754:
included except in a much more comprehensive work. We can do more than merely list the elements and their atomic weights. We can classify their affinities, their electric polarity, indicate whether they can be ionized, and give such information as to enable us to predict more compounds than can be listed. Thus by giving the morphemes of the language properly analyzed, indicating whether they are bound or free, the attempt has been made to give the equivalent of a dictionary of compounds within the space of a dictionary of single words."
1184:父母 "parents"). "The former are fully bound (occurring in only one word), and the latter are semibound (occurring in more than one word)." DeFrancis concludes that the contributions of scholars like Dr. Chao, "give hope that lexicographers, if they can concentrate on Chinese speech and not be misled by the ideographic writing, will eventually succeed in compiling a real dictionary of the Chinese spoken language".
2848:
484:, called "word classes". Chao explains, "The same word, as a noun, means one thing; as an auxiliary noun (AN) something else, as a verb something else again. This is not a matter of inference, as those who say that Chinese has no parts of speech assume, but a matter of individual facts.". The dictionary's English translation equivalents usually can clarify Chinese part of speech; if 吃
409:. The twelve most frequent radicals are given at the bottom of the pages for the dictionary user to memorize. "To insure further the finding of the characters, the authors have entered each character under all its apparently possible radicals and made a cross reference to the main entry". For instance, 魯
1123:
Of the entries which really represent spoken forms, no more than 29 per cent have been classified by the authors as Free, the only category which is generally accepted as designating a word in
English and other languages. But not all the remaining 71 per cent are classified as Bound forms of the type
1110:
DeFrancis suggests that Chao and Yang have been "unduly influenced by the ideographs and the myths of
Chinese monosyllabism". Although the dictionary title has "Spoken Chinese", the authors approach the subject through characters rather than through speech. Using data from a 10-page sample, DeFrancis
753:
In China, dictionaries are divided into 字典 and 詞典, the former giving only single characters, which may be compared with chemical elements, and the latter compounds and phrases, like chemical compounds. To pursue the chemical analogy one step further, compounds are so numerous that they cannot all be
1232:
ne can readily see that a dictionary which notes the alternatives "free" or "bound" in the case of each single character, is a mine of information which may lend itself to very important subsequent research. Questions like the following come to the mind at once. "How many of the characters included
1095:
describes the dictionary as "unprecedented in the history of
Chinese-European lexicography since its beginnings" in the early 17th century. Luo lists three unique features of the dictionary, combining six of the eight given by Chao (above); the first combines (1) and (3), the second (2), (7), (8),
1191:
in
English is "misleading, because the latter is an archaic word, whereas the former are still used in modern Spoken Chinese". Yang says DeFrancis' suggestion of differentiating "meaningless bound syllables" and "meaningful bound syllables" appears interesting but unfortunately it involves three
1196:
is ambiguous, a linguist has to define "meaningful" and "meaningless" and ascertain whether all native-speaker informants agree. Second, a linguist needs to consider differences in the informants' background and education, "One syllable which is meaningful to one may be meaningless to another".
275:
records authentic colloquial pronunciation, and its chief function is to show a user how to employ the entries in spoken
Chinese—in contrast, the chief function of previous bilingual dictionaries is to enable a user to decode written texts. Most entries provide one or more usage examples from
24:
564:"-.B word-particle: to indicate completed action when there is a numeral (or AN taking the place of 一) before the object … to indicate condition or time … to serve as a second compl. after a result. compl.", with 5 usage examples, and a lengthy note about negative
211:
192:
said the need for
Chinese dictionaries in America had "grown from chronic to acute", and selected two "practical dictionaries" to revise and reprint—without either author's permission—for "the immediate demands of American students". Both
356:(1947). "In both dictionaries we can observe the authors attempting not just to provide their Chinese entries with English equivalents but to demonstrate through grammatical categorization and examples how they are actually used".
456:
has "many elaborate features to help the user study the refinements of spoken
Chinese". Chao's introduction lists eight unique features not found in previous comparable Chinese–English dictionaries such as Fenn's and Mathews'.
500:, for instance, "auxiliary nouns proper" and "quasi-auxiliary nouns", and introduces for the first time in a Chinese dictionary "many new ideas about the linguistic structure of Chinese, such as the four types of verbal
758:
By treating all entries as bound or free morphemes rather than as characters, Chao and Yang have made an attempt to give the equivalent of a dictionary of compounds within the space of a dictionary of single words.
1248:
Yu-Ju Chih, a teacher and developer of
Chinese language textbooks, says that unlike almost all the commonly used Chinese–English dictionaries that are geared primarily to reading Chinese texts, the
1228:
is a "definite advance on our knowledge of the
Chinese language" and calls it a "very important lexicographical contribution" from which "students cannot fail to derive great benefit". Simon says
232:
Yuen Ren Chao and Lien-sheng Yang divided the lexicographical work. Yang compiled the preliminary list of entries, partially drafted the definitions, served both as informant and as grammarian on
2735:
1111:
disproves Chao's contention that with "very few exceptions" Chinese morphemes are "for the most part monosyllabic". The sample dictionary entries marked as "literary" (L), "comparable to
815:"guide; lead; instruct" makes a good sample entry for illustrating a dictionary because it has two pronunciations and complex semantics. Chao's and Yang's dictionary entry gives detailed
1245:
Quoting this remark, Yang says, "These are good questions. The last one is particularly suggestive, because it leads to the question whether there are free and bound parts of speech."
1241:, what is the distribution if we proceed to grouping words according to their meanings (e.g., parts of the body)? Are practically all verbs free and all nouns 'bound', etc., etc.?"
1197:
Third, the identification of meaningful and meaningless syllables with those occurring in more than one word and those occurring in only one "is doubtful". Taking the example of
255:
The
Chinese–English section's head entries are not single characters, as in traditional Chinese dictionaries, but monosyllabic and polysyllabic words, which are alphabetically
221:(1943). Y. R. Chao contributed to both these reprints. He revised the introduction and wrote the Standards of Pronunciation, Styles of Pronunciation, and Tones sections for
2286:
1941:
1088:, while some have been critical. The co-author Lien-Sheng Yang responded to DeFrancis' and Simon's reviews in a 1949 article about free and bound morphemes in Chinese.
527:) or implied in the translation (as 殆 "well-nigh," but 差不多 "almost"), in order to "channel the student's efforts in using the language to more profitable directions".
341:
Chinese entries are quite elaborate, providing multiple Chinese translation equivalents and usage examples illustrating various semantic nuances of the English word.
205:
2675:
252:
is large, it contains relatively few lexical items, approximately 2,500 English–Chinese head entries in 500 pages and 5,000 Chinese–English ones in 300 pages.
181:. Chao was a visiting professor at Harvard from 1941 to 1946, while Yang entered the graduate program in 1940, and received an M.A. in 1942 and Ph.D. in 1946.
2665:
1096:
and the third is (6). Luo lists 15 corrections or suggestions, 9 of which are included in later editions of the dictionary, under Corrections and Additions.
2543:
2705:
1458:
The Five Thousand Dictionary: A Chinese-English Dictionary and Index to the Character Cards of the College of Chinese Studies, California College in China
217:
557:"-.B final particle to indicate a new situation or a new realization of an existing situation … in narration … to indicate obviousness", with 6 examples
379:, Chinese–English (1967) and English–Chinese (1971). With these dictionaries, "American efforts in Chinese lexicography effectively ceased"—until the
271:) and not of the spoken language as such". Although the Chinese–English section gives characters for head entries, they are treated as secondary. The
1107:
as "a landmark notable for its presentation of a great deal of extremely valuable information—grammatical, phonetic, dialectical, and otherwise".
267:). "This represents a radical departure from all earlier Chinese–English dictionaries, which were primarily dictionaries of Chinese characters (
1934:
1160:
DeFrancis proposes that the category of Bound syllables (not "words") should be divided into two groups: "meaningless bound syllables" (like
2655:
611:. This dictionary "includes a great number of meanings even of well-known words which so far have not been noted in any other dictionary".
184:
At the beginning of World War II, the shortage of Chinese and Japanese bilingual dictionaries became an urgent matter for English-speaking
449:"), which had never been included in a Chinese dictionary, thus removing "one source of bewilderment for the foreign student of Chinese".
335:
s English–Chinese section averages around 5 entries per page, compared to around 18 per page in the Chinese–English section. Some English
618:"National Romanization" system, which Y.R. Chao co-created and popularized, is used for pronunciation of main entries, along with usual
2745:
381:
1393:
1358:
2685:
488:
is defined by the English verb "to eat", then it is itself also a verb. word classes are only specified in cases of ambiguity; 脂肪
1927:
1136:. Only 49 per cent are of this type of meaningful syllables without independent life. The remaining 22 per cent, represented by
178:
189:
622:
orthography given in parentheses. Appendix 1, Part 2, is a table of concordance for these two systems. Tonal spelling of the
1575:
2870:
264:
1187:
In response to DeFrancis' review, Lien-sheng Yang states that comparing the dictionary entries designated as literary to
2851:
2695:
199:
2341:
508:
150:
2576:
1385:
1115:
in English and hence not really belonging in a dictionary of spoken Chinese", amount to 16% of the total entries. (
659:
426:
504:": the "pre-transitive," "verb-object construction", "possessive object," and "impersonal verb-object compound"".
2620:
1704:
1375:
1221:
828:
2587:
1475:
1350:
1273:
573:
501:
63:
2725:
260:
142:
359:
Although the War Department dictionary was never widely distributed or used, it affected Chao's and Yang's
2639:
497:
348:, which shifted interest from the written to the spoken language, is evident in both the War Department's
345:
277:
185:
313:
297:
23:
2799:
2523:
2319:
674:
608:
461:
237:
1919:
2387:
1001:
abbreviates "auxiliary noun"). Fourth, the entry notes that 道 itself is used as a measure word for
763:
477:
236:, and wrote the characters. Chao wrote most of the definitions, added pronunciations from regional
2828:
2308:
2204:
1954:
1950:
1420:
1329:
732:
694:
550:"F to finish, conclude" … -B "to a finish" … BB to understand clearly", with 13 usage examples
305:
174:
146:
138:
1514:
2789:
2215:
2193:
2182:
2149:
1389:
1354:
934:
690:
535:
293:
194:
104:
2809:
2598:
2486:
1412:
1321:
496:"noun" since English "fat" can also be an adjective. The dictionary lists other specialized
372:
2565:
2409:
2356:
2330:
2226:
1519:. War Department Technical Manual TM 30-933. Washington: United States War Dept. p. 1
1073:
724:
615:
585:
430:
406:
364:
325:
321:
233:
170:
153:
according to whether or not they can stand alone as a complete and independent utterance.
130:
45:
619:
1530:
941:
tone in Cantonese. Second, it gives English translation equivalents for the bound word (
240:, and wrote the front matter and the appendices. Chao and Yang finished compiling their
2532:
2237:
1100:
938:
728:
670:
481:
469:
2864:
2094:
2039:
1343:
1233:
in the dictionary occur only 'free' or only 'bound', how many occur with the suffix –
1044:
means "to say". Eighth, it also means "to say (polite words)" in bound terms such as
1002:
539:
480:, called "auxiliary nouns" (AN), the dictionary generally did not indicate syntactic
473:
465:
285:
166:
134:
126:
41:
212:
A Chinese–English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews
2508:
2497:
2475:
2464:
1305:
1092:
1076:. Chao's and Yang's brief 道 entry is packed with linguistic information for users.
994:
713:
705:
686:
666:
2453:
1614:
1263:
1379:
2819:
2171:
2116:
2017:
1988:
1403:
Yang, Lien-sheng (1949). "The Concept of "Free" and "Bound" in Spoken Chinese".
1066:
1059:
1048:
949:
790:
746:
739:
596:
418:
1052:
957:
839:
820:
775:
771:
709:
623:
414:
2072:
2028:
1148:, "coral," are of a type which have no more meaning or independence than do
816:
720:
698:
402:
281:
1914:
Chinese Lexicology and Lexicography: A Selected and Classified Bibliography
1615:
Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries in the Library of Congress
1460:, North China Union Language School, Mission Book Company. (5th ed., 1940).
1032:道兒 can also be used as a measure word for streaks. Seventh, the free word (
685:"to pity, to give relief to") makes it possible for students interested in
2420:
2365:
1209:"coral", Yang notes both characters are used in other compounds, namely,
678:
438:
398:
256:
1116:
276:
colloquial speech. This dictionary classifies words into twelve complex
111:
2442:
2398:
2127:
2061:
2050:
1424:
1333:
577:
317:
244:
in 1945, the same year when the War Department published the anonymous
1025:
990:
983:
960:
835:
800:
793:
786:
2765:
2376:
2275:
2105:
921:
First, this 道 entry glosses pronunciation with National Romanization
301:
289:
1416:
1325:
584:, the "syllabic diminutive suffix, frequently used in verse") or by
915:
used at the end of the salutation in writing to a prominent scholar
2431:
2297:
2160:
2083:
512:
367:'s Institute of Far Eastern Languages published a revised edition
626:
is the primary advantage of National Romanization, for instance,
534:
is the first Chinese dictionary to give detailed descriptions of
173:(1914–1990), were famous Chinese-American scholars who worked in
2138:
1999:
309:
1923:
515:
class of each entry is either marked by an abbreviation (e.g.,
1516:
Dictionary of Spoken Chinese: Chinese-English, English-Chinese
808:
782:/ By Yuen Ren Chao and Lien Sheng Yang" and the same Chinese.
246:
Dictionary of Spoken Chinese: Chinese–English, English–Chinese
967:
listed under 96.7, with 7 being the number of strokes in the
397:
comprises approximately 5,000 single-character head entries,
105:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1820:
1017:
denotes the noun suffix 子) can mean "streak", counted with
363:, and served as the model for two well-known dictionaries.
1738:
1736:
979:
indicating the word plus the diminutive retroflex suffix
735:. Chao gives a chemical analogy to differentiate between
592:
single … 單單 "(this) only, alone; (this) of all things").
464:
of each word is distinguished according to whether it is
1119:
is an archaic or humorous word meaning "called; named".
963:"jade" where a dictionary user can find the character 理
2736:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1541:
1539:
1470:
Fenn, Henry Courtenay; Chin, Hsien-Tseng, eds. (1942).
1252:
is the "only one of its kind available to the public".
669:
and other symbols to denote the historical features of
1852:
1850:
894:
to say (introducing a direct quotation: novel style);
774:
has equivalent Chinese "國語字典 / 趙元任 / 楊聯陞 / 合編" . The
681:". For examples, a subscribed dot under an initial (恤
1723:
1721:
842:寸 "thumb") "to lead, to guide", which they do enter.
723:, or monosyllabic meaningful spoken words", whether
149:, and one of the first to mark characters for being
2781:
2758:
2647:
2638:
2612:
2557:
2522:
2355:
2251:
1968:
1961:
1456:Fenn, Henry Courtenay and Hsien-Tseng Chin (1926),
1172:珊瑚 "coral") and "meaningful bound syllables" (like
445:National Phonetic letter for the aspirated initial
103:
95:
87:
79:
69:
59:
51:
37:
1342:
662:is indicated by a dot before the atonal syllable.
437:Soochow numeral for '2', used in trade"), and the
225:, and wrote the Introduction on Pronunciation for
2287:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
823:information, but fails to note the pronunciation
1700:
1698:
1696:
971:里 phonetic. Third, it gives the colloquial term
952:, with the dot before 理 denoting neutral tone
2676:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1935:
1308:(1947). " Yuen Ren Chao and Lien Sheng Yang,
8:
599:that are frequently used together (e.g., "棋
16:
2544:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
2847:
2755:
2644:
1965:
1942:
1928:
1920:
673:pronunciation and modern pronunciation in
177:wartime Chinese language programs for the
22:
15:
2666:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
1841:
1826:
429:forms of many characters, as well as the
1766:
1754:
1742:
1687:
1663:
1639:
1627:
1588:
1500:
1472:Fenn's Chinese-English Pocket-Dictionary
1262:Chao, Yuen Ren; Yang, Lienshêng (1947).
1099:The American linguist and lexicographer
1069:. Ninth, the entry gives the bound word
206:Fenn's Chinese–English Pocket-Dictionary
1488:
1444:
1437:
1213:珊珊 "tinkling sound (of ornaments)" and
1651:
1557:
1545:
542:. For example, 了 has three entries:
17:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
7:
2716:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2656:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1880:
1868:
1856:
1778:
1709:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1310:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1290:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1265:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1250:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1226:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
1192:difficulties. First, since the word
1086:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
780:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
768:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
642:(4th tone), corresponding to pinyin
532:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
395:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
361:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
354:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
242:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
122:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
30:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2706:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1802:
1790:
1727:
1675:
1600:
1345:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
218:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1405:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1314:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1217:瑚璉 "two types of ritual vessels".
405:and numbered according to the 214
14:
917:; 沒道.理 unreasonable; mean; rude.
259:using a newly devised system for
2846:
1341:Mathews, Robert H., ed. (1943).
1084:Most reviewers have praised the
719:(8) All entries "are treated as
263:(which became the prototype for
1028:"general measure word". Sixth,
956:, and the subscript 96 meaning
697:, and a superscript indicates
603:"chess" … 下棋 "to play chess or
346:American structural linguistics
2746:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
2264:
2259:
2255:
1977:
1572:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1531:University of Michigan Library
665:(7) Romanizations incorporate
382:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
169:(1892–1982) and the historian
137:innovations. It was the first
125:(1947), which was compiled by
1:
2006:
1618:, Library of Congress. p. 78.
1570:DeFrancis, John, ed. (1996).
742:"character dictionaries" and
677:, often misleadingly called "
352:(1945) and Chao's and Yang's
333:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese'
197:reproductions were retitled:
163:Concise Dictionary of Chinese
2852:List of Chinese dictionaries
2696:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2686:A Chinese–English Dictionary
1894:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
572:(4) Dictionary entries give
417:日 "sun", with the note "See
369:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
350:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
273:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
250:Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
200:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2342:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
1916:, Chinese University Press.
1912:Yang, Paul Fu-mien (1985),
1898:The Modern Language Journal
1576:University of Hawai'i Press
1156:in the English equivalent.
472:(B). With the exception of
377:Mandarin Chinese dictionary
151:"free" or "bound" morphemes
2887:
2577:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
1386:Cambridge University Press
1349:(rev. American ed.).
1288:DeFrancis, John (1948). "
997:for long, narrow things" (
937:initial in Wu and a lower
576:, words created by adding
190:Harvard–Yenching Institute
133:, made numerous important
2844:
2621:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1972:
1513:Anon. (5 November 1945).
1294:The Far Eastern Quarterly
829:variant Chinese character
770:/ Chao and Yang" and the
689:to distinguish 尖 "sharp"
574:morphological derivations
425:includes the popular and
21:
2588:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
1476:Harvard University Press
1351:Harvard University Press
1274:Harvard University Press
854:way, reason, principle,
248:. Although the 847-page
145:rather than for written
141:specifically for spoken
64:Harvard University Press
2726:Grammata Serica Recensa
898:to say (polite words),
375:published a two-volume
2794:(Tangut; 12th century)
1994:(first millennium BCE)
1892:Chih, Yu-Ju (1967), "
1666:, pp. xxvii–xxxi.
1243:
1220:The German sinologist
1158:
1051:(subscript 30 denotes
1005:during a meal. Fifth,
933:consonant indicates a
919:
909:'to congratulate,' 道謝
785:The Chinese character
756:
595:(5) Entries also give
498:grammatical categories
278:grammatical categories
2010: 3rd century BC
1612:Dunn, Robert (1977),
1230:
1121:
1091:The Chinese linguist
913:'to give thanks.' 有道
844:
807:"way; path; say; the
803:"head" phonetic) for
751:
749:"word dictionaries".
161:The compilers of the
2871:Chinese dictionaries
2800:Pentaglot Dictionary
2320:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1767:Chao & Yang 1947
1755:Chao & Yang 1947
1743:Chao & Yang 1947
1688:Chao & Yang 1947
1664:Chao & Yang 1947
1640:Chao & Yang 1947
1628:Chao & Yang 1947
1589:Chao & Yang 1947
1529:. Also available at
1501:Chao & Yang 1947
874:a course (of food);
675:varieties of Chinese
462:grammatical function
322:resultative compound
238:varieties of Chinese
2388:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
1491:, pp. ix–xvii.
1478:. pp. ix–xvii.
478:Chinese classifiers
18:
2829:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2782:In other languages
2309:Zhongwen Da Cidian
2205:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1955:Chinese characters
1953:for scripts using
1105:Concise Dictionary
929:. The underscored
778:has both English "
695:palatal consonants
507:(2) The stylistic
454:Concise Dictionary
423:Concise Dictionary
403:radical-and-stroke
261:romanizing Chinese
175:Harvard University
147:Chinese characters
139:Chinese dictionary
2858:
2857:
2840:
2839:
2790:Pearl in the Palm
2777:
2776:
2634:
2633:
2470:(c. 12th century)
2216:Xinhua Dictionary
2194:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
2183:Kangxi Dictionary
2144:(c. 11th century)
1805:, pp. 435–6.
1678:, pp. 432–3.
762:The dictionary's
731:, rather than as
693:from 圓 "rounded"
691:dental consonants
597:collocative words
413:is entered under
344:The influence of
294:intransitive verb
265:Yale romanization
195:photolithographic
117:
116:
80:Publication place
2878:
2850:
2849:
2833:
2825:
2815:
2814:(Japanese; 1960)
2810:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2805:
2795:
2770:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2645:
2627:
2605:
2599:Longkan Shoujian
2594:
2583:
2572:
2550:
2539:
2538:(c. 1st century)
2515:
2504:
2493:
2487:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2348:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2122:(c. 7th century)
2112:
2101:
2100:(c. 4th century)
2090:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1630:, pp. v–vi.
1625:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1428:
1411:(3/4): 462–469.
1399:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1337:
1306:Luo, Ch'ang-p'ei
1301:
1284:
1282:
1280:
492:"fat" is marked
373:Fred Fangyu Wang
107:
71:Publication date
55:Chinese, English
26:
19:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2773:
2768:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2648:Chinese–English
2630:
2625:
2608:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2566:Jingdian Shiwen
2553:
2548:
2537:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2414:
2410:Yunhai jingyuan
2403:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2351:
2346:
2335:
2331:Hanyu Da Cidian
2324:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2227:Hanyu Da Zidian
2220:
2209:
2198:
2187:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2121:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1909:
1907:Further reading
1904:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1694:
1690:, pp. 6–7.
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:, p. xxvi.
1587:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1417:10.2307/2718099
1402:
1396:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1340:
1326:10.2307/2718225
1304:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1258:
1082:
986:, counted with
975:道兒 "road" with
925:and Wade–Giles
905:
861:
725:bound morphemes
616:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
431:Suzhou numerals
407:Kangxi radicals
391:
365:Yale University
326:transitive verb
234:Beijing dialect
171:Yang Lien-sheng
165:, the linguist
159:
131:Lien Sheng Yang
88:Media type
72:
46:Lien Sheng Yang
33:
28:Front cover of
12:
11:
5:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2824:(French; 2001)
2820:Le Grand Ricci
2816:
2806:
2804:(Manchu; 1794)
2796:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2503:(17th century)
2494:
2483:
2481:(14th century)
2472:
2461:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2417:
2406:
2395:
2384:
2373:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2327:
2316:
2305:
2294:
2283:
2271:
2269:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:Zhonghua Zihai
2234:
2223:
2212:
2201:
2190:
2179:
2168:
2157:
2146:
2135:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2047:
2036:
2025:
2014:
1996:
1984:
1982:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1885:
1883:, p. 465.
1873:
1871:, p. 464.
1861:
1859:, p. 463.
1846:
1844:, p. 448.
1842:DeFrancis 1948
1831:
1829:, p. 447.
1827:DeFrancis 1948
1816:
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 432.
1783:
1771:
1769:, p. 218.
1759:
1747:
1732:
1730:, p. 433.
1717:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1654:, p. 174.
1644:
1632:
1620:
1605:
1603:, p. 434.
1593:
1581:
1562:
1560:, p. 176.
1550:
1548:, p. 175.
1535:
1505:
1503:, p. vii.
1493:
1481:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1400:
1394:
1372:
1359:
1338:
1320:(3): 432–436.
1302:
1285:
1257:
1254:
1103:described the
1101:John DeFrancis
1081:
1078:
903:
859:
729:free morphemes
671:Middle Chinese
607:") and common
570:
569:
558:
551:
482:part of speech
390:
387:
215:(1931) became
179:War Department
158:
155:
115:
114:
109:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
39:
35:
34:
27:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2853:
2843:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:(before 1161)
2456:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:(3rd century)
2075:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:(2nd century)
2042:
2041:
2040:Shuowen Jiezi
2037:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1757:, p. 64.
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:, p. vi.
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:Simon, Walter
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1395:9780521296533
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:Norman, Jerry
1373:
1362:
1360:9780674123502
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:"father" and
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
916:
912:
908:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:"walk" and a
795:
792:
789:(composed of
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:has English "
765:
760:
755:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
586:reduplication
583:
579:
575:
568:constructions
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
544:
543:
541:
540:interjections
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:measure words
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
386:
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:demonstrative
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
201:
196:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Yuen Ren Chao
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:Chinese words
140:
136:
135:lexicographic
132:
128:
127:Yuen Ren Chao
124:
123:
113:
110:
108:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:United States
82:
78:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
42:Yuen Ren Chao
40:
36:
31:
25:
20:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2619:
2613:Biographical
2597:
2586:
2575:
2564:
2542:
2531:
2509:Peiwen Yunfu
2507:
2498:Qi Lin Bayin
2496:
2485:
2476:Menggu Ziyun
2474:
2465:Pingshui Yun
2463:
2452:
2441:
2430:
2419:
2408:
2397:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2340:
2329:
2318:
2307:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2263:
2236:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2137:
2126:
2115:
2104:
2093:
2082:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2016:
1998:
1987:
1976:
1951:Dictionaries
1913:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1712:
1708:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1642:, p. v.
1635:
1623:
1613:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1553:
1521:. Retrieved
1515:
1508:
1496:
1489:Mathews 1943
1484:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1447:, p. v.
1445:Mathews 1943
1440:
1432:
1431:
1408:
1404:
1380:
1364:. Retrieved
1344:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1269:
1264:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:Walter Simon
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:"mother" in
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1093:Luo Changpei
1090:
1085:
1083:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1055:口 "mouth"),
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
995:measure word
987:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
953:
946:
942:
930:
926:
922:
920:
914:
910:
906:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:
845:
832:
827:道 that is a
824:
812:
804:
797:
784:
779:
767:
761:
757:
752:
743:
736:
718:
714:glottal stop
706:checked tone
702:
701:has a final
687:Peking opera
682:
667:superscripts
664:
660:neutral tone
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:(1st tone),
627:
613:
604:
600:
594:
589:
581:
571:
565:
561:
554:
547:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
506:
493:
489:
485:
459:
453:
451:
446:
442:
441:symbols ("ㄎ
434:
422:
410:
394:
392:
380:
376:
371:(1966), and
368:
360:
358:
353:
349:
343:
337:
336:
332:
330:
306:measure word
272:
268:
254:
249:
245:
241:
231:
226:
222:
216:
210:
204:
198:
183:
162:
160:
121:
120:
118:
29:
2591:一切經音義 (慧琳)
2580:一切經音義 (玄英)
2172:Zhengzitong
2117:Ganlu Zishu
2023:(c. 220 BC)
2018:Cangjiepian
1989:Shizhoupian
1962:Monolingual
1652:Norman 1988
1558:Norman 1988
1546:Norman 1988
791:radical 162
772:front cover
638:(3rd), and
502:complements
298:conjunction
209:(1942) and
2558:Exegetical
2547:現代漢語方言大詞典
2034:(c. 40 BC)
1969:Characters
1900:51.2: 108.
1713:Asia Major
1707:(1949), "
1523:26 January
1366:26 January
1300:: 447–448.
1279:26 January
1256:References
1053:radical 30
958:radical 96
840:radical 41
776:title page
733:characters
710:Wu Chinese
624:four tones
620:Wade–Giles
433:(e.g., "〢
415:radical 72
385:(1996). .
99:xxxix, 292
2640:Bilingual
2524:Varieties
2454:Qiyin lüe
2345:现代汉语规范词典
2073:Xiao Erya
2029:Jijiupian
1881:Yang 1949
1869:Yang 1949
1857:Yang 1949
1779:Yang 1949
1433:Footnotes
1224:says the
1080:Reception
1071:méi dàoli
886:a streak
882:a streak
850:. (tao).
821:pragmatic
817:syntactic
721:morphemes
699:Cantonese
580:(e.g., 兒
536:particles
421:魚 ." The
324:(RC) and
282:adjective
60:Publisher
2865:Category
2832:(Korean)
2624:中國人名大辭典
2593:(c. 807)
2582:(c. 649)
2571:(c. 583)
2421:Guangyun
2371:(c. 230)
2366:Shenglei
2290:教育部國語辭典
2111:(c. 543)
2089:(c. 350)
2067:(c. 230)
2056:(c. 200)
1814:1957: x.
1803:Luo 1947
1791:Luo 1947
1728:Luo 1947
1676:Luo 1947
1601:Luo 1947
1378:(1988).
1211:shanshan
939:register
679:dialects
614:(6) The
609:antonyms
530:(3) The
521:honorif.
509:register
460:(1) The
439:Bopomofo
419:Rad. 195
399:collated
320:(Pron),
257:collated
227:Mathews'
52:Language
2533:Fangyan
2443:Yunjing
2399:Tangyun
2391:刊謬補缺切韻
2323:现代汉语词典
2128:Leipian
2062:Guangya
2051:Shiming
1715:1: 137.
1425:2718099
1381:Chinese
1334:2718225
1272:].
1194:meaning
1003:courses
866:a road
634:(2nd),
578:affixes
468:(F) or
427:cursive
389:Content
318:pronoun
316:(Num),
314:numeral
288:(Dem),
203:became
157:History
112:3393465
2769:(1997)
2766:CEDICT
2759:Online
2750:(1996)
2740:(1972)
2730:(1957)
2720:(1947)
2710:(1931)
2700:(1926)
2690:(1892)
2680:(1874)
2670:(1842)
2660:(1823)
2626:(1921)
2549:(2002)
2514:(1711)
2492:(1324)
2448:(1161)
2437:(1037)
2426:(1008)
2377:Qieyun
2347:(2004)
2336:(1994)
2334:漢語大詞典
2325:(1978)
2314:(1968)
2312:中文大辭典
2303:(1938)
2292:(1926)
2281:(1915)
2276:Ciyuan
2243:(1994)
2232:(1989)
2230:漢語大字典
2221:(1957)
2210:(1915)
2208:中華大字典
2199:(1815)
2197:說文解字注
2188:(1716)
2177:(1627)
2166:(1615)
2155:(1254)
2150:Zitong
2133:(1066)
2106:Yupian
2095:Ziyuan
1423:
1392:
1357:
1332:
1215:hulian
1207:shanhu
1189:yclept
1170:shanhu
1146:shanhu
1134:sender
1130:banker
1117:Yclept
1113:yclept
1064:yǒudào
1062:, and
1057:dàoxiè
1009:道兒 or
935:voiced
870:條, 個;
838:(with
744:cídiǎn
737:zìdiǎn
712:has a
658:. The
654:, and
517:derog.
490:jyfang
302:coverb
290:adverb
223:Fenn's
188:. The
186:Allies
38:Author
2604:(997)
2602:龍龕手鑒
2569:經典釋文
2512:佩文韻府
2501:戚林八音
2490:中原音韻
2479:蒙古字韻
2432:Jiyun
2415:(780)
2413:韻海鏡源
2404:(732)
2393:(706)
2382:(601)
2298:Cihai
2252:Words
2241:中华字海
2219:新华字典
2186:康熙字典
2161:Zihui
2120:干祿字書
2084:Zilin
2043:說文解字
1421:JSTOR
1330:JSTOR
1268:[
1046:dàoxǐ
1021:條 or
1011:dàozi
947:dàoli
811:" or
764:spine
683:ṣhiuh
525:poet.
513:usage
470:bound
328:(V).
312:(N),
308:(M),
304:(K),
300:(J),
296:(I),
292:(H),
284:(A),
269:hànzi
96:Pages
91:print
2468:平水韻
2457:七音略
2357:Rime
2175:正字通
2139:Piya
2076:小爾雅
2032:急就篇
2021:倉頡篇
2000:Erya
1992:史籀篇
1525:2019
1390:ISBN
1368:2019
1355:ISBN
1281:2019
1270:國語字典
1237:or –
1201:and
1199:shan
1182:fumu
1164:and
1162:shan
1152:and
1140:and
1138:shan
1030:dàor
1019:tiáo
1013:道子 (
1007:dàor
988:tiáo
973:dàor
923:d̠aw
848:d̠aw
831:for
819:and
798:shǒu
708:and
632:daur
601:chyi
548:leau
538:and
466:free
452:The
393:The
331:The
310:noun
129:and
119:The
106:OCLC
75:1947
2536:方言
2446:韻鏡
2435:集韻
2424:廣韻
2402:唐韻
2380:切韻
2369:聲類
2301:辭海
2279:辭源
2164:字彙
2153:字通
2142:埤雅
2131:類篇
2109:玉篇
2098:字苑
2087:字林
2065:廣雅
2054:釋名
2003:爾雅
1896:",
1413:doi
1322:doi
1312:".
1292:".
1205:in
1168:in
1150:cor
1144:in
1132:or
1128:in
1074:沒道理
1042:dao
1038:dào
965:lii
927:tao
911:v-o
907:v-o
858:道.理
856:Tao
833:dǎo
825:dǎo
813:dǎo
809:Dao
805:dào
727:or
656:dào
652:dǎo
648:dáo
644:dāo
640:daw
636:dao
628:dau
590:dan
588:(單
582:erl
562:.le
555:.le
511:or
486:chy
476:or
435:ell
411:luu
401:by
2867::
2265:cí
2262:;
2007:c.
1978:zì
1975:;
1849:^
1834:^
1819:^
1735:^
1720:^
1711:"
1695:^
1574:.
1538:^
1474:.
1419:.
1409:12
1407:.
1388:.
1384:.
1353:.
1328:.
1318:10
1316:.
1296:.
1235:tz
1203:hu
1178:mu
1174:fu
1166:hu
1154:al
1142:hu
1126:er
1067:有道
1060:道謝
1049:道喜
1040:道
1036:)
1023:ge
1015:tz
999:AN
981:-r
977:-l
969:lǐ
954:li
950:道理
945:)
931:d̠
904:30
902:道喜
900:as
896:B-
890:;
888:-l
884:AN
880:tz
878:,
876:-l
872:AN
868:AN
864:-l
862:;
860:96
846:道
747:辭典
740:字典
716:.
703:-p
650:,
646:,
605:go
566:le
560:了
553:了
546:了
523:,
519:,
494:n.
443:ke
280::
229:.
44:,
2268:)
2260:词
2258:／
2256:詞
2254:(
2012:)
2005:(
1981:)
1973:字
1971:(
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1781:.
1578:.
1533:.
1527:.
1427:.
1415::
1398:.
1370:.
1336:.
1324::
1298:7
1283:.
1239:l
1034:F
1026:個
993:"
991:條
984:兒
961:玉
943:B
892:F
852:B
836:導
801:首
794:辶
787:道
447:k
338:–
32:.
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