101:, which states that thoughts, feelings and behavior are all connected, and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties and meeting their goals by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking, problematic behavior, and distressing emotional responses. This involves the individual working with the therapist to develop skills for testing and changing beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors. A cognitive case conceptualization is developed by the cognitive therapist as a guide to understand the individual's internal reality, select appropriate interventions and identify areas of distress.
224:(frustration, sadness, hopelessness). Given these thoughts and feelings, he may then begin to avoid challenges at work, which is behavior that could provide even more evidence for him that his belief is true. As a result, any adaptive response and further constructive consequences become unlikely, and he may focus even more on any mistakes he may make, which serve to reinforce the original belief of being "useless." In therapy, this example could be identified as a self-fulfilling prophecy or "problem cycle," and the efforts of the therapist and patient would be directed at working together to explore and change this cycle.
617:(i.e., neither subjects nor therapists in psychotherapy studies are blind to the type of treatment). They may be single-blinded, the rater may not know the treatment the patient received, but neither the patients nor the therapists are blinded to the type of therapy given (two out of three of the persons involved in the trial, i.e., all of the persons involved in the treatment, are unblinded). The patient is an active participant in correcting negative distorted thoughts, thus quite aware of the treatment group they are in.
437:"Write down any specific benefits you get from holding this belief, such as social or psychological benefits. For example, getting to be part of a community of like-minded people, feeling good about yourself or the world, feeling that your viewpoint is superior to others", etc. Are there any reasons that you might hold this view other than because it's true?"
228:
shifted to something more accurate or helpful, leading to more positive emotion, more desirable behavior, and movement toward the person's goals. Cognitive therapy takes a skill-building approach, where the therapist helps the person to learn and practice these skills independently, eventually "becoming their own therapist."
478:(REBT) includes awfulizing, when a person causes themselves disturbance by labeling an upcoming situation as "awful", rather than envisaging how the situation may actually unfold, and Must-ing, when a person places a false demand on themselves that something "must" happen (e.g. "I must get an A in this exam.")
505:
of the world in childhood and adolescence; children and adolescents who experience depression acquire this negative schema earlier. Depressed people acquire such schemas through the loss of a parent, rejection by peers, bullying, criticism from teachers or parents, the depressive attitude of a parent
462:
Always Being Right: "We are continually on trial to prove that our opinions and actions are correct. Being wrong is unthinkable and we will go to any length to demonstrate our rightness. For example, 'I don't care how badly arguing with me makes you feel, I'm going to win this argument no matter what
183:
As cognitive therapy continued to grow in popularity, the non-profit "Academy of
Cognitive Therapy" was created in 1998 to accredit cognitive therapists, create a forum for members to share research and interventions, and to educate the public about cognitive therapy and related mental health issues.
513:
holds that depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves, their experiences in the world, and the future. For instance, a depressed person might think, "I didn't get the job because I'm terrible at interviews. Interviewers never like me, and no one will ever want to hire me." In the same
227:
People who are working with a cognitive therapist often practice more flexible ways to think and respond, learning to ask themselves whether their thoughts are completely true, and whether those thoughts are helping them to meet their goals. Thoughts that do not meet this description may then be
371:
Guided discovery: therapist elucidates behavioral problems and faulty thinking by designing new experiences that lead to acquisition of new skills and perspectives. Through both cognitive and behavioral methods, the patient discovers more adaptive ways of thinking and coping with environmental
199:
Therapy may consist of testing the assumptions which one makes and looking for new information that could help shift the assumptions in a way that leads to different emotional or behavioral reactions. Change may begin by targeting thoughts (to change emotion and behavior), behavior (to change
162:. Although cognitive therapy has often included some behavioral components, advocates of Beck's particular approach sought to maintain and establish its integrity as a distinct, standardized form of cognitive behavioral therapy in which the cognitive shift is the key mechanism of change.
388:: involves the creation of a series of questions to a) clarify and define problems, b) assist in the identification of thoughts, images and assumptions, c) examine the meanings of events for the patient, and d) assess the consequences of maintaining maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
219:
As an example of how CT might work: Having made a mistake at work, a man may believe: "I'm useless and can't do anything right at work." He may then focus on the mistake (which he takes as evidence that his belief is true), and his thoughts about being "useless" are likely to lead to
817:
443:"In order to refine your viewpoint so that it's as accurate as possible, it's important to challenge it directly on occasion and consider whether there are reasons that it might not be true. What do you think the best or strongest argument against this perspective is?"
514:
situation, a person who is not depressed might think, "The interviewer wasn't paying much attention to me. Maybe she already had someone else in mind for the job. Next time I'll have better luck, and I'll get a job soon." Beck also identified a number of other
231:"Consistent with the cognitive theory of psychopathology, CT is designed to be structured, directive, active, and time-limited, with the express purpose of identifying, reality-testing, and correcting distorted cognition and underlying dysfunctional beliefs".
153:
common at the time, which claimed that talk of mental causes was not scientific or meaningful, and that assessing stimuli and behavioral responses was the best way to practice psychology. However, the 1970s saw a general "cognitive revolution" in psychology.
434:"Think of three pieces of evidence that contradict this view, or that support the opposite view. Think about the opposite of this viewpoint and reflect on it for a moment. What's the strongest argument in favor of this opposite view?"
355:
Collaborative empiricism: therapist and patient become investigators by examining the evidence to support or reject the patient's cognitions. Empirical evidence is used to determine whether particular cognitions serve any useful
130:
approaches based on gaining insight into unconscious emotions, in the late 1950s Aaron T. Beck came to the conclusion that the way in which his patients perceived and attributed meaning in their daily lives—a process known as
821:
689:
245:
The cognitive model was originally constructed following research studies conducted by Aaron Beck to explain the psychological processes in depression. It divides the mind beliefs in three levels:
533:
of depression. This model was updated in 2016 to incorporate multiple levels of analyses, new research, and key concepts (e.g., resilience) within the framework of an evolutionary perspective.
146:
in 1976, and other disorders later on. He also introduced a focus on the underlying "schema"—the underlying ways in which people process information about the self, the world or the future.
2436:
302:
known as "automatic thoughts" (ATs) which are dysfunctional or negative views of the self, world, or future based upon already existing beliefs about oneself, the world, or the future
2494:
506:
or other negative events. When a person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles the original conditions of the learned schema, the negative schemas are activated.
2539:
2549:
2441:
119:
worked on cognitive treatment methods from the 1950s (Ellis, 1956). He called his approach
Rational Therapy (RT) at first, then Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and later
2431:
113:. For example, Beck's original treatment manual for depression states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers".
2446:
781:
Deffenbacher, J. L.; Dahlen E. R; Lynch R. S; Morris C. D; Gowensmith W. N (December 2000). "An
Application of Becks Cognitive Therapy to General Anger Reduction".
449:"Given your thoughts so far, do you think that there may be a truer, more accurate, or more nuanced version of your original view that you could state right now?"
697:
170:
463:
because I'm right.' Being right often is more important than the feelings of others around a person who engages in this cognitive distortion, even loved ones."
946:
466:
Heaven's Reward
Fallacy: "We expect our sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if someone is keeping score. We feel bitter when the reward doesn't come."
2507:
264:
In 2014, an update of the cognitive model was proposed, called the
Generic Cognitive Model (GCM). The GCM is an update of Beck's model that proposes that
200:
feelings and thoughts), or the individual's goals (by identifying thoughts, feelings or behavior that conflict with the goals). Beck initially focused on
2487:
1632:
518:, which can contribute to depression, including the following: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and
191:, and adopted the name "CBT" for Aaron's therapy from its beginning. This further blurred the boundaries between the concepts of "CT" and "CBT".
2451:
1384:
Beck AT, Bredemeier K (Mar 2016). "A Unified Model of
Depression: Integrating Clinical, Cognitive, Biological, and Evolutionary Perspectives".
2480:
1139:
923:
729:
397:
Socratic questions are the archetypal cognitive restructuring techniques. These kinds of questions are designed to challenge assumptions by:
413:"What's the effect of thinking or believing this? What could be the effect of thinking differently and no longer holding onto this belief?"
1167:
1089:
2630:
1736:
940:
2456:
1684:
657:
2640:
2605:
2519:
1741:
1714:
1709:
1563:
1482:
1282:
1249:
475:
240:
120:
421:"Imagine a specific friend/family member in the same situation or if they viewed the situation this way, what would I tell them?"
109:
Precursors of certain aspects of cognitive therapy have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly
2578:
1837:
2461:
2405:
1961:
375:
755:
2082:
1951:
1674:
1033:
2600:
2564:
2503:
2410:
2023:
1910:
1731:
1721:
600:
159:
31:
2573:
2260:
1761:
1656:
1625:
663:
116:
440:"For instance, does holding this viewpoint provide some peace of mind that holding a different viewpoint would not?"
2681:
2593:
2588:
2554:
2534:
2032:
1704:
626:
94:
1034:"Automatic thoughts and cognitive restructuring in cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder"
2087:
2070:
1857:
631:
519:
510:
492:
1457:
Newman, Cory F., Leahy, Robert L., Beck, Aaron T., Reilly- Harrington, Noreen A., & Gyulai, Laszlo (2001).
1956:
1771:
1694:
651:
49:
1298:
Beck, A. T. (2008). "The
Evolution of the Cognitive Model of Depression and Its Neurobiological Correlates".
525:
In 2008, Beck proposed an integrative developmental model of depression that aims to incorporate research in
2615:
2610:
2065:
1847:
1786:
604:
289:
155:
1341:
Disner SG, Beevers CG, Haigh EA, Beck AT (2011). "Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression".
2559:
2395:
1996:
1875:
1865:
1842:
1618:
1205:
530:
446:"What would you have to experience or find out in order for you to change your mind about this viewpoint?"
1596:
975:
Beck, Judith S., "Cognitive
Behavior Therapy, Second Edition: Basics and Beyond", Cognitive Model, p. 30.
886:
30:
This article is about Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy. For the superordinate school of psychotherapy, see
2620:
2583:
2529:
2097:
1946:
1900:
1753:
1669:
515:
269:
213:
2660:
2375:
2210:
2135:
2001:
1936:
385:
273:
205:
1583:
2107:
2018:
1895:
1766:
502:
329:
209:
35:
2650:
2635:
2235:
2050:
1941:
1870:
1401:
1366:
1323:
1179:
1053:
798:
760:
721:
The
Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy
636:
614:
2180:
1418:
Whyte, Cassandra
Bolyard, "Effective Counseling Methods for High-Risk College Freshmen" (1978),
1223:
1093:
541:
Cognitive therapy has been applied to a very wide range of behavioral health issues including:
2380:
2350:
2310:
2190:
1978:
1905:
1822:
1478:
1358:
1315:
1278:
1245:
1135:
1129:
1011:
919:
725:
583:
553:
249:
201:
158:
techniques and cognitive therapy techniques became joined, giving rise to a common concept of
1274:
942:
Relationship between cognitive distortions and psychological disorders across diagnostic axes
848:
184:
The academy later changed its name to the "Academy of Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies".
2625:
2568:
2524:
2385:
2355:
2225:
2027:
2006:
1986:
1812:
1393:
1350:
1307:
1266:
1045:
1001:
790:
558:
221:
405:"What might be another explanation or viewpoint of the situation? Why else did it happen?"
187:
The 2011 second edition of "Basics and Beyond" (also endorsed by Aaron T. Beck) was titled
2645:
2400:
2330:
2315:
2270:
2120:
2075:
1832:
1776:
1600:
1191:
1006:
578:
380:
265:
98:
613:
A criticism has been that clinical studies of CT efficacy (or any psychotherapy) are not
216:, overgeneralization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives).
2655:
2370:
2365:
2340:
2325:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2155:
2125:
2060:
1679:
668:
641:
526:
277:
166:
17:
2472:
1114:
97:(CBT) and was first expounded by Beck in the 1960s. Cognitive therapy is based on the
2675:
2390:
2275:
2255:
2240:
2230:
2195:
2165:
2011:
1920:
1817:
1807:
1641:
1405:
1267:
989:
959:
608:
573:
173:
in 1994. This was later renamed the "Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy."
127:
90:
83:
1327:
802:
280:
of mental disorders while specifying the unique features of the specific disorders.
2415:
2360:
2335:
2295:
2280:
2245:
2205:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2092:
1827:
1370:
1311:
1057:
87:
1472:
913:
719:
55:
2345:
2320:
2250:
2215:
2130:
2055:
1802:
1781:
588:
563:
431:"What initially convinced you that your current view is the best one available?"
257:
150:
2305:
2220:
2115:
1049:
960:"Cognitive therapy: foundations, conceptual models, applications and research"
794:
1538:
Cognitive Therapy for Suicidal Patients: Scientific and Clinical Applications
1397:
744:
Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression, p. 8.
2265:
2200:
2185:
1915:
646:
548:
299:
132:
1584:
An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & Cognitive Behavioural Approaches
1362:
1319:
1015:
818:"Why Distinguish Between Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy"
1564:"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Escape From the Binds of Tight Methodology"
65:
1991:
1664:
1431:
Wenzel, A., Liese, B.S., Beck, A.T., and Friedman-Wheeler, D.G. (2012).
872:
498:
325:
Evaluative thoughts about the other person with whom they are interacting
110:
990:"Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model"
1497:
Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (with Greenberg, R.L.). (Rev. Ed. 2005).
142:
in 1967. He later expanded his focus to include anxiety disorders, in
568:
1588:
1354:
1032:
Hope D.A.; Burns J.A.; Hyes S.A.; Herbert J.D.; Warner M.D. (2010).
208:) in thinking that he proposed could maintain depression, including
1244:(8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 247–250.
820:. Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research. Archived from
696:. Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research. Archived from
1523:
Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993).
458:
False assumptions are based on "cognitive distortions", such as:
1610:
1265:
Beck, Aaron T.; A. John Rush; Brian F. Shaw; Gary Emery (1979).
1171:
241:
Rational emotive behavior therapy § Theoretical assumptions
2476:
1614:
189:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Basics and Beyond, Second Edition
1593:
915:
Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Second Edition: Basics and Beyond
890:
1446:
Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice
93:. CT is one therapeutic approach within the larger group of
1605:
873:"Academy of Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies: About Us"
1510:
Beck, A.T., Rector, N.A., Stolar, N., Grant, P. (2008).
2437:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
428:"Describe the way you formed your viewpoint originally."
149:
This new cognitive approach came into conflict with the
1512:
Schizophrenia: Cognitive Theory, Research, and Therapy
1499:
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective
305:
Identification of the cognitive distortions in the ATs
2540:
Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
1461:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1206:"Make your views more accurate in just a few minutes"
2550:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
1606:
International Association of Cognitive Psychotherapy
1084:
1082:
1080:
308:
Rational disputation of ATs with the Socratic method
2424:
2148:
2106:
2043:
1977:
1970:
1929:
1888:
1856:
1795:
1752:
1693:
1655:
1648:
501:of depression, depressed people acquire a negative
180:, a treatment manual endorsed by her father Aaron.
48:
43:
34:. For Anke Ehlers' cognitive therapy for PTSD, see
2442:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
1027:
1025:
1224:"15 Common Cognitive Distortions - Psych Central"
276:and a clinical approach for understanding common
171:Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research
2432:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
1471:McKay, Matthew; Fanning, Patrick (13 May 2018).
1235:
1233:
2447:Association for Behavior Analysis International
690:"Questions and Answers about Cognitive Therapy"
1459:Bipolar Disorder: A Cognitive Therapy Approach
1074:. 6th. Columbus: Pearson Education Inc., 2009.
601:Cognitive behavioral therapy § Criticisms
2488:
1626:
1536:Wenzel, A., Brown, G.K., Beck, A.T. (2008).
756:"A Pragmatic Man and His No-Nonsense Therapy"
372:stressors by correcting cognitive processing.
311:Development of a rational rebuttal to the ATs
294:Cognitive restructuring involves four steps:
268:can be differentiated by the nature of their
144:Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
8:
947:Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine
338:Any other thoughts that were not categorized
1240:Neale, John M.; Davison, Gerald C. (2001).
949:, Department of Psychology. pp. 14–15.
346:Activity monitoring and activity scheduling
315:There are six types of automatic thoughts:
2495:
2481:
2473:
1974:
1652:
1633:
1619:
1611:
1273:. New York: The Guilford Press. pp.
1005:
352:Catching, checking, and changing thoughts
939:Rosenfield, Bradley M. (December 2004).
605:Cognitive restructuring § Criticism
322:Thoughts about the evaluations of others
680:
2452:European Association for Psychotherapy
1433:Group Cognitive Therapy for Addictions
1420:Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
1187:
1177:
983:
981:
609:Psychotherapy § General critiques
126:Becoming disillusioned with long-term
40:
1540:. American Psychological Association.
1007:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
7:
1525:Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse
1168:John Jay College of Criminal Justice
1131:Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond
994:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
424:Examples of socratic questions are:
178:Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond
2631:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1737:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
1444:Clark, D.A., andA.T. Beck (2011).
401:Conceiving reasonable alternatives:
61:
2457:Society for Psychotherapy Research
1685:Transference focused psychotherapy
1072:Counseling: A Comprehensive Review
988:Beck, A.T.; Haigh, E.P.A. (2014).
658:Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
497:According to Beck's theory of the
204:and developed a list of "errors" (
25:
2641:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2606:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2520:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1742:Rational emotive behavior therapy
1715:Functional analytic psychotherapy
1710:Acceptance and commitment therapy
476:Rational emotive behavior therapy
284:Cognitive restructuring (methods)
121:Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
2579:Exposure and response prevention
754:Goode, Erica (11 January 2000).
362:Exposure and response prevention
342:Other major techniques include:
140:Depression: Causes and Treatment
2462:World Council for Psychotherapy
1269:Cognitive Therapy of Depression
1164:Cognitive Behavioral Techniques
1134:. Guilford Press. p. 109.
1562:Berger, Doug (July 30, 2013).
1477:. New Harbinger Publications.
1386:Clinical Psychological Science
1312:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
912:Beck, Judith S. (2011-08-18).
783:Cognitive Therapy and Research
409:Evaluating those consequences:
376:Mastery and pleasure technique
298:Identification of problematic
138:Beck outlined his approach in
95:cognitive behavioral therapies
1:
1675:Mentalization-based treatment
2601:Dialectical behavior therapy
2504:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1732:Dialectical behavior therapy
1722:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1594:Academy of Cognitive Therapy
1210:programs.clearerthinking.org
966:. 2008;30(Suppl II): p. S56.
945:(PhD thesis). Philadelphia:
160:cognitive behavioral therapy
32:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2574:Direct therapeutic exposure
1762:Emotionally focused therapy
849:"History of Beck Institute"
664:Recognition-primed decision
2698:
2594:Systematic desensitization
2589:Prolonged exposure therapy
2555:Compassion-focused therapy
2535:Cognitive analytic therapy
2033:Systematic desensitization
1962:Practitioner–scholar model
1705:Clinical behavior analysis
1038:Cognitive Therapy Research
627:Cognitive analytic therapy
598:
490:
287:
238:
29:
2515:
1589:What is Cognitive Therapy
1487:– via Google Books.
1050:10.1007/s10608-007-9147-9
632:Cognitive bias mitigation
176:In 1995, Judith released
62:
2044:Other individual therapy
1501:. New York: Basic Books.
1422:, 10,4, January, 198-200
1398:10.1177/2167702616628523
1128:Beck, Judith S. (1995).
652:History of psychotherapy
359:Downward arrow technique
2616:Inference-based therapy
2611:Habit reversal training
2066:Cognitive restructuring
1787:Person-centered therapy
795:10.1023/A:1005539428336
694:About Cognitive Therapy
471:Awfulizing and Must-ing
319:Self-evaluated thoughts
290:Cognitive restructuring
165:Aaron and his daughter
156:Behavioral modification
135:—was a key to therapy.
18:Cognitive psychotherapy
2560:Contingency management
1997:Contingency management
1876:Transtheoretical model
1866:Eclectic psychotherapy
1843:Transactional analysis
1551:The Beck Diet Solution
1527:. New York: Guilford.
493:Beck's cognitive triad
349:Behavioral experiments
86:developed by American
2621:Metacognitive therapy
2530:Behavioral activation
1947:Common factors theory
1911:Residential treatment
1549:Beck, Judith.(2009).
834:– The Beck Institute
718:Robertson, D (2010).
516:cognitive distortions
365:Cost benefit analysis
335:Thoughts of avoidance
272:. The GCM includes a
270:dysfunctional beliefs
214:selective abstraction
27:Type of psychotherapy
2661:Self-control therapy
2376:Lorna Smith Benjamin
2211:Harry Stack Sullivan
2136:Sensitivity training
1937:Clinical formulation
1514:. New York: Guilford
1448:. The Guilford Press
1435:. The Guilford Press
545:Academic achievement
393:Socratic questioning
386:Socratic questioning
332:and behavioral plans
274:conceptual framework
206:cognitive distortion
2108:Group psychotherapy
2019:Counterconditioning
1896:Brief psychotherapy
1767:Existential therapy
1242:Abnormal psychology
1162:Jeglic, Elizabeth.
1090:"Cognitive Therapy"
278:cognitive processes
254:Intermediate belief
210:arbitrary inference
36:Treatments for PTSD
2651:Relapse prevention
2636:Multimodal therapy
2236:Milton H. Erickson
2071:Emotion regulation
2051:Autogenic training
1942:Clinical pluralism
1871:Multimodal therapy
1670:Analytical therapy
1599:2019-03-13 at the
1070:Gladding, Samuel.
964:Rev Bras Psiquiatr
918:. Guilford Press.
761:The New York Times
724:. London: Karnac.
637:Cognitive-shifting
537:Other applications
2682:Cognitive therapy
2669:
2668:
2545:Cognitive therapy
2470:
2469:
2396:William R. Miller
2381:Marsha M. Linehan
2351:Jean Baker Miller
2311:Salvador Minuchin
2191:Ludwig Binswanger
2144:
2143:
1979:Behaviour therapy
1906:Online counseling
1884:
1883:
1823:Narrative therapy
1727:Cognitive therapy
1568:Psychiatric Times
1141:978-0-89862-847-0
925:978-1-60918-506-0
824:on 8 January 2009
731:978-1-85575-756-1
584:Suicidal ideation
554:Anxiety disorders
454:False assumptions
330:coping strategies
250:Automatic thought
76:Cognitive therapy
73:
72:
44:Cognitive therapy
16:(Redirected from
2689:
2626:Method of levels
2569:Exposure therapy
2525:Behavior therapy
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2386:Vittorio Guidano
2356:Otto F. Kernberg
2226:Donald Winnicott
2083:Free association
2028:Exposure therapy
2007:Stimulus control
1987:Aversion therapy
1975:
1838:Systemic therapy
1813:Feminist therapy
1665:Adlerian therapy
1653:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1343:Nat Rev Neurosci
1338:
1332:
1331:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1092:. Archived from
1086:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1009:
985:
976:
973:
967:
957:
951:
950:
936:
930:
929:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
893:on 13 March 2019
889:. Archived from
883:
877:
876:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
845:
839:
833:
831:
829:
816:Judith S. Beck.
813:
807:
806:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
751:
745:
742:
736:
735:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
688:Judith S. Beck.
685:
559:Bipolar disorder
266:mental disorders
222:negative emotion
66:edit on Wikidata
58:
41:
21:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2646:Reality therapy
2565:Desensitization
2511:
2501:
2471:
2466:
2420:
2401:Steven C. Hayes
2331:Paul Watzlawick
2316:Paul Watzlawick
2271:Virginia Axline
2181:Sándor Ferenczi
2140:
2121:Couples therapy
2102:
2076:Affect labeling
2039:
2024:Desensitization
1966:
1952:Discontinuation
1925:
1880:
1852:
1833:Reality therapy
1791:
1777:Gestalt therapy
1748:
1696:
1689:
1644:
1639:
1601:Wayback Machine
1580:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1355:10.1038/nrn3027
1340:
1339:
1335:
1300:Am J Psychiatry
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1031:
1030:
1023:
987:
986:
979:
974:
970:
958:
954:
938:
937:
933:
926:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
871:
870:
866:
857:
855:
847:
846:
842:
838:, February 2001
827:
825:
815:
814:
810:
780:
779:
775:
766:
764:
753:
752:
748:
743:
739:
732:
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
687:
686:
682:
677:
623:
611:
597:
579:Substance abuse
564:Low self-esteem
539:
495:
489:
484:
473:
456:
395:
381:Problem solving
368:acting "as if"'
328:Thoughts about
292:
286:
260:or basic belief
243:
237:
235:Cognitive model
197:
107:
99:cognitive model
82:) is a type of
69:
54:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2656:Schema therapy
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Arnold Lazarus
2368:
2366:Irvin D. Yalom
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2341:Eugene Gendlin
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Ogden Lindsley
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2301:Virginia Satir
2298:
2293:
2291:James Bugental
2288:
2286:Silvano Arieti
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Philippe Pinel
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Family therapy
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2061:Clean language
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1921:Support groups
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1701:
1699:
1695:Cognitive and
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1680:Psychoanalysis
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1578:External links
1576:
1573:
1572:
1555:
1553:. Oxmoor House
1542:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1483:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1392:(4): 596–619.
1376:
1333:
1306:(8): 969–977.
1290:
1283:
1257:
1250:
1229:
1226:. 17 May 2016.
1215:
1197:
1154:
1140:
1120:
1106:
1076:
1063:
1021:
977:
968:
952:
931:
924:
904:
878:
864:
853:Beck Institute
840:
808:
789:(6): 689–697.
773:
746:
737:
730:
710:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
669:Schema therapy
666:
661:
654:
649:
644:
642:David D. Burns
639:
634:
629:
622:
619:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
538:
535:
511:negative triad
488:
485:
483:
480:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
419:
418:
411:
410:
403:
402:
394:
391:
390:
389:
383:
378:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
340:
339:
336:
333:
326:
323:
320:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
288:Main article:
285:
282:
262:
261:
255:
252:
236:
233:
196:
193:
167:Judith S. Beck
106:
103:
71:
70:
63:
60:
59:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2694:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Jeffrey Young
2409:
2407:
2406:Michael White
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Les Greenberg
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Carl Whitaker
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Viktor Frankl
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:Jacques Lacan
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Wilhelm Reich
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Melanie Klein
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Sigmund Freud
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:Token economy
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Music therapy
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Dance therapy
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:Psychodynamic
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Psychotherapy
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1484:9781572241985
1480:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:(8): 467–77.
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:0-89862-919-5
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1251:0-471-31811-6
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1115:"Act 'As If'"
1110:
1107:
1096:on 2016-03-24
1095:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
978:
972:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
948:
944:
943:
935:
932:
927:
921:
917:
916:
908:
905:
892:
888:
882:
879:
874:
868:
865:
854:
850:
844:
841:
837:
823:
819:
812:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
763:
762:
757:
750:
747:
741:
738:
733:
727:
723:
722:
714:
711:
700:on 2017-01-07
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
674:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
616:
610:
606:
602:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:Schizophrenia
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
544:
543:
542:
536:
534:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
512:
507:
504:
500:
494:
486:
481:
479:
477:
470:
465:
461:
460:
459:
453:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
416:
415:
414:
408:
407:
406:
400:
399:
398:
392:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
343:
337:
334:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
316:
310:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
242:
234:
232:
229:
225:
223:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
192:
190:
185:
181:
179:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
152:
147:
145:
141:
136:
134:
129:
128:psychodynamic
124:
122:
118:
114:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:Aaron T. Beck
89:
85:
84:psychotherapy
81:
77:
67:
57:
53:
51:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2544:
2425:Associations
2416:Peter Fonagy
2361:Nathan Azrin
2336:Arthur Janov
2296:Joseph Wolpe
2281:Albert Ellis
2261:George Kelly
2246:Erik Erikson
2206:Karen Horney
2176:Alfred Adler
2171:Pierre Janet
2161:Josef Breuer
2093:Hypnotherapy
1828:Play therapy
1726:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1268:
1260:
1241:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1163:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1130:
1123:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1071:
1066:
1041:
1037:
997:
993:
971:
963:
955:
941:
934:
914:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
881:
867:
856:. Retrieved
852:
843:
835:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
811:
786:
782:
776:
765:. Retrieved
759:
749:
740:
720:
713:
702:. Retrieved
698:the original
693:
683:
656:
615:double-blind
612:
540:
531:neuroscience
524:
520:minimization
508:
496:
474:
457:
423:
420:
412:
404:
396:
341:
314:
293:
263:
244:
230:
226:
218:
198:
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
169:founded the
164:
148:
143:
139:
137:
125:
117:Albert Ellis
115:
108:
88:psychiatrist
79:
75:
74:
2346:R. D. Laing
2321:Haim Ginott
2251:Carl Rogers
2216:Fritz Perls
2131:Psychodrama
2056:Biofeedback
1858:Integrative
1803:Art therapy
1782:Logotherapy
1474:Self-esteem
1188:|work=
828:21 November
589:Weight loss
482:Application
417:Distancing:
258:Core belief
151:behaviorism
2306:Aaron Beck
2221:Anna Freud
2116:Co-therapy
1971:Techniques
1901:Counseling
1889:Approaches
1754:Humanistic
1697:behavioral
1100:2016-03-18
897:12 January
858:2022-11-21
836:Newsletter
767:2008-11-21
704:2008-11-21
675:References
599:See also:
595:Criticisms
491:See also:
487:Depression
300:cognitions
239:See also:
202:depression
2266:Rollo May
2201:Otto Rank
2186:Carl Jung
1916:Self-help
1406:147396164
1190:ignored (
1180:cite book
647:Debiasing
549:Addiction
133:cognition
2676:Category
2584:Flooding
2098:Modeling
2088:Homework
1992:Chaining
1930:Research
1772:Focusing
1597:Archived
1363:21731066
1328:17652470
1320:18628348
1044:: 1–12.
1016:24387236
1000:: 1–24.
803:40862409
621:See also
529:and the
527:genetics
499:etiology
356:purpose.
123:(REBT).
111:Stoicism
2002:Shaping
1957:History
1649:Schools
1371:3335916
1058:3328863
509:Beck's
105:History
56:D015928
2149:People
1481:
1404:
1369:
1361:
1326:
1318:
1281:
1248:
1147:25 May
1138:
1056:
1014:
922:
801:
728:
607:, and
569:Phobia
503:schema
1796:Other
1402:S2CID
1367:S2CID
1324:S2CID
1054:S2CID
887:"ACT"
799:S2CID
195:Basis
64:[
2508:list
1848:List
1479:ISBN
1359:PMID
1316:PMID
1279:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1192:help
1172:CUNY
1149:2011
1136:ISBN
1012:PMID
920:ISBN
899:2012
830:2008
726:ISBN
50:MeSH
1394:doi
1351:doi
1308:doi
1304:165
1046:doi
1002:doi
791:doi
2678::
2567:/
1566:,
1400:.
1388:.
1365:.
1357:.
1347:12
1345:.
1322:.
1314:.
1302:.
1277:.
1275:11
1232:^
1208:.
1184::
1182:}}
1178:{{
1170:,
1166:.
1079:^
1052:.
1042:34
1040:.
1036:.
1024:^
1010:.
998:10
996:.
992:.
980:^
962:,
851:.
797:.
787:24
785:.
758:.
692:.
603:,
522:.
212:,
80:CT
2510:)
2506:(
2496:e
2489:t
2482:v
2026:/
1634:e
1627:t
1620:v
1570:.
1408:.
1396::
1390:4
1373:.
1353::
1330:.
1310::
1287:.
1254:.
1212:.
1194:)
1174:.
1151:.
1117:.
1103:.
1060:.
1048::
1018:.
1004::
928:.
901:.
875:.
861:.
832:.
805:.
793::
770:.
734:.
707:.
78:(
68:]
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.