered less from introduced European diseases and slave raids than did the indigenous populations in
523:
After a long decline, the missions near San
Antonio were secularized in 1824. The Coahuiltecan appeared to be extinct as a people, integrated into the Spanish-speaking mestizo community. In 1827 only four property owners in San Antonio were listed in the census as "Indians." A man identified as a
233:
Although living near the Gulf of Mexico, most of the
Coahuiltecan were inland people. Near the Gulf for more than 70 miles (110 km) both north and south of the Rio Grande, there is little fresh water. Bands thus were limited in their ability to survive near the coast and were deprived of its
476:
Smallpox and measles epidemics were frequent, resulting in numerous deaths among the Indians, as they had no acquired immunity. The first recorded epidemic in the region was 1636–39, and it was followed regularly by other epidemics every few years. A 17th-century historian of Nuevo Leon, Juan
506:
raiders from the north. The five missions had about 1,200 Coahuiltecan and other Indians in residence during their most prosperous period from 1720 until 1772. That the Indians were often dissatisfied with their life at the missions was shown by frequent "runaways" and desertions.
336:
was established in 1718 at San Antonio, the indigenous population declined rapidly, especially from smallpox epidemics beginning in 1739. Most groups disappeared before 1825, with their survivors absorbed by other Indigenous and mestizo populations of Texas or Mexico.
485:
Spanish expeditions continued to find large settlements of Coahuiltecan in the Rio Grande delta and large-multi-tribal encampments along the rivers of southern Texas, especially near San Antonio. The Spanish established
136:. The various Coahuiltecan groups were hunter gatherers. First encountered by Europeans in the 16th century, their population declined due to European diseases, slavery, and numerous small-scale wars fought against the
451:
and his three companions, survivors of a failed Spanish expedition to Florida, were the first Europeans known to have lived among and passed through Coahuiltecan lands. In 1554, three Spanish vessels were wrecked on
371:, armadillos, rabbits, rats, mice, snakes, lizards, frogs, salamanders, and snails for meat. They fished and caught shellfish. Fish was probably most important as food for groups living near the Rio Grande delta.
2111:
Alternate spellings include: Codam, Hieroquodame, Oodame, Perocodame, Teroodam, Tereodam, Terelodame, Tereoodan, Terodocodame, Hirquodame, Hyroquodame, Hyroquodame, Iedocodame, Terrodan, Toxocodame.
2217:
2191:
2318:
1521:
Alternate spellings include: Cenis, Cenisa, Ceniso, Ceniza, Censoc, Censoo, Chenis, Senicso, Seniczo, Seniso, Senixso, Senixzo, Senizo, Sinico, Sinicu, Siniczo, Sinixzo, Zeniza, Zenizo
456:. The survivors, perhaps one hundred people, attempted to walk southward to Spanish settlements in Mexico. All but one were killed by the Indians. In the early 1570s the Spaniard
1559:
Alternate spellings include: Guyquechale, Cotzale, Guisole, Heyquetzale, Huisocale, Quesal, Quisole, Coetzale, Gueiquesal, Gueiquechali, Quetzal, Quesale, Huyquetzal, Huicasique
403:
was an important summer food, from its paddles to its fruits. It also provided water when that resource was scarce. In the winter, plant roots provided important sustenance.
477:
Bautista Chapa, predicted that all Indian and tribes would soon be "annihilated" by disease; he listed 161 bands that had once lived near Monterrey but had disappeared.
707:
275:
This map shows (in orange) the proximity of Coahuiltecan peoples in Texas, although most authorities would not include the Karankawa and Tonkawa as Coahuiltecan.
2818:
2311:
2249:
363:
Prickly pear cactus grew in huge thickets in the south Texas brushlands. The pads, nopales, and fruit, tuna, were an important summer food for the Coahuiltecan.
494:. They soon founded four additional missions. The Coahuiltecan supported the missions to some extent, seeking protection with the Spanish from a new menace,
2823:
460:
campaigned near the Rio Grande, ostensibly to punish the Indians for their 1554 attack on the shipwrecked sailors, more likely to capture enslaved people.
1373:
799:
2225:
2776:
1485:
Alternate spellings include: Catajane, Catuxane, Catuxan, Catuxzan, Cotujan, Catujan, Catujuan, Catuxanes, Catuxano, Katuhano, Kutuhano, Canocatujano.
2828:
2813:
2304:
2833:
2296:
1737:
Alternate spellings include: Pasteal, Pachale, Paxchale, Pacal, Pacgal, Pachan, Pachat, Pachol, Pacuchal, Paisehal, Patcat, Patchal, Paszchal.
287:. The Coahuiltecan languages are extinct, but there are efforts by scholars such as Jessica L. Sánchez Flores (Nahua descent) to revive them.
1470:
1150:
418:
Little is known about the original religion of the Coahuiltecan. They came together in large numbers on occasion for all-night dances called
2353:
2373:
2358:
2342:
537:
410:
band near San Antonio had ten different summer campsites in a 30 square-mile area. Some of the Indians lived near the coast in winter.
448:
121:
359:
151:
After the Texas secession from Mexico, Coahuiltecan peoples were largely forced into harsh living conditions. In 1886, ethnologist
2791:
of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today
174:
The Coahuiltecan lived in the flat, brushy, dry country of northern Mexico and southern Texas, roughly south of a line from the
2334:
381:
were an important protein source, gathered in the fall and stored for future use. They cooked the bulbs and root crowns of the
175:
2290:
1104:
Thoms, Alston V. "Historical Overview and Historical Context for Reassessing Coahuiltecan Extinction at Mission St. Juan",
2734:
487:
250:, the state in New Spain where they first encountered Coahuiltecan peoples. This name was derived by the Spanish from a
1294:
Alternate spellings include: Babeles, Babol, Bobol, Babora, Babor, Babel, Baboram, Babori, Baburi, Bobo, Bovol, Pagori.
2035:
Alternate spellings include: Tasmamar, Teimamar, Teneinamar, Tenimama, Ticmamar, Ticmanar, Timamar, Tumamar, Temmanar.
234:
other resources, such as fish and shellfish, which limited the opportunity to live near and employ coastal resources.
219:
1332:
Alternate spellings include: Casastle, Cataxtle, Cacastle, Cacage, Caikache, Kaikache, Kankacehe, Carcache, Caicache.
434:
The meager resources of their homeland resulted in intense competition and frequent, although small-scale, warfare.
2192:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
457:
1436:
179:
2437:
2402:
719:
333:
280:
266:
95:
2271:
490:(the Alamo) in 1718 to evangelize among the Coahuiltecan and other Indians of the region, especially the
326:
northern Mexico. But, the diseases spread through contact among indigenous peoples with trading. After a
2808:
2363:
2262:
291:
215:
994:
2724:
2427:
1775:
Alternate spellings include: Pacuase, Pacuachiam, Pacuasian, Pacuaxin, Pacuazin, Paguachi, Paquasian.
711:
284:
223:
2709:
2664:
2614:
406:
Most of the Coahuiltecan seemed to have had a regular round of travels in their food gathering. The
257:
Alternate spellings include: Coahuilteco, Coaguileno, Coaguilleno, Coahuila, Coahuileno, Coavileno.
2649:
2639:
759:
203:
2679:
2654:
1535:
468:
system. Although this was exploitative, it was less destructive to Indian societies than slavery.
2788:
2694:
2619:
2432:
2087:
211:
1007:“Coahuiltecan Indians.” www.tashaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmcah, accessed 18 Feb 2012
2011:
1935:
1751:
1410:
1308:
2699:
2689:
2417:
2407:
2122:
2049:
1897:
1859:
1466:
1146:
390:
125:
108:
2719:
2704:
2669:
2659:
2157:
1973:
1824:
1786:
1713:
1675:
1637:
1496:
1270:
190:. They lived on both sides of the Rio Grande. Their neighbors along the Texas coast were the
2629:
2487:
2447:
2442:
2392:
2387:
2382:
1959:
Alternate names include: Pimanco, Pinaca, Pinanca, Piranaca, Desorejados, Sinorejas, Surdos.
1599:
1232:
1170:
1041:
715:
585:
525:
319:
227:
2474:
1570:
1343:
1025:
271:
2578:
2422:
2251:
Reassessing Cultural Extinction: Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano, Texas
1437:"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Annotated Bibliography)"
1106:
Reassessing Cultural Extinction: Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano, Texas
875:
Reassessing Cultural Extinction: Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capistrano, Texas
303:
168:
152:
1661:
Alternate spellings include: Mescate, Mexcal, Mezcal, Miscal, Mixcal, Misquit, Bioy, Biay
836:
2754:
2742:
2493:
2412:
2397:
1463:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
1143:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
562:
503:
491:
407:
330:
199:
187:
164:
141:
137:
1108:, College Station: Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M U, 2001, pp. 35-36
40:
2802:
2738:
2714:
2674:
2633:
2595:
2502:
595:
309:
The Karankawa and Tonkawa were possibly linguistically related to the Coahuiltecan.
74:
824:
Reassessing Cultural Extinction: Change and Survival at Mission San Juan Capitstrano
374:
Most foods could be eaten raw, but they used an open fire or fire pit when cooking.
2568:
2520:
2483:
686:
620:
453:
17:
210:
migrated into this area. Their indefinite western boundaries were the vicinity of
826:, Texas. College Station: Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M, 2001.
2750:
2536:
2469:
710:
claim to be descendants of Coahuiltecan people. These organizations are neither
603:
183:
70:
66:
1848:
Alternate spellings include: Paguanan, Paguona, Pahuanan, Pguan, Poguan, Puyua.
2548:
2181:
Alternate spellings include: Coerce, Giorica, Hiorica, Lorica, Orica, Yourica.
465:
327:
295:
78:
2257:
1233:"Amistad NRA: American Indian Tribal Affiliation Study (Phase 1) (Chapter 2)"
941:
895:
2587:
2560:
2540:
1088:
590:
191:
156:
524:"Mission Indian," probably a Coahuiltecan, fought on the Texan side in the
283:
are a collection of related languages. It should not be confused with the
2787:
extinct language / extinct tribe / early,
2746:
2609:
2146:
Alternate spellings include: Alijae, Teloja, Filijayes, Tilixai, Tilijay.
877:. College Station: Center for Ecological Archaeology, Texas A&M, 2001
499:
394:
247:
207:
160:
82:
2760:
2729:
2624:
2603:
2591:
2572:
2528:
2514:
2506:
2498:
908:
661:
637:
512:
400:
368:
299:
251:
195:
2684:
2644:
2599:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2532:
2524:
2479:
1997:
Alternate spellings include: Haeser, Siausi, Siaexer, Siansi, Xaeser.
1921:
Alternate spellings include: Patague, Patan, Patou, Patagua, Paragua.
691:
669:
653:
645:
495:
423:
145:
129:
548:
Numerous bands made up the Coahuiltecan peoples. They include the:
2510:
2329:
386:
382:
378:
270:
133:
2300:
1396:
Alternate spellings include: Cano, Cane, Canna, Canoa, Canua.
862:
The people/Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times
907:
Moore, R. E. "The Texas Coahuiltecan people", Texas Indians
890:. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 142-47; "Pakawa",
290:
Linguists have suggested that Coahuiltecan belongs to the
1372:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
798:
Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.
155:
found the last known survivors of Coahuiltecan bands: 25
786:
7th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1885-1886
322:
living in the delta, apparently refugees from slavery.
45:
Coahuiltecan territories in the 16th and 17th centuries
2198:. Federal Register. January 21, 2022. pp. 7554–58
1699:
Alternate spellings include: Moroame, Moruame, Muruame
864:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961, pp. 32–33.
2272:"South Texas Plains: "Who Were the "Coahuiltecans"?"
873:
Logan, Jennifer L. “Chapter Eight: Linquistics", in
27:
Historic Indigenous tribe of Mexico and U.S. (Texas)
2769:
2456:
2372:
2341:
218:, and southward to roughly the present location of
101:
89:
60:
50:
1529:
1527:
2081:
2079:
1256:Alternate spellings include: Bibi, Mabibit, Vivit
932:, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995, p. 12.
536:In the community of Berg's Mill, near the former
2291:Indigenous Nuevo León: Land of the Coahuiltecans
2005:
2003:
1929:
1927:
1745:
1743:
1404:
1402:
1302:
1300:
1070:. Austin: U of TX Press, 1995, pp. 12, 262-263
422:. During these occasions, they danced and took
2043:
2041:
1891:
1889:
2312:
1967:
1965:
1818:
1816:
1707:
1705:
1669:
1667:
1631:
1629:
1264:
1262:
822:Logan, Jennifer L. "Chapter 8: Linguistics,"
8:
1810:Alternate spellings include: Pacpole, Pacup.
1593:
1591:
1164:
1162:
33:
1623:Alternate spellings include: Xiabu, Ijiaba.
1461:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
1141:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
2319:
2305:
2297:
2073:Alternate spellings include: Teana, Peana.
896:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11402a.htm
39:
32:
2777:Sam Houston and Native American relations
2222:National Conference of State Legislatures
1068:Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768
1026:"Padre Island Spanish Shipwrecks of 1554"
930:Spanish Expeditions into Texas, 1689-1768
888:Indigenous people of the Rio Grande Delta
367:Coahuiltecan peoples hunted deer, bison,
194:, and inland to their northeast were the
1136:
1134:
1132:
358:
120:were various small, autonomous bands of
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
754:
730:
1883:Alternate spellings include Papanaque.
1367:
1365:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
7:
2819:Extinct Indigenous peoples in Mexico
1503:. Texas State Historical Association
1375:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
1350:. Texas State Historical Association
801:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide
377:Plants provided most of their diet.
61:Regions with significant populations
708:unrecognized organizations in Texas
242:Spanish colonists created the name
2824:Indigenous peoples of Aridoamerica
2162:Texas State Historical Association
2127:Texas State Historical Association
2092:Texas State Historical Association
2054:Texas State Historical Association
2016:Texas State Historical Association
1978:Texas State Historical Association
1940:Texas State Historical Association
1902:Texas State Historical Association
1864:Texas State Historical Association
1829:Texas State Historical Association
1791:Texas State Historical Association
1756:Texas State Historical Association
1718:Texas State Historical Association
1680:Texas State Historical Association
1642:Texas State Historical Association
1604:Texas State Historical Association
1575:Texas State Historical Association
1540:Texas State Historical Association
1501:Texas State Historical Association
1415:Texas State Historical Association
1348:Texas State Historical Association
1313:Texas State Historical Association
1275:Texas State Historical Association
1175:Texas State Historical Association
764:Texas State Historical Association
25:
2278:. Austin: The University of Texas
1079:Salinas, pp. 24-26; Foster, p. 57
1042:"Carvajal y de la Cueva, Luis de"
2328:
148:, and other Indigenous groups.
56:merged into other groups by 1900
2829:Native American tribes in Texas
2814:Extinct Native American peoples
2335:Native American tribes in Texas
788:. Washington: GPO, 1891, p. 68
2834:Pre-statehood history of Texas
1:
2735:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
841:Indigenous Cultures Institute
515:people within a few decades.
488:Mission San Antonio de Valero
128:in what is now northeastern
1048:, accessed 21 February 2012
1032:; accessed 21 February 2012
538:San Juan Capistrano Mission
220:Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas
2850:
2359:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe
449:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
264:
198:. To their north were the
2785:
2218:"State Recognized Tribes"
1465:. McFarland. p. 45.
1145:. McFarland. p. 10.
106:
94:
65:
55:
38:
1046:Handbook of Texas Online
1030:Handbook of Texas Online
458:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva
167:. They were living near
1378:. University of Arizona
837:"Coahuiltecan Language"
804:. University of Arizona
341:Culture and subsistence
186:and westward to around
1095:, accessed 22 Feb 2012
1016:Newcomb, p. 46, 54-55.
948:; accessed 16 Feb 2012
910:, accessed 16 Feb 2012
760:"Coahuiltecan Indians"
720:Native American tribes
397:beans to make flour.
364:
346:Settlement and housing
281:Coahuiltecan languages
276:
267:Coahuiltecan languages
96:Coahuiltecan languages
2457:Historical Indigenous
2364:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo
2263:Catholic Encyclopedia
2196:Indian Affairs Bureau
1536:"Gueiquesale Indians"
1435:Bamforth, Douglas B.
1093:Catholic Encyclopedia
946:Catholic Encyclopedia
892:Catholic Encyclopedia
362:
292:Hokan language family
274:
265:Further information:
216:Monterrey, Nuevo Leon
107:Indigenous religion,
2374:Indigenous languages
2343:Federally recognized
2276:Texas Beyond History
2156:Campbell, Thomas N.
2121:Campbell, Thomas N.
2088:"Terocodame Indians"
2086:Campbell, Thomas N.
2048:Campbell, Thomas N.
2010:Campbell, Thomas N.
1972:Campbell, Thomas N.
1934:Campbell, Thomas N.
1896:Campbell, Thomas N.
1858:Campbell, Thomas N.
1823:Campbell, Thomas N.
1785:Campbell, Thomas N.
1750:Campbell, Thomas N.
1712:Campbell, Thomas N.
1674:Campbell, Thomas N.
1636:Campbell, Thomas N.
1598:Campbell, Thomas N.
1569:Campbell, Thomas N.
1534:Campbell, Thomas N.
1495:Campbell, Thomas N.
1409:Campbell, Thomas N.
1342:Campbell, Thomas N.
1307:Campbell, Thomas N.
1269:Campbell, Thomas N.
1169:Campbell, Thomas N.
995:"South Texas Plains"
860:Newcomb, Jr., W. W.
712:federally recognized
393:in pits, and ground
285:Coahuilteco language
224:Sierra de Tamaulipas
178:at the mouth of the
2293:, Indigenous Mexico
1066:Foster, William C.
928:Foster, William C.
919:Salinas, p. 30, 138
766:. 26 September 2019
447:In the early 1530s
81:, and northeastern
35:
18:Coahuiltecan people
2228:on 25 October 2022
2012:"Taimamar Indians"
1936:"Pinanaca Indians"
1752:"Pacuache Indians"
1411:"Catujano Indians"
1309:"Cacaxtle Indians"
1057:Salinas, pp. 15-16
966:Newcomb, pp. 29-47
886:Salinas, Martin.
365:
277:
212:Monclova, Coahuila
124:who inhabited the
2796:
2795:
2354:Alabama–Coushatta
2123:"Tilijae Indians"
2050:"Teaname Indians"
1898:"Pataguo Indians"
1860:"Papanac Indians"
1472:978-0-7864-5169-2
1152:978-0-7864-5169-2
1117:Salinas, pp 30-68
126:Rio Grande valley
114:
113:
109:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
2841:
2459:peoples of Texas
2333:
2332:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2258:"Pakawá Indians"
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2224:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2158:"Yorica Indians"
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2007:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1974:"Saesse Indians"
1969:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1825:"Paguan Indians"
1820:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1787:"Pacpul Indians"
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1714:"Pachal Indians"
1709:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1676:"Muruam Indians"
1671:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1638:"Mescal Indians"
1633:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1497:"Cenizo Indians"
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1271:"Bobole Indians"
1266:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1229:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1127:
1126:Thoms, pp. 37-44
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1089:"Pakawa Indians"
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
958:
957:Logan, Chapter 9
955:
949:
939:
933:
926:
920:
917:
911:
905:
899:
884:
878:
871:
865:
858:
852:
851:
849:
847:
833:
827:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
795:
789:
782:
776:
775:
773:
771:
756:
716:state-recognized
526:Texas Revolution
228:Tropic of Cancer
122:Native Americans
51:Total population
43:
36:
21:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2781:
2765:
2579:Cherokee, Texas
2463:Oklahoma today)
2462:
2461:(Several are in
2460:
2458:
2452:
2376:
2368:
2347:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1600:"Hiabu Indians"
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1171:"Bibit Indians"
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
993:
992:
988:
984:Salinas, p. 116
983:
979:
975:Salinas, p. 122
974:
970:
965:
961:
956:
952:
940:
936:
927:
923:
918:
914:
906:
902:
885:
881:
872:
868:
859:
855:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
821:
817:
807:
805:
797:
796:
792:
783:
779:
769:
767:
758:
757:
732:
728:
704:
702:Heritage groups
699:
546:
534:
521:
483:
474:
445:
440:
432:
416:
357:
348:
343:
315:
304:Baja California
294:of present-day
269:
263:
246:, derived from
240:
180:Guadalupe River
153:Albert Gatschet
46:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2770:Related topics
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2755:Wichita proper
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2581:
2576:
2518:
2496:
2491:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2244:External links
2242:
2240:
2239:
2209:
2183:
2174:
2148:
2139:
2113:
2104:
2075:
2066:
2037:
2028:
1999:
1990:
1961:
1952:
1923:
1914:
1885:
1876:
1850:
1841:
1812:
1803:
1777:
1768:
1739:
1730:
1701:
1692:
1663:
1654:
1625:
1616:
1587:
1571:"Hape Indians"
1561:
1552:
1523:
1514:
1487:
1478:
1471:
1453:
1427:
1398:
1389:
1361:
1344:"Cana Indians"
1334:
1325:
1296:
1287:
1258:
1249:
1237:npshistory.com
1187:
1158:
1151:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1097:
1081:
1072:
1059:
1050:
1034:
1018:
1009:
1000:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
942:”Pakawa tribe”
934:
921:
912:
900:
879:
866:
853:
828:
815:
790:
784:Powell, J. W.
777:
729:
727:
724:
703:
700:
698:
697:
694:
689:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
664:
659:
656:
651:
648:
643:
640:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
601:
598:
593:
588:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
560:
557:
554:
553:Abasusiniguara
550:
545:
542:
533:
530:
520:
517:
482:
479:
473:
470:
444:
441:
439:
436:
431:
428:
426:as medicine.
415:
412:
356:
353:
347:
344:
342:
339:
331:Roman Catholic
314:
311:
262:
259:
239:
236:
112:
111:
104:
103:
99:
98:
92:
91:
87:
86:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2790:
2789:obsolete name
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
857:
854:
842:
838:
832:
829:
825:
819:
816:
803:
802:
794:
791:
787:
781:
778:
765:
761:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
549:
543:
541:
539:
531:
529:
527:
518:
516:
514:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
478:
471:
469:
467:
461:
459:
455:
450:
442:
437:
435:
429:
427:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
370:
361:
354:
352:
345:
340:
338:
335:
332:
329:
323:
321:
312:
310:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
273:
268:
260:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:and southern
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
105:
100:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
19:
2809:Coahuiltecan
2584:Coahuiltecan
2583:
2565:Lower Nasoni
2484:Lipan Apache
2428:Tamaulipecan
2403:Coahuiltecan
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2261:
2250:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2221:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2195:
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2151:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:
2116:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:
1853:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1780:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1481:
1462:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1374:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1142:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1003:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
945:
937:
929:
924:
915:
903:
891:
887:
882:
874:
869:
861:
856:
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
823:
818:
806:. Retrieved
800:
793:
785:
780:
768:. Retrieved
763:
705:
687:Unpuncliegut
547:
535:
532:20th century
522:
519:19th century
511:Spanish and
509:
484:
481:18th century
475:
472:17th century
462:
454:Padre Island
446:
443:16th century
433:
419:
417:
405:
401:Prickly pear
399:
376:
373:
366:
349:
324:
316:
308:
289:
278:
256:
244:Coahuiltecan
243:
241:
232:
204:Lipan Apache
202:. Later the
173:
150:
118:Coahuiltecan
117:
115:
34:Coahuiltecan
30:Ethnic group
2537:Kadohadacho
1441:www.nps.gov
600:Gueiquesale
391:lechuguilla
184:San Antonio
71:South Texas
67:San Antonio
2803:Categories
2549:Nacogdoche
2433:Tanpachoan
726:References
680:Terocodame
466:encomienda
328:Franciscan
313:Population
296:California
226:, and the
176:Gulf Coast
171:, Mexico.
79:Tamaulipas
75:Nuevo León
2630:Karankawa
2588:Ervipiame
2561:Nanatsoho
2541:Nabedache
2282:4 October
2167:14 August
2132:14 August
2097:14 August
2059:14 August
2021:14 August
1983:13 August
1945:13 August
1907:13 August
1869:13 August
1834:13 August
1796:13 August
1761:13 August
1723:13 August
1685:13 August
1647:13 August
1609:14 August
1580:11 August
1545:13 August
1446:12 August
1420:12 August
1318:11 August
1280:11 August
1242:11 August
1180:11 August
591:Ervipiame
586:Comecrudo
556:Acancuara
544:Subgroups
528:in 1836.
192:Karankawa
157:Comecrudo
90:Languages
2747:Tawakoni
2725:Tomoacas
2700:Saracuam
2690:Pulacuam
2610:Comanche
2488:Querecho
2443:Tonkawan
2408:Cotoname
2388:Atacapan
706:Several
674:Taimamar
658:Pinanaca
628:Pacuache
579:Catujano
573:Cacaxtle
559:Acatoyan
500:Comanche
414:Religion
395:mesquite
320:Africans
261:Language
248:Coahuila
208:Comanche
163:, and 2
161:Cotoname
102:Religion
85:, Mexico
83:Coahuila
73:, U.S.;
2761:Yojuane
2743:Taovaya
2730:Tonkawa
2720:Tilijae
2710:Tamique
2705:Semonam
2670:Papanac
2665:Pampopa
2660:Paguame
2625:Jumanos
2604:Xarames
2592:Pajalat
2573:Nechaui
2529:Hasinai
2515:Deadose
2507:Akokisa
2499:Atakapa
2494:Aranama
2448:Wichita
2418:Pakawan
2393:Borrado
2383:Araname
2232:1 April
2202:1 April
683:Tilijae
677:Teaname
662:Quepano
650:Pataguo
642:Papanac
638:Pajalat
611:Mariame
563:Aranama
513:mestizo
504:Wichita
438:History
430:Warfare
420:mitotes
369:peccary
355:Cuisine
334:Mission
300:Arizona
252:Nahuatl
196:Tonkawa
188:Del Rio
169:Reynosa
142:criollo
138:Spanish
2739:Kichai
2685:Patiri
2675:Pastia
2650:Pachal
2645:Mayeye
2640:Kohani
2634:Copano
2615:Decose
2600:Sijame
2596:Payaya
2557:Nadaco
2553:Nacono
2545:Nabiti
2533:Hainai
2525:Eyeish
2503:Akokna
2480:Apache
2423:Solano
2413:Garzan
2345:tribes
1507:11 May
1469:
1382:10 May
1354:11 May
1149:
846:1 July
808:10 May
770:1 July
696:Yorica
692:Xarame
670:Sijame
666:Saesse
654:Payaya
646:Pastia
634:Paguan
631:Pacpul
625:Pachal
617:Muruam
614:Mescal
582:Cenizo
570:Bobole
502:, and
496:Apache
492:Jumano
424:peyote
408:Payaya
389:, and
383:maguey
379:Pecans
302:, and
254:word.
222:, the
214:, and
200:Jumano
165:Pakawa
146:Apache
130:Mexico
2715:Teyas
2680:Pasxa
2655:Pacoa
2569:Neche
2521:Caddo
2511:Bidai
2475:Anxau
2398:Caddo
621:Ocana
608:Hiabu
596:Geier
567:Bibit
387:sotol
134:Texas
2751:Waco
2695:Sana
2620:Emet
2470:Adai
2438:Tiwa
2284:2011
2234:2022
2204:2022
2169:2024
2134:2024
2099:2024
2061:2024
2023:2024
1985:2024
1947:2024
1909:2024
1871:2024
1836:2024
1798:2024
1763:2024
1725:2024
1687:2024
1649:2024
1611:2024
1582:2024
1547:2024
1509:2024
1467:ISBN
1448:2024
1422:2024
1384:2024
1356:2024
1320:2024
1282:2024
1244:2024
1182:2024
1147:ISBN
848:2023
810:2024
772:2023
604:Hape
576:Cana
279:The
238:Name
206:and
159:, 1
116:The
718:as
714:or
230:.
182:to
2805::
2753:,
2749:,
2745:,
2741:,
2602:,
2598:,
2594:,
2590:,
2571:,
2567:,
2563:,
2559:,
2555:,
2551:,
2547:,
2543:,
2539:,
2535:,
2531:,
2527:,
2513:,
2509:,
2505:,
2486:,
2274:.
2260:.
2220:.
2194:.
2160:.
2125:.
2090:.
2078:^
2052:.
2040:^
2014:.
2002:^
1976:.
1964:^
1938:.
1926:^
1900:.
1888:^
1862:.
1827:.
1815:^
1789:.
1754:.
1742:^
1716:.
1704:^
1678:.
1666:^
1640:.
1628:^
1602:.
1590:^
1573:.
1538:.
1526:^
1499:.
1439:.
1413:.
1401:^
1364:^
1346:.
1311:.
1299:^
1273:.
1261:^
1235:.
1190:^
1173:.
1161:^
1131:^
1091:,
1044:,
1028:,
944:,
894:.
839:.
762:.
733:^
722:.
498:,
385:,
298:,
144:,
140:,
77:,
69:,
2757:)
2737:(
2636:)
2632:(
2606:)
2586:(
2575:)
2523:(
2517:)
2501:(
2490:)
2482:(
2320:e
2313:t
2306:v
2286:.
2266:.
2236:.
2206:.
2171:.
2136:.
2101:.
2063:.
2025:.
1987:.
1949:.
1911:.
1873:.
1838:.
1800:.
1765:.
1727:.
1689:.
1651:.
1613:.
1584:.
1549:.
1511:.
1475:.
1450:.
1424:.
1386:.
1358:.
1322:.
1284:.
1246:.
1184:.
1155:.
997:.
898:,
850:.
812:.
774:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
