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face, which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz – generally wore a female garb – hence the name
Christmas woman – sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action. He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes, nuts, and fruits, and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting. One would scatter the goodies upon the floor, and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children, and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters – who would not show a wince, but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance.
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425:. If they do not, he beats the children with his bag of ashes. In other (presumably more modern) versions of the story, Knecht Ruprecht gives naughty children gifts such as lumps of coal, sticks, and stones, while well-behaving children receive sweets from Saint Nicholas. He also can be known to give naughty children a switch (stick) in their shoes instead of candy, fruit and nuts, in the German tradition.
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song to impress upon Santa and
Ruprecht that they were indeed good children. Those who performed badly would be beaten soundly by Servant Ruprecht, and those who performed well were given a gift or some treats. Those who performed badly enough or had committed other misdeeds throughout the year were put into Ruprecht's sack and taken away, variously to Ruprecht's home in the
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On the South Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, a
Christmas tradition known as Belsnickling occurs, where, similar to mummering, people go from house to house within the communities dressed in multiple layers of clothing and with scarves around their faces to conceal their identity. These people are then
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Ruprecht sometimes walks with a limp, because of a childhood injury. Often, his black clothes and dirty face are attributed to the soot he collects as he goes down chimneys. In some of the
Ruprecht traditions, the children would be summoned to the door to perform tricks, such as a dance or singing a
380:
Often the subject of winter poems and tales, the
Companions travel with Saint Nicholas carrying with them a rod (sometimes a stick and in modern times often a broom) and a sack. They are sometimes dressed in black rags, bearing a black face and unruly black hair. In many contemporary portrayals the
617:
He was known as
Kriskinkle, Beltznickle and sometimes as the Xmas woman. Children then not only saw the mysterious person, but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch. The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark, thoroughly disguised, especially the
763:
Like Knecht
Ruprecht, he was traditionally the one punishing ill-behaved children by beating them with a birch rod or even taking them back to Spain in a sack he carried (which on arrival contained the gifts for the good children). However, in the 20th century these punishments were abolished and
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from all over
Austria wearing goat-hair costumes and carved masks, carrying bundles of sticks used as switches and swinging cowbells to warn of their approach. In the past few decades village Krampus associations parade without St. Nicholas at Krampus events throughout late November and early
418:, is a companion of Saint Nicholas, and possibly the most familiar. Tradition holds that he was a man with a long beard, wearing fur or covered in pea-straw. Knecht Ruprecht sometimes carried a long staff and a bag of ashes, and wore little bells on his clothes.
518:, the wicked hairy devil appears on the streets. He sometimes accompanies St. Nicholas. However, Krampus will at times be on his own, visiting homes and businesses. Saint Nicholas dispenses gifts, while Krampus supplies coal and bundles of birch branches.
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attire and gold earrings. The character has become a reoccurring subject of controversy, especially in the
Netherlands, for its perceived cultural and ethnic insensitivity. Historically, Zwarte Piet is referred to as a servant, not a companion.
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is a companion of Saint
Nicholas in the Palatinate (Pfalz), Germany. Belsnickel is a man wearing fur which covers his entire body, and he sometimes wears a mask with a long tongue. He is a rather scary creature who visits children at
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Müller, Felix / Müller, Ulrich: Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten. In: Müller, Ulrich / Wunderlich, Werner (Hrsg.): Mittelalter-Mythen 2. Dämonen-Monster-Fabelwesen. St. Gallen 1999, pages
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to be consumed later, or to be tossed into a river. In other versions the children must be asleep, and would awake to find their shoes filled with either sweets, coal, or in some cases a stick.
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Scientific text on the tradition of Krampus in the region of Salzburg – includes a lively description of the fascination of being a Krampus – text written in 1997 and published in 1999
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According to Alexander Tille, Knecht Ruprecht represented an archetypal manservant, "and has exactly as much individuality of social rank and as little personal individuality as the
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462:, the characters representative of country nobility and peasantry respectively." Tille also states that Knecht Ruprecht originally had no connection with Christmastime.
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In parts of the United States in the 19th century, "Pelznickel" traditions were maintained for a time among immigrants at least as far west as the US state of
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Northern mythology: comprising the principal popular traditions and superstitions of Scandinavia, north Germany, and the Netherlands
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companions look like dark, sinister, or rustic versions of Nicholas himself, with a similar costume but with a darker color scheme.
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time and delivers socks or shoes full of candy, but if the children were not good, they will find coal in their stockings instead.
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According to tradition, Knecht Ruprecht asks children whether they know their prayers. If they do, they receive apples, nuts, and
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is a terrifying figure found in parts of Austria, Bavaria, South Tyrol, Slovenia, and Croatia, most probably originating in the
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make-up, by painting their faces black, wearing exaggerated red lipstick, and a "nappy" or "kinky" wig, as well as colorful
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given food and drinks (usually rum or eggnog) until their identities are guessed, and then they're off to the next house.
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609:, a collection of essays by Jacob Brown (born 1824). Writing of a period around 1830, Brown says, "we did not hear of"
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I do not rightly know, perhaps simply from his smutty sooty aspect? Instead of Grampus there is also in Styria a
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is a run of celebrants dressed as the beast, and is still quite popular, many of the participants fortified with
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with elves has parallels in English and Scandinavian folklore, and is ultimately and remotely connected to the
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Zwarte Piet became a friendly character, although the punishments can still be heard in Sinterklaas songs.
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The Feast of Saint Nicholas is celebrated in parts of Europe on December 6. On the preceding evening,
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Santa Claus, last of the wild men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas, spanning 50,000 years
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The Krampus and the Old, Dark Christmas: Roots and Rebirth of the Folkloric Devil
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Laity, K. A.: When Little Joe the Krampus Met. Wombat's World Publishing, 2003.
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Santa Claus, last of the Wild Men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas
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Felix und Ulrich Müller – Percht und Krampus, Kramperl und Schiach-Perchten:
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whom we in Germany call Knecht Ruprecht and exhibit to children at Christmas
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or the countries that it influenced culturally. These characters act as a
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1074:"Zwarte Piet: Opposition Grows To 'Racist Black Pete' Dutch Tradition"
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A first-hand 19th-century account of the "Beltznickle" tradition in
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In 2011, National Public Radio helped advertise the formation of a
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on his way to scare children in his travel attire, December 2012
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from Spain. Participants portraying Zwarte Piet typically wear
1033:, Printed by J.J. Miller (Cumberland, Maryland 1896), page 41.
725:, meaning father whipper) is the companion of Saint Nicholas (
630:
206:
Names for the "dark" or threatening companion figure include:
184:
18:
1150:
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character in a 1953 photograph taken in Wintzenheim, Alsace.
934:
Taylor, Alan. "Krampus: Saint Nicholas' Dark Companion",
590:. Today, remnants of this tradition remain, known as the
346:(Angel). In France, Saint Nicholas' companion is called
334:
meaning dirt). In the Czech Republic, Saint Nicholas or
165:, threatening to thrash or abduct disobedient children.
525:, greeting cards featuring Krampus, since the 1800s. A
1096:"St. Nicholas Center ::: Dutch Sinterklaas Songs"
949:
Bruce, Maurice (March 1958). "The Krampus in Styria".
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are a group of closely related figures who accompany
919:
Yule and Christmas: their place in the Germanic year
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175:) associated this character with the pre-Christian
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
410:of Germany, Knecht Ruprecht, which translates as
788: – Legendary sleigh-pulling flying reindeer
309:The corresponding figure in the Netherlands and
16:Folkloric figures who accompany the gift-bringer
615:
431:was a common name for the devil in Germany and
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1166:
1009:. Port Townsend, WA: Feral House. p. 9.
8:
512:
153:throughout the territories formerly in the
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1057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
743:. Traditionally Zwarte Piet is said to be
660:. Please do not remove this message until
885:
883:
680:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
929:
927:
867:
865:
863:
847:"Christmas Eve Pre-Christian Traditions"
836:, who rattles, rackets and throws nuts."
794: – Character in Russian fairy tales
656:Relevant discussion may be found on the
549:by Krampus enthusiasts in Philadelphia.
913:
911:
902:
804:
507:. In Tyrol, he is also called "Tuifl".
1050:
984:: McFarland and Co. pp. 155–159.
828:(pointing to Bertha, or Bartholomew?)
2503:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
776: – Christmas figure from Finland
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
125:Saint Nicholas and Krampus visit a
1146:"Santa's Companions" on mrshea.com
14:
1047:. University of California Press.
877:, vol. 3, (E. Lumley, 1852), 146.
3683:Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)
2924:
2923:
2379:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2274:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
635:
533:. Over 1200 "Krampus" gather in
402:(on the left) and Saint Nicholas
372:, Northern and Eastern France).
23:
521:Europeans have been exchanging
505:Pre-Christian Alpine traditions
34:needs additional citations for
2359:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2288:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1671:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1450:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1031:Brown's Miscellaneous Writings
607:Brown's Miscellaneous Writings
58:"Companions of Saint Nicholas"
1:
2310:Christmas television specials
2209:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1296:Annunciation to the shepherds
963:10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717121
737:folklore of the Low Countries
4021:Companions of Saint Nicholas
3091:Companions of Saint Nicholas
2364:Christmas and holiday season
1043:Forbes, Bruce David (2007).
226:, Croatia, Hungary (spelled
147:companions of Saint Nicholas
3953:Hirschsprung (Black Forest)
1045:Christmas: A Candid History
696:Sinterklaas and Zwarte Piet
662:conditions to do so are met
4069:
3925:Volksmärchen der Deutschen
3760:Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)
1276:Adoration of the Shepherds
699:
568:
477:
388:
2984:German-speaking countries
2979:
2919:
2520:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2281:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2202:The Oxford Book of Carols
1778:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1341:Massacre of the Innocents
1190:
982:Jefferson, North Carolina
976:Siefker, Phyllis (1997).
715:Black Peter or Black Pete
714:
603:Allegany County, Maryland
362:, East of France and the
191:. The association of the
129:home (1896 illustration).
3557:Christman Genipperteinga
2322:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1100:www.stnicholascenter.org
627:Zwarte Piet (Black Pete)
3903:Legends and fairy tales
3711:Kunigunde von OrlamĂĽnde
3669:Heinrich von Winkelried
2484:Small Business Saturday
2354:Black Friday (shopping)
2349:Black Friday (partying)
1843:Nine Lessons and Carols
1773:Events and celebrations
492:at the Perchtenlauf in
222:, Parkelj in Slovenia,
3788:RĂĽdiger von Bechelaren
3571:Eppelein von Gailingen
2128:Post-War United States
893:(McFarland, 1997), 82.
786:Santa Claus's reindeer
730:
722:
697:
620:
566:
513:
497:
451:Christmas procession.
403:
338:is accompanied by the
193:Christmas gift-bringer
163:Christmas gift-bringer
142:
130:
3960:Venusberg (mythology)
3767:Pied Piper of Hamelin
3613:Götz von Berlichingen
3529:Arnold von Winkelried
2177:Hit singles in the US
2172:Hit singles in the UK
1733:Carols by Candlelight
1661:Santa Claus' daughter
1269:Adoration of the Magi
1076:. UK: Huffington Post
1005:Ridenour, Al (2016).
921:(D. Nutt, 1899), 116.
695:
560:
487:
398:
234:in Bavaria, Austria;
136:
124:
4026:Christmas characters
3851:Walram of Thierstein
3725:Matthias Klostermayr
3606:Giselher of Burgundy
3599:Genevieve of Brabant
3585:Frederick Barbarossa
2469:Santa's Candy Castle
1793:Google Santa Tracker
43:improve this article
3911:Grimms' Fairy Tales
3858:Walter of Aquitaine
3830:The Smith of Kochel
2474:Santa Claus Village
2389:Christmas Mountains
2295:Journey of the Magi
1301:Baptism of the Lord
649:of this section is
350:in German-speaking
172:Deutsche Mythologie
4031:Christian folklore
3865:Werner Stauffacher
3781:Punker of Rohrbach
3697:Knight of the Swan
2584:Twelve-dish supper
2434:Jews and Christmas
2384:Christmas Lectures
2113:American Civil War
1848:NORAD Tracks Santa
1224:Saint Nicholas Day
938:, December 3, 2013
817:Teutonic Mythology
698:
605:, can be found in
567:
498:
404:
276:Pennsylvania Dutch
161:to the benevolent
143:
131:
4051:Household deities
4008:
4007:
3893:Xaver Hohenleiter
3837:Till Eulenspiegel
3704:Konrad Baumgarten
3690:Klaus Störtebeker
3564:Dietrich von Bern
3182:Feuermann (ghost)
2939:
2938:
2915:
2914:
2579:Thirteen desserts
2499:Virginia O'Hanlon
2344:Advent Conspiracy
2258:Films (Christmas,
2250:A Christmas Carol
2195:Carols for Choirs
1738:Cavalcade of Magi
1718:Boar's Head Feast
1387:Star of Bethlehem
1358:Nativity of Jesus
1346:flight into Egypt
1231:St. Stephen's Day
917:Alexander Tille,
889:Phyllis Siefker,
871:Benjamin Thorpe,
690:
689:
682:
439:is the same home-
201:American folklore
155:Holy Roman Empire
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3170:
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3119:Dwarf (folklore)
3114:
3107:
3105:Drak (mythology)
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
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3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2762:Redcurrant sauce
2551:
2545:
2540:
2514:Winter festivals
2264:Christmas horror
2231:
2142:
1973:
1828:Meals and feasts
1748:Christmas jumper
1695:
1666:Santa's reindeer
1618:
1564:Father Christmas
1528:
1485:Santa's workshop
1406:
1368:in later culture
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
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1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1072:Felicity Morse.
1069:
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996:
995:
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931:
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869:
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843:
837:
809:
747:because he is a
716:
685:
678:
674:
671:
665:
639:
638:
631:
594:, especially in
516:
446:
282:in Switzerland;
189:Christianization
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4041:Santa's helpers
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3992:German folklore
3990:
3979:
3974:Walpurgis Night
3972:
3965:
3958:
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3937:
3930:
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3730:
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3709:
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3667:
3662:Hans von Trotha
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3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3329:Mare (folklore)
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3287:Knecht Ruprecht
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3217:Heinzelmännchen
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
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3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3070:BuschgroĂźmutter
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2987:
2975:
2973:German folklore
2970:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2911:
2877:Pickled herring
2850:
2819:
2766:
2757:Cranberry sauce
2740:
2719:
2695:Red velvet cake
2680:Poppy seed roll
2598:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2509:White Christmas
2399:Christmas truce
2394:Christmas seals
2374:Christmas creep
2336:
2334:
2328:
2229:
2223:
2140:
2134:
1971:
1965:
1818:Lord of Misrule
1753:Christmas Peace
1703:Advent calendar
1693:
1687:
1636:Knecht Ruprecht
1616:
1614:
1608:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1321:Herod the Great
1256:
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1118:Further reading
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700:Main articles:
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636:
629:
573:
555:
482:
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444:
412:Farmhand Rupert
400:Knecht Ruprecht
393:
391:Knecht Ruprecht
387:
385:Knecht Ruprecht
378:
209:Knecht Ruprecht
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:Saint Nicholas
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4006:
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4003:
4002:
3999:Swiss folklore
3995:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3939:Nibelungenlied
3935:
3932:Gespensterbuch
3928:
3921:
3918:Deutsche Sagen
3914:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3889:
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3854:
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3802:Schinderhannes
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3700:
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3686:
3679:
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3655:Hans von Sagan
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3641:Hagen (legend)
3637:
3630:
3623:
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3444:
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3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3378:Ork (folklore)
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3336:Mephistopheles
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
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3227:
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3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
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3136:
3133:Ekke Nekkepenn
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3007:Alp (folklore)
3003:
2995:
2993:
2989:
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2810:
2808:Smoking Bishop
2800:
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2511:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2489:Super Saturday
2486:
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2426:
2421:
2419:Giving Tuesday
2416:
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2369:Christmas club
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2216:Piae Cantiones
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2198:
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2182:Music charts (
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1651:Père Fouettard
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1617:Saint Nicholas
1610:
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1569:Grandpa Indian
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1537:Saint Nicholas
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1475:Old Man Winter
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1460:Miner's figure
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1445:Kallikantzaros
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1375:Nativity scene
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1249:
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1210:Children's Day
1206:
1199:
1196:Blue Christmas
1191:
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1187:
1180:
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1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1148:
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1133:
1132:External links
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706:Père Fouettard
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569:Main article:
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478:Main article:
475:
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416:Servant Rupert
389:Main article:
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365:Père Fouettard
325:Swiss folklore
151:Saint Nicholas
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3816:Stauffacherin
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3774:Princess Ilse
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3392:Petermännchen
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3273:King Goldemar
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3259:Klabautermann
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2857:
2855:Meat and fish
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3886:Wolfdietrich
3872:William Tell
3795:SchildbĂĽrger
3504:Wolpertinger
3469:Wiedergänger
3462:WeiĂźe Frauen
3413:Rhinemaidens
3161:Ewiger Jäger
3126:Easter Bunny
3098:Doppelgänger
3090:
2982:Folklore of
2981:
2867:Gefilte fish
2815:Ponche crema
2650:Melomakarono
2518:
2409:Cyber Monday
2314:
2279:
2248:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2190:Music books
2183:
2021:Nazi Germany
1913:
1909:Secret Santa
1896:
1783:Flying Santa
1613:
1490:TiĂł de Nadal
1440:Korvatunturi
1291:Annunciation
1257:Christianity
1238:Sol Invictus
1139:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1067:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1006:
1000:
977:
971:
957:(1): 44–47.
954:
950:
944:
936:The Atlantic
935:
918:
903:Siefker 1997
898:
890:
873:
850:. Retrieved
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
807:
762:
710:
709:
676:
667:
645:
621:
616:
606:
600:
596:Pennsylvania
591:
585:
574:
546:
544:
530:
526:
522:
520:
514:Krampusnacht
511:
509:
500:
499:
468:Black Forest
464:
460:Bauer Michel
459:
456:Junker Hanns
455:
453:
437:Robin fellow
428:
427:
420:
415:
411:
405:
379:
363:
355:
347:
343:
342:(Devil) and
339:
335:
327:
320:
314:
308:
299:
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291:
287:
283:
279:
278:influence);
272:Pennsylvania
261:
257:
253:
247:
243:
235:
231:
227:
218:in Austria,
213:
212:in Germany,
207:
205:
177:house spirit
170:
146:
144:
138:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4036:Folk saints
3753:Peter Klaus
3497:Witte Wiwer
3427:Santa Claus
3399:Poltergeist
3343:Moss people
3280:King Laurin
3189:Feldgeister
3140:Elwetritsch
2882:Roast goose
2803:Mulled wine
2783:Champurrado
2778:Apple cider
2752:Bread sauce
2705:Szaloncukor
2685:Pumpkin pie
2635:Gingerbread
2589:Smörgåsbord
2230:Other media
2068:Philippines
2058:New Zealand
1941:Twelve Days
1898:Räuchermann
1853:Nutcrackers
1803:Las Posadas
1763:Decorations
1743:Christingle
1683:Zwarte Piet
1678:Snegurochka
1599:Sinterklaas
1549:Santa Claus
812:Jacob Grimm
792:Snegurochka
757:Renaissance
732:Sinterklaas
711:Zwarte Piet
702:Zwarte Piet
611:Santa Claus
561:Modern day
547:Krampuslauf
527:Krampuslauf
423:gingerbread
316:Zwarte Piet
167:Jacob Grimm
4015:Categories
3946:FreischĂĽtz
3823:Tannhäuser
3676:Hildebrand
3634:Gundomar I
3592:Friar Rush
3441:Tatzelwurm
3406:Rasselbock
3357:Nachzehrer
3350:Nachtkrapp
3322:Lutzelfrau
3231:Hinzelmann
3196:Frau Holle
3084:Christkind
3077:Changeling
3042:Belsnickel
2610:Candy cane
2559:Joulupöytä
2459:Pikkujoulu
2123:New Mexico
1972:By country
1946:Wassailing
1887:Poinsettia
1694:Traditions
1646:Mrs. Claus
1626:Belsnickel
1579:Julemanden
1574:Joulupukki
1505:Wenceslaus
1470:North Pole
1435:Jack Frost
1425:Christkind
1380:Neapolitan
1203:Boxing Day
1080:27 October
780:Mr. Bingle
774:Joulupukki
741:blackamoor
713:(English:
647:neutrality
592:Belsnickel
576:Belsnickel
571:Belsnickel
563:Belsnickel
553:Belsnickel
542:December.
535:Schladming
494:Klagenfurt
376:Appearance
321:Black Pete
313:is called
284:Rumpelklas
270:(and also
268:Palatinate
263:Belsnickel
258:Belzeniggl
254:Pelznickel
199:in modern
139:Hans Trapp
69:newspapers
3718:Lohengrin
3476:Wild Hunt
3266:Klagmuhme
3049:Bergmönch
3021:Aufhocker
2897:Tourtière
2887:Romeritos
2824:Dumplings
2771:Beverages
2675:Pecan pie
2665:Panettone
2660:Pampushka
2655:Mince pie
2630:Fruitcake
2574:RĂ©veillon
2454:NFL games
2449:NBA games
2444:In August
2414:Economics
2184:Billboard
2038:Indonesia
1981:Australia
1956:Yule goat
1931:Stockings
1865:Ornaments
1594:Père Noël
1589:Olentzero
1584:Noel Baba
1559:Ded Moroz
1515:Yule Lads
1455:Mari Lwyd
1306:Bethlehem
1183:Christmas
1053:cite book
822:Schmutzli
753:blackface
735:) in the
658:talk page
581:Christmas
488:A modern
449:Nuremberg
356:Hanstrapp
328:Schmutzli
323:, and in
300:Buzebergt
292:Hans Muff
288:Bellzebub
280:Schmutzli
274:, due to
244:Pelzebock
3984:See also
3732:Nibelung
3648:Hannikel
3550:Brunhild
3483:Wild man
3420:RĂĽbezahl
3308:Lindworm
3210:Heimchen
3147:Erdhenne
3063:Bogeyman
3056:Bieresel
3035:Beerwolf
3014:Askafroa
3000:Alberich
2930:Category
2901:meat pie
2892:Stuffing
2846:Varenyky
2715:Yule log
2690:Qurabiya
2564:Julebord
2537:Food and
2464:SantaCon
2429:El Gordo
2316:Yule Log
2088:Scotland
2001:Ethiopia
1986:Colombia
1961:Yule log
1915:Spanbaum
1892:Pyramids
1758:Crackers
1656:Sack Man
1542:folklore
1510:Yule cat
1415:Badalisc
1405:folklore
1316:Epiphany
1124:449–460.
951:Folklore
834:Klaubauf
768:See also
651:disputed
531:schnapps
458:and the
429:Ruprecht
408:folklore
370:Wallonia
352:Lorraine
311:Flanders
304:Augsburg
232:Klaubauf
228:Krampusz
127:Viennese
99:May 2016
3620:Gunther
3385:Perchta
3364:Nis Puk
3315:Lorelei
3301:Krampus
3245:Irrwurz
3238:Hödekin
3168:Fänggen
3154:Erlking
3028:Bahkauv
2836:Pierogi
2831:Hallaca
2736:Borscht
2700:Stollen
2670:Pavlova
2645:MakĂłwki
2625:Cozonac
2594:Wigilia
2479:Scrooge
2439:In July
2337:society
2269:Poetry
2103:Ukraine
2078:Romania
2043:Ireland
2033:Iceland
2028:Hungary
2016:Germany
2006:Finland
1996:England
1991:Denmark
1951:Windows
1882:Piñatas
1870:Parades
1823:Markets
1808:Letters
1798:Hampers
1641:Krampus
1480:Perchta
1420:Caganer
826:Bärthel
588:Indiana
501:Krampus
490:Krampus
480:Krampus
474:Krampus
406:In the
348:Rubbels
332:schmutz
266:in the
220:Bavaria
215:Krampus
83:scholar
3967:Vineta
3879:Witege
3809:Sigurd
3739:Ortnit
3627:Gudrun
3536:Attila
3514:People
3434:Schrat
3294:Kobold
3224:Hemann
3175:Fasolt
2992:Beings
2907:Turkey
2841:Tamale
2798:Kissel
2788:Eggnog
2745:Sauces
2731:Menudo
2710:TurrĂłn
2620:Cookie
2603:Sweets
2569:KĹ«ÄŤios
2550:Dinner
2424:Grinch
2335:modern
2302:Tomten
2261:Santa,
2244:novels
2162:Operas
2150:Carols
2118:Hawaii
2098:Sweden
2093:Serbia
2083:Russia
2073:Poland
2063:Norway
2053:Mexico
2011:France
1926:Stamps
1921:Szopka
1813:Lights
1768:Didukh
1604:Others
1554:Befana
1500:Vertep
1363:in art
1331:Joseph
1281:Advent
1105:13 May
1013:
988:
852:15 Dec
719:French
539:Styria
496:(2006)
445:
441:sprite
360:Alsace
298:; and
249:Befana
240:Styria
236:Bartel
224:Friuli
181:kobold
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3578:Faust
3455:Uhaml
3448:TĂĽrst
3203:GĂĽtel
3112:Drude
2640:Kutia
2539:drink
2167:Songs
2141:Music
2048:Italy
1904:Seals
1858:dolls
1788:Gifts
1728:Cards
1631:Elves
1495:Turoń
1465:Nisse
1430:Grýla
1326:Jesus
799:Notes
745:black
727:Dutch
433:Grimm
344:anděl
296:Drapp
90:JSTOR
76:books
2862:Carp
2724:Soup
2615:Cake
2526:Xmas
2155:list
1936:Tree
1875:list
1336:Mary
1245:Yule
1107:2021
1082:2012
1059:link
1011:ISBN
986:ISBN
854:2010
832:and
749:Moor
704:and
644:The
354:and
340:ÄŤert
159:foil
145:The
137:The
62:news
2872:Ham
1402:In
959:doi
414:or
358:in
330:, (
319:or
302:in
238:in
230:);
185:elf
45:by
4017::
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2501:("
2333:In
1255:In
1098:.
1055:}}
1051:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
