2338:
2350:
217:
Most of the innovative work on deterrence theory occurred from the late 1940s to mid-1960s. Historically, scholarship on deterrence has tended to focus on nuclear deterrence. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an extension of deterrence scholarship to areas that are not specifically about
105:
as "getting the adversary to act a certain way via anything short of brute force; the adversary must still have the capacity of organized violence but choose not to exercise it". Coercion strategy "relies on the threat of future military force to influence an adversary's decision making but may also
265:
Credibility may be determined through assessments of past reputation, current interests, and signaling. Misperception and miscommunication can lead to erroneous assessments of credibility. Assessments of reputation may be linked to specific leaders, as well as states. Some scholars question whether
81:
Successful coercive diplomacy entails clearly communicated threats, a cost-benefit calculus, credibility, and reassurance. It frequently revolves around a demonstration of capabilities and resolve, both of which enhance the credibility of attempts to coerce others. Scholars have identified several
269:
Credibility entails that defiance will be met with punishment, and that compliance will be met with restraint. One of the main problems in coercive diplomacy is that it is hard to credibly signal that compliance will not lead to punishment. If the coerced state perceives that it will be punished
273:
Some scholarship suggests that the credibility of threats is enhanced by costly signaling, which means that the threats themselves incur costs, which signify that the threats are genuine. Other scholars argue that sunk-cost signaling is exceedingly rare in practice, as states prefer to signal
145:
Pape also added the strategy of decapitation, which typically entails targeting leaders. Alexander Downes and
Kathryn McNabb Cochran distinguish between two punishment strategies: (i) Coercive victimization (which raises the costs of war for a government by targeting its civilians) and (ii)
46:
Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force. It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion (which may not necessarily involve the imposition of costs), brute force (which may not be intended to shape the adversary's behavior), or full-on
236:, which is a strategy aimed at maintaining the status quo (dissuading adversaries from undertaking an action), compellence entails efforts to change the status quo (persuading an opponent to change their behavior).
1478:
934:
56:
Coercion takes the form of either deterrence or compellence. Compellence has been characterized as harder to successfully implement than deterrence because of difficulties in getting actors to withdraw
250:
Credibility in international relations refers to the perceived likelihood that a leader or a state follows through on threats and promises that have been made. Credibility is a key component of
262:. Credibility is related to concepts such as reputation (how past behavior shapes perceptions of an actor's tendencies) and resolve (the willingness to stand firm while incurring costs).
1358:
1692:
232:
Compellence is the attempt to get an actor to change its behavior through threats to use of force or the actual use of limited force. As distinguished from
1829:
1461:
1352:
1119:
1092:
1018:
991:
917:
890:
852:
802:
712:
447:
396:
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245:
1332:
872:
1443:
778:
1644:
1192:"The Obama Administration and Syrian Chemical Weapons: Deterrence, Compellence, and the Limits of the "Resolve plus Bombs" Formula"
2294:
1725:
828:
1293:
2323:
83:
511:
702:
935:"Redefining the Debate Over Reputation and Credibility in International Security: Promises and Limits of New Scholarship"
2376:
1882:
1109:
2311:
781:," in Civilians and Warfare in History, ed. Nicola Foote and Nadya Williams (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018), 288-312.
281:
effectively enhance the credibility of threats. Other scholars dispute that audience costs enhance credibility.
2301:
1946:
1687:
2054:
1818:
1765:
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1704:
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20:
2149:
1786:
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Deterrence is widely defined as any use of threats (implicit or explicit) or limited force intended to
270:
regardless of whether it complies or not, then that might increase the likelihood of non-compliance.
2235:
2119:
2109:
2004:
1918:
1823:
779:
It’s a Crime, but Is It a
Blunder? Investigating the Military Effectiveness of Civilian Victimization
78:
whereas a reputation for a lack of resolve may undermine general deterrence and future compellence.
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2170:
2114:
2084:
2059:
2049:
2024:
1994:
1875:
1840:
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Successful instances of coercive diplomacy in one case may have a deterrent effect on other states,
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2014:
2009:
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2019:
1973:
1958:
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36:
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1989:
1968:
1941:
1933:
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1400:
1340:
1305:
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1203:
1153:
1047:
946:
878:
744:
662:
621:
575:
523:
476:
128:
465:"Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea"
2289:
2220:
2094:
1898:
1744:
1294:"Damned If They Do, Damned If They Don't: The Assurance Dilemma in International Coercion"
32:
882:
2215:
2185:
2074:
1923:
1448:. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1141:
98:
28:
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278:
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764:
682:
360:
340:
1331:
Gartzke, Erik A.; Carcelli, Shannon; Gannon, J. Andres; Zhang, Jiakun Jack (2017).
94:
1208:
1191:
1084:
Reputation for
Resolve: How Leaders Signal Determination in International Politics
666:
424:
The
Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might
1372:
Altman, Dan; Quek, Kai (2024). "Do States Really Sink Costs to Signal
Resolve?".
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1008:
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1999:
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227:
109:
40:
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1809:
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1059:
958:
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635:
589:
535:
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1928:
1653:
1389:"Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes"
406:
386:
16:
Action by a state to compel international entities to do (or not) something
1622:
564:"Revisiting Reputation: How Past Actions Matter in International Politics"
131:
and Robert Pape distinguished between coercive strategies that sought to:
1963:
1657:
1309:
610:"Sending a Message: The Reputation Effect of US Sanction Threat Behavior"
480:
60:
One influential typology of coercion distinguishes between strategies to
1557:
1525:
1267:
1235:
1420:
1388:
1051:
626:
464:
146:
Eliminationist victimization (which removes civilians from territory).
733:"Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs"
86:, interests, reputation, credibility, resolve, and ability to signal.
2104:
1730:
609:
1404:
1157:
170:
According to Robert Art, the perquisites for coercion success are:
1479:"Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94"
1626:
214:
an actor from taking an action (i.e. maintain the status quo).
48:
1036:"Leader Influence and Reputation Formation in World Politics"
266:
credibility or reputation matters in international disputes.
138:
Risk: Raise the probability of future costs for the adversary
704:
Calculating
Credibility: How Leaders Assess Military Threats
141:
Deny: Prevent the adversary from obtaining their objectives.
1140:
Cebul, Matthew D.; Dafoe, Allan; Monteiro, Nuno P. (2020).
909:
874:
Cross-Domain
Deterrence: Strategy in an Era of Complexity
794:
1236:"Goliath's Curse: Coercive Threats and Asymmetric Power"
983:
Crucible of
Beliefs: Learning, Alliances, and World Wars
189:
Creation of a sense of urgency in the other state's mind
82:
factors as contributing to successful coercion, such as
933:
Jervis, Robert; Yarhi-Milo, Keren; Casler, Don (2021).
1190:
Bowen, Wyn; Knopf, Jeffrey W.; Moran, Matthew (2020).
1010:
Perception and Misperception in International Politics
304:
Coercion: The Power to Hurt in International Politics
1034:
Renshon, Jonathan; Dafoe, Allan; Huth, Paul (2018).
160:
A communication of that commitment to the other side
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2256:
2158:
1982:
1911:
1891:
1863:
1807:
1774:
1758:
1713:
1680:
1671:
1664:
1477:Gelpi, Christopher F.; Griesdorf, Michael (2001).
912:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 3.
512:"The Secret Success of Nonproliferation Sanctions"
1581:"The Cost of Empty Threats: A Penny, Not a Pound"
777:Alexander B. Downes and Kathryn McNabb Cochran, "
51:(which involves the use of full military force).
1524:Downes, Alexander B.; Sechser, Todd S. (2012).
649:Borghard, Erica D.; Lonergan, Shawn W. (2017).
192:Making the target fear unacceptable escalation
72:the adversary from achieving their objectives.
1638:
342:Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War
8:
1142:"Coercion and the Credibility of Assurances"
1013:(new ed.). Princeton University Press.
906:Art, Robert J.; Greenhill, Kelly M. (2015).
426:New York. Cambridge University Press. 2002.
301:Greenhill, Kelly M.; Krause, Peter (2018).
1677:
1668:
1645:
1631:
1623:
562:Weisiger, Alex; Yarhi-Milo, Keren (2015).
1579:Snyder, Jack; Borghard, Erica D. (2011).
1207:
625:
579:
135:Punish: Raise the costs for the adversary
1526:"The Illusion of Democratic Credibility"
1337:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
826:The United States and Coercive Diplomacy
418:
416:
345:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press.
163:The capability to back up the commitment
153:, successful coercion tends to involve:
871:Gartzke, Eric; Lindsay, Jon R. (2019).
290:
274:credibility and resolve in other ways.
106:include limited uses of actual force".
39:) or to compel them to take an action (
35:to prevent them from taking an action (
27:refers to the imposition of costs by a
1345:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.481
1287:
1285:
1185:
1183:
829:United States Institute of Peace Press
726:
724:
1830:Conseiller chargé des investissements
1393:The American Political Science Review
1229:
1227:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1111:Reputation and International Politics
1040:American Journal of Political Science
866:
864:
847:. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30.
696:
694:
692:
651:"The Logic of Coercion in Cyberspace"
603:
601:
599:
442:. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30.
246:Credibility (international relations)
7:
2349:
557:
555:
553:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
324:
296:
294:
277:Some scholars argue that incurring
1374:Journal of Global Security Studies
883:10.1093/oso/9780190908645.001.0001
797:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
422:Byman, Daniel and Matthew Waxman.
180:Domestic and international support
166:The will to back up the commitment
14:
1585:American Political Science Review
1483:American Political Science Review
844:Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis
439:Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis
2348:
2337:
2336:
1445:Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy
1361:from the original on 2018-11-28.
258:, as well as the functioning of
2324:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
614:International Studies Quarterly
737:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1:
1333:"Signaling in Foreign Policy"
1209:10.1080/09636412.2020.1859130
667:10.1080/09636412.2017.1306396
608:Peterson, Timothy M. (2013).
385:Schelling, Thomas C. (1966).
2319:Twin towns and sister cities
1442:Schultz, Kenneth A. (2001).
1114:. Cornell University Press.
1087:. Cornell University Press.
1081:Lupton, Danielle L. (2020).
986:. Cornell University Press.
707:. Cornell University Press.
510:Miller, Nicholas L. (2014).
877:. Oxford University Press.
841:Morgan, Patrick M. (1977).
791:Lebow, Richard Ned (1981).
749:10.1177/0022002797041001004
436:Morgan, Patrick M. (1977).
307:. Oxford University Press.
2393:
2312:Plenipotentiary Conference
1530:International Organization
1292:Pauly, Reid B. C. (2024).
1240:International Organization
568:International Organization
516:International Organization
243:
225:
203:
2332:
1597:10.1017/s000305541100027x
1542:10.1017/S0020818312000161
1495:10.1017/S0003055401003148
1387:Fearon, James D. (1994).
1252:10.1017/S0020818310000214
1234:Sechser, Todd S. (2010).
1108:Mercer, Jonathan (2010).
951:10.1017/S0043887120000246
731:Fearon, James D. (1997).
581:10.1017/S0020818314000393
528:10.1017/S0020818314000216
391:. Yale University Press.
2302:Parliamentary delegation
2181:Diplomatic accreditation
1947:African Diplomatic Corps
1688:Permanent representative
1454:10.1017/cbo9780511491658
701:Press, Daryl G. (2007).
339:Pape, Robert A. (1996).
64:an adversary, raise the
1750:Deputy chief of mission
1705:Resident representative
1146:The Journal of Politics
1007:Jervis, Robert (2017).
195:Asymmetry in motivation
157:A formulated commitment
21:international relations
2196:Diplomatic credentials
1298:International Security
469:International Security
463:Zhang, Ketian (2019).
186:Clearly stated demands
1787:Resident commissioner
1759:Bilateral-subnational
68:for an adversary, or
1919:Apostolic nunciature
1819:Agricultural attaché
1310:10.1162/isec_a_00488
980:Reiter, Dan (1996).
481:10.1162/isec_a_00354
361:10.7591/j.ctt1287f6v
31:on other states and
2211:Diplomatic immunity
2171:Consular assistance
1700:Ambassador-at-large
2377:Types of diplomacy
2269:Letter of credence
2231:Diplomatic uniform
2226:Diplomatic service
2206:Diplomatic illness
2201:Diplomatic history
1954:Diplomatic mission
1871:Diplomatic courier
1851:Trade commissioner
1714:Bilateral-national
1052:10.1111/ajps.12335
627:10.1111/isqu.12017
388:Arms and Influence
260:military alliances
252:coercive diplomacy
2364:
2363:
2274:Letter of protest
2242:Persona non grata
2176:Consular immunity
1974:Exclusive mandate
1907:
1906:
1859:
1858:
1824:Chargé de mission
1775:Bilateral-insular
1739:Chargé d'affaires
1726:High commissioner
1463:978-0-521-79227-1
1354:978-0-19-022863-7
1121:978-0-8014-7489-7
1094:978-1-5017-4773-1
1020:978-1-4008-8511-4
993:978-0-8014-3188-3
919:978-1-4422-3306-5
892:978-0-19-090960-4
854:978-0-8039-0819-2
831:, Washington, DC.
822:Patrick M. Cronin
804:978-0-8018-2311-4
714:978-0-8014-7415-6
449:978-0-8039-0819-2
398:978-0-300-00221-8
352:978-0-8014-3134-0
314:978-0-19-084633-6
234:deterrence theory
218:nuclear weapons.
206:Deterrence theory
183:Strong leadership
177:Strong motivation
151:Richard Ned Lebow
116:as a synonym for
2384:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2191:Diplomatic cable
1969:Protecting power
1942:Diplomatic corps
1883:Foreign minister
1876:King's Messenger
1841:Military attaché
1836:Cultural attaché
1678:
1669:
1647:
1640:
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1231:
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1211:
1196:Security Studies
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655:Security Studies
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174:Clear objectives
129:Thomas Schelling
33:non-state actors
2392:
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2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2328:
2290:Development aid
2278:
2252:
2221:Diplomatic rank
2154:
1978:
1959:High commission
1903:
1899:Diplomatic rank
1887:
1855:
1846:Science attaché
1803:
1770:
1754:
1745:Head of mission
1709:
1673:
1660:
1651:
1621:
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1405:10.2307/2944796
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2216:Diplomatic law
2213:
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2188:
2186:Diplomatic bag
2183:
2178:
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2147:
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1924:Consular corps
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1892:Classification
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1808:By portfolio (
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1801:
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1693:United Nations
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1652:
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1642:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1591:(3): 437–456.
1571:
1536:(3): 457–489.
1516:
1489:(3): 633–647.
1469:
1462:
1434:
1399:(3): 577–592.
1379:
1364:
1353:
1323:
1281:
1246:(4): 627–660.
1223:
1202:(5): 797–831.
1179:
1158:10.1086/711132
1152:(3): 975–991.
1127:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1073:
1046:(2): 325–339.
1026:
1019:
999:
992:
972:
945:(1): 167–203.
939:World Politics
925:
918:
898:
891:
860:
853:
833:
810:
803:
783:
770:
720:
713:
688:
661:(3): 452–481.
641:
620:(4): 672–682.
595:
574:(2): 473–495.
549:
522:(4): 913–944.
502:
475:(1): 117–159.
455:
448:
428:
412:
397:
366:
351:
320:
313:
289:
288:
286:
283:
279:audience costs
244:Main article:
241:
238:
226:Main article:
223:
220:
204:Main article:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
143:
142:
139:
136:
125:
122:
112:uses the term
99:Matthew Waxman
91:
88:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Paradiplomacy
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Full-spectrum
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1799:Agent-general
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:leader titles
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:(1): 91–132.
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1000:
995:
989:
985:
984:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
915:
911:
910:
902:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
867:
865:
861:
856:
850:
846:
845:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
818:Robert J. Art
814:
811:
806:
800:
796:
795:
787:
784:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
721:
716:
710:
706:
705:
697:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
456:
451:
445:
441:
440:
432:
429:
425:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
394:
390:
389:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
348:
344:
343:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
310:
306:
305:
297:
295:
291:
284:
282:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
239:
237:
235:
229:
221:
219:
215:
213:
207:
199:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
171:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
154:
152:
149:According to
147:
140:
137:
134:
133:
132:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
89:
87:
85:
79:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
53:
50:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2354:
2342:
2283:Other topics
2240:
2150:Wolf warrior
1934:
1828:
1737:
1681:Multilateral
1588:
1584:
1574:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1444:
1437:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1336:
1326:
1301:
1297:
1243:
1239:
1199:
1195:
1149:
1145:
1110:
1103:
1083:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1009:
1002:
982:
975:
942:
938:
928:
908:
901:
873:
843:
836:
825:
813:
793:
786:
773:
743:(1): 68–90.
740:
736:
703:
658:
654:
644:
617:
613:
571:
567:
519:
515:
505:
472:
468:
458:
438:
431:
423:
387:
341:
303:
276:
272:
268:
264:
249:
231:
216:
209:
169:
148:
144:
127:
117:
113:
108:
102:
95:Daniel Byman
93:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
52:
44:
24:
18:
2166:Appeasement
1864:Other roles
407:j.ctt5vm52s
240:Credibility
228:Compellence
222:Compellence
118:compellence
110:Robert Pape
41:compellence
2248:Soft power
2120:Preventive
2110:Pilgrimage
2005:Commercial
1721:Ambassador
1672:Diplomatic
285:References
256:deterrence
200:Deterrence
90:Definition
37:deterrence
2264:Exequatur
2257:Documents
2115:Ping-pong
2085:Migration
2060:Guerrilla
2050:Freelance
2025:Debt-trap
1995:Checkbook
1929:Consulate
1658:diplomats
1654:Diplomacy
1613:144584619
1605:0003-0554
1566:154325372
1550:0020-8183
1511:146346368
1503:0003-0554
1413:0003-0554
1318:0162-2889
1260:0020-8183
1218:0963-6412
1174:225429435
1166:0022-3816
1068:158373803
1060:1540-5907
967:230529327
959:0043-8871
757:0022-0027
675:0963-6412
636:0020-8833
590:0020-8183
544:154519741
536:0020-8183
497:198952376
489:0162-2889
2371:Category
2343:Category
2295:Agencies
2236:Protocol
2145:Track II
2040:Economic
2015:Culinary
2010:Cultural
2000:Coercive
1964:Legation
1935:De facto
1782:Resident
1558:23279964
1429:36315471
1359:Archived
1276:46107608
1268:40930451
765:42473249
683:46356854
212:dissuade
124:Coercion
114:coercion
103:coercion
57:actions.
25:coercion
2355:Commons
2140:Stadium
2135:Shuttle
2130:Science
2080:Medical
2070:Hostage
2065:Gunboat
2030:Digital
2020:Defence
1937:embassy
1912:Offices
1810:Attaché
1421:2944796
101:define
2307:Summit
2159:Topics
2125:Public
2105:Parley
2045:Energy
2035:Dollar
1990:Caviar
1766:Consul
1731:Nuncio
1611:
1603:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1509:
1501:
1460:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1351:
1316:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1216:
1172:
1164:
1118:
1091:
1066:
1058:
1017:
990:
965:
957:
916:
889:
851:
801:
763:
755:
711:
681:
673:
634:
588:
542:
534:
495:
487:
446:
405:
395:
359:
349:
311:
62:punish
2095:Panda
1983:Types
1794:Envoy
1665:Roles
1609:S2CID
1562:S2CID
1554:JSTOR
1507:S2CID
1425:S2CID
1417:JSTOR
1272:S2CID
1264:JSTOR
1170:S2CID
1064:S2CID
963:S2CID
761:S2CID
679:S2CID
540:S2CID
493:S2CID
403:JSTOR
357:JSTOR
84:power
29:state
2075:Iron
1656:and
1601:ISSN
1546:ISSN
1499:ISSN
1458:ISBN
1409:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1314:ISSN
1256:ISSN
1214:ISSN
1162:ISSN
1116:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1056:ISSN
1015:ISBN
988:ISBN
955:ISSN
914:ISBN
887:ISBN
849:ISBN
820:and
799:ISBN
753:ISSN
709:ISBN
671:ISSN
632:ISSN
586:ISSN
532:ISSN
485:ISSN
444:ISBN
393:ISBN
347:ISBN
309:ISBN
254:and
97:and
70:deny
66:risk
2090:New
1593:doi
1589:105
1538:doi
1491:doi
1450:doi
1401:doi
1341:doi
1306:doi
1248:doi
1204:doi
1154:doi
1048:doi
947:doi
879:doi
745:doi
663:doi
622:doi
576:doi
524:doi
477:doi
49:war
19:In
2373::
1607:.
1599:.
1587:.
1583:.
1560:.
1552:.
1544:.
1534:66
1532:.
1528:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:95
1485:.
1481:.
1456:.
1423:.
1415:.
1407:.
1397:88
1395:.
1391:.
1357:.
1347:.
1339:.
1335:.
1312:.
1302:49
1300:.
1296:.
1284:^
1270:.
1262:.
1254:.
1244:64
1242:.
1238:.
1226:^
1212:.
1200:29
1198:.
1194:.
1182:^
1168:.
1160:.
1150:83
1148:.
1144:.
1130:^
1062:.
1054:.
1044:62
1042:.
1038:.
961:.
953:.
943:73
941:.
937:.
885:.
863:^
824:,
759:.
751:.
741:41
739:.
735:.
723:^
691:^
677:.
669:.
659:26
657:.
653:.
630:.
618:57
616:.
612:.
598:^
584:.
572:69
570:.
566:.
552:^
538:.
530:.
520:68
518:.
514:.
491:.
483:.
473:44
471:.
467:.
415:^
401:.
369:^
355:.
323:^
293:^
120:.
43:).
23:,
1812:)
1646:e
1639:t
1632:v
1615:.
1595::
1568:.
1540::
1513:.
1493::
1466:.
1452::
1431:.
1403::
1376:.
1343::
1320:.
1308::
1278:.
1250::
1220:.
1206::
1176:.
1156::
1124:.
1097:.
1070:.
1050::
1023:.
996:.
969:.
949::
922:.
895:.
881::
857:.
807:.
767:.
747::
717:.
685:.
665::
638:.
624::
592:.
578::
546:.
526::
499:.
479::
452:.
409:.
363:.
317:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.