2671:
populations of conversos were found in the central parts of the kingdom, particularly in the regions of Boyacá, Santander, and
Cundinamarca. Despite their conversion to Christianity, conversos in the New Granada were not free from the reach of the Inquisition. The Inquisition pursued suspected heretics and crypto-Jews throughout the country. Many conversos were tried and persecuted, facing charges of relapsing into Judaism. The center of the kingdom, including Boyacá, Santander, and Cundinamarca, was particularly noted for the presence of these individuals, and many records of the Inquisition trials come from these areas.
2730:
2744:
2507:, where they had flourished under English and Dutch rule. These Jews started practicing their religion openly in Colombia at the end of the 18th century, although it was not officially legal to do so, given the established Catholic Church. After independence, Judaism was recognized as a legal religion. The government granted the Jews land for a cemetery.
2714:. There are approximately 10 official synagogues throughout the country. In Bogotá, the Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and German Jews each run their own religious and cultural institutions. The Confederación de Asociaciones Judías de Colombia, located in Bogotá, is the central organization that coordinates Jews and Jewish institutions in Colombia.
2976:
Claro está que el hecho de que muchos sefardíes hayan venido a
Antioquia no quiere decir que de ellos desciendan todos los antioqueños, como a veces se exagera. Es indiscutible que aquí llegaron castellanos con raíces vascas, andaluces y extremeñas, así como también alemanes e ingleses, franceses y
2674:
The influence of
Sephardic Jews in Colombia is significant. It has been established that a considerable proportion of the Colombian population has Sephardic ancestry. In particular, studies have shown that a notable percentage of Antioqueños are descended from Sephardic Jews. However, this heritage
2557:
immigrants came after the rise of Nazism in 1933 and the imposition of anti-Semitic laws and practices, followed by as many as 17,000 German Jews. From 1939 until the end of World War II, immigration was put to a halt by anti-immigrant feelings in the country and restrictions on immigration from
2670:
They settled in various regions, including the Paisa area (Antioquia) known for its mountainous terrain and relative isolation. This isolation provided a haven for many conversos who were fleeing persecution. However, the
Sephardic diaspora extended well beyond the Paisa region. Significant
2603:, some families hold traditions and oral accounts of Jewish descent. In this population, Y-DNA genetic analysis has shown an origin of male founders predominantly from "southern Spain but also suggest that a fraction came from northern Iberia and that some possibly had a Sephardic origin".
2667:, now known as Colombia, is a rich and complex narrative that spans across various regions of the country. These individuals, originally seeking refuge from the Spanish Inquisition, established themselves not only in the Paisa region but throughout the entire territory of the New Granada.
2655:
Some scholars state that the presence of
Sephardic Jews among the ancestors of Paisas is a fact, but it does not mean that all Paisas descend from them, nor that it is the only or predominant element among those that do, as is proven by the Paisas' descent from other groups like Basques,
2586:
policy has encouraged citizens to return; it has drastically reduced violence in the rural areas and criminality rates in urban areas, as well as in spurring the economy. The situation in
Colombia has improved to the extent that many Venezuelan Jews are now seeking refuge in Colombia.
2565:
actively supported and helped the Jewish
Community through this troubling time. The Jewish population increased dramatically in the 1950s and 1960s, and institutions such as synagogues, schools and social clubs were established throughout the largest cities in the country. Rabbi
2570:
was the first rabbi to arrive in
Colombia in 1946, and served as its first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi. In the 1950s, a Sephardic Jewish community originating in particular from Syria, Turkey and Egypt was created with Rabbi
2675:
is not confined to
Antioquia alone. It is estimated that around 10% of the Colombian population carries Jewish DNA, specially in the Andes regions, indicating a widespread Sephardic influence throughout the country.
2510:
Many Jews who came during the 18th and 19th centuries achieved prominent positions in
Colombian society. Some married local women and felt they had to abandon or diminish their Jewish identity. These included author
2717:
In the new millennium, after years of study, a group of Colombians with Jewish ancestry formally converted to Judaism in order to be accepted as Jews according to the rabbinical interpretation of the halakha.
2488:, fled the Iberian peninsula to escape persecution and seek religious freedom during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is estimated that some reached northern areas of Colombia, which at the time was known as
2977:
portugueses, rusos (son rusos el apellido Sanín y el nombre Adelaida), turcos y griegos, de quienes desciende una buena cantidad de personas y de formas culturales que prevalecen en lo cotidiano.
1120:
2757:
1698:
3031:
1353:
1048:
1240:
2448:
212:
1235:
1483:
3114:
1737:
722:
685:
2888:
Carvajal-Carmona, LG; Soto ID; Pineda N; Ortiz-Barrientos D; Duque C; Ospina-Duque J; McCarthy M; Montoya P; Alvarez VM; Bedoya G; Ruiz-Linares A (2000).
3225:
2523:
community, as well as the De Lima, Salazar, Espinoza, Arias, Ramirez, Nunez, Lindo, Tafur, Lozano, Lerma, Vinasco, De Castro, Perez and Lobo families of
1661:
2991:
1684:
2938:
1034:
2441:
1611:
1546:
1428:
2578:
A wave of kidnappings during the last decade of the 20th century led some members of Colombia's Jewish community to emigrate. Most settled in
3248:
3009:
2815:
2788:
732:
3220:
2473:
1170:
1438:
1255:
1245:
485:
2561:
Colombia asked Germans who were on the U.S. blacklist to leave and allowed Jewish refugees in the country illegally to stay. President
1834:
1784:
1749:
1443:
1308:
1175:
2637:
have claimed that it is indisputable that Paisas have Jewish ancestry. Several Paisa surnames are known to have been prevalent among
2492:. Most if not all of these people assimilated into Colombian society. Some continue to practice Jewish rituals as family traditions.
3253:
3107:
2434:
1526:
1488:
1463:
1383:
1368:
1215:
1155:
1110:
3215:
3192:
3137:
1819:
1801:
1707:
1601:
1453:
1448:
1373:
1338:
1205:
3182:
3172:
2337:
2236:
1791:
1774:
1626:
1536:
1473:
1423:
1403:
1398:
1318:
1292:
1267:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1105:
1100:
3071:
2890:"Strong Amerind/White Sex Bias and a Possible Sephardic Contribution among the Founders of a Population in Northwest Colombia"
3187:
3162:
3142:
1810:
1796:
1764:
1744:
1712:
1656:
1631:
1606:
1586:
1576:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1493:
1408:
1393:
1313:
1272:
1225:
1220:
1140:
1085:
2549:
During the early part of the 20th century, numerous Sephardic Jewish immigrants came from Greece, Turkey, North Africa and
3167:
3147:
2231:
1769:
1754:
1717:
1679:
1651:
1641:
1636:
1621:
1616:
1596:
1581:
1566:
1541:
1507:
1478:
1378:
1363:
1287:
1277:
1195:
1165:
1090:
1076:
712:
3152:
3100:
2664:
1839:
1759:
1722:
1646:
1591:
1458:
1433:
1358:
1333:
1323:
1262:
1185:
1180:
1160:
1150:
1130:
1115:
1008:
476:
471:
3177:
2629:
and took refuge in the Antioquian mountains during the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Some Colombian authors like
2527:
2496:
1829:
1824:
1779:
1732:
1418:
1388:
1348:
1343:
1200:
506:
2531:
2303:
2148:
1856:
1250:
446:
436:
172:
793:
3076:
2417:
2110:
1961:
1902:
3129:
2539:
2120:
2100:
1210:
690:
231:
17:
2519:(who adopted the more Christian name of Santiago Eder when he translated his name to Spanish) born into the
2261:
2251:
2216:
2095:
2085:
1868:
1039:
981:
815:
494:
451:
166:
2870:
2711:
2489:
2380:
2115:
2029:
1095:
647:
266:
236:
642:
3026:
2778:
2271:
2266:
2211:
1999:
914:
629:
524:
241:
2567:
2634:
2596:
2342:
2294:
2034:
1892:
705:
570:
559:
517:
2683:
As of the 21st century, approximately 5,000 Jews live in Colombia. Most of them are concentrated in
3203:
3001:
2707:
2623:
2622:
It was known that some Spanish and Portuguese New Christians of Sephardic Jewish ancestry fled the
2583:
2395:
768:
635:
538:
531:
461:
349:
224:
2645:
2246:
2196:
2143:
2138:
2052:
1922:
1190:
1019:
778:
698:
552:
118:
2534:
region of Colombia. They have continued to be influential members of society in cities such as
3029:[The Crypto-Jews of Cartagena de Indias: A Link in the Convert Diaspora (1635-1649)].
3005:
2919:
2811:
2805:
2784:
2562:
2516:
2390:
2332:
2312:
2129:
1689:
1328:
788:
659:
589:
466:
379:
246:
3046:
2909:
2901:
2700:
2619:. This custom has been interpreted as an annual affirmation of the rejection of Jewish law.
2360:
2241:
2201:
2165:
1863:
1413:
924:
680:
584:
499:
389:
181:
78:
2735:
2322:
2281:
2276:
2256:
2178:
2172:
2105:
2057:
1897:
1878:
1029:
758:
670:
653:
197:
82:
3027:"Los Criptojudíos de Cartagena de Indias: Un Eslabón en la Diáspora Conversa (1635-1649)"
144:
3092:
2914:
2889:
2749:
2703:. German Jewish communities in Bogota and Cali also preserve much of their traditions.
2572:
2520:
2422:
2221:
2090:
2076:
1956:
1935:
1912:
1907:
1885:
1873:
1468:
949:
883:
848:
826:
763:
601:
579:
441:
420:
396:
162:
90:
2905:
3242:
2638:
2370:
2365:
1571:
1498:
1024:
873:
868:
863:
853:
831:
783:
545:
384:
289:
251:
202:
2699:. Very few Jews practice religious observance; among those who do, the majority are
2546:. Over the generations most of their descendants were raised as secular Christians.
2472:
begins in the Spanish colonial period with the arrival of the first Jews during the
2692:
2630:
2600:
2512:
2400:
2226:
2067:
2062:
2020:
1973:
1067:
934:
919:
878:
843:
456:
298:
106:
2553:. Shortly after, Jewish immigrants began to arrive from Eastern Europe. A wave of
2959:
2832:"#CiudadVirtual Bogotá judía - Origen de las seis sinagogas históricas de Bogotá"
2615:
is slaughtered, butchered and consumed on the streets of every neighborhood each
2696:
2626:
2604:
2385:
2327:
1992:
898:
893:
888:
858:
2831:
2725:
2504:
2043:
1057:
986:
944:
773:
753:
312:
219:
139:
2852:
2660:
2616:
2554:
2524:
2206:
2191:
1281:
1229:
991:
939:
929:
610:
606:
596:
511:
271:
2998:
The Jewish diaspora converts in Colombia during the 16th and 17th centuries
2923:
2684:
959:
66:
2649:
2641:
2485:
2468:
2375:
1985:
1917:
748:
256:
207:
2836:
2500:
2351:
2317:
2186:
1980:
969:
964:
836:
727:
622:
618:
614:
363:
358:
335:
317:
192:
187:
177:
155:
130:
102:
86:
2011:
2006:
1966:
1951:
1062:
954:
374:
340:
326:
261:
2579:
2550:
2543:
2530:. Coincidentally, these persons and their families settled in the
974:
403:
307:
276:
2780:
Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities
2688:
2582:
and other parts of the United States. Successes in the nation's
2535:
2464:
126:
3096:
2964:
HaBait: El Centro de Documentación y Difusión Jaim Finkelstein
2691:, with about 1,000 members. New communities have sprung up in
2612:
2993:
La diáspora judeoconversa en Colombia, Siglos XVI y XVII
2962:[The Sephardim: A short history of a minority].
2758:
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
3032:
Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura
3072:"Mass converts pose dilemma for Latin American Jews"
1990:
1971:
394:
3201:
3128:
96:
72:
60:
48:
2804:Leonard, Thomas M. & Bratzel, John F. (2007).
2990:Navarrete Peláez, María Cristina (October 2010).
2960:"Los sefardíes, pequeña historia de una minoría"
18:Confederación de Comunidades Judías de Colombia
2871:"El M-19 libera otros dos rehenes en Colombia"
2515:of English Jewish ancestry, the industrialist
3108:
2442:
8:
3227:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
32:
686:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3115:
3101:
3093:
2777:Klich, Ignacio & Lesser, Jeff (1998).
2449:
2435:
2299:
1940:
1013:
820:
425:
294:
113:
31:
2913:
2810:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 117.
2644:of Sephardic Jewish origin, for example
2851:Rotstain, Elchanan (27 November 2018).
2769:
2350:
2302:
2128:
2075:
2042:
2019:
1943:
1809:
1697:
1671:
1506:
1300:
1075:
1047:
906:
740:
669:
569:
484:
428:
348:
325:
297:
125:
2575:serving as the Sephardic Chief Rabbi.
2591:Jewish ancestry in the Andean Regions
7:
3123:History of the Jews in South America
2783:. Psychology Press. pp. 76–78.
2474:Spanish colonization of the Americas
61:Regions with significant populations
3070:Arbiser, Florencia (18 June 2009).
2939:"Medellín resplandece en diciembre"
2894:American Journal of Human Genetics
25:
2807:Latin America during World War II
2706:Smaller communities are found in
477:Historical population comparisons
2742:
2728:
2687:, with about 3,500 members, and
2656:Extremadurans, and Andalusians.
2495:In the 18th century, practicing
1121:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1035:Historical population by country
1:
2906:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62956-5
692:Christianity and Judaism
3249:Jews and Judaism in Colombia
2599:, as well as in the greater
2877:(in Spanish). 3 April 1980.
2497:Spanish and Portuguese Jews
1991:
1972:
1699:Latin America and Caribbean
395:
3270:
2958:Anjel R., José Guillermo.
2853:"Who is Eliezer Roitblat?"
2652:, Mejía, and many others.
2304:Jewish political movements
2001:Conversion to Judaism
3035:(in Spanish) (29): 51–52.
3025:Escobar, Ricardo (2002).
707:Hinduism and Judaism
101:
77:
65:
53:
41:
3254:Judaism in South America
533:Temple in Jerusalem
226:Bar and bat mitzvah
2937:Rodas, Albeiro (2007).
2607:has a tradition of the
495:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3051:World Jewish Congress
2595:In the department of
2484:"New Christians", or
1241:São Tomé and Príncipe
1236:Republic of the Congo
630:Second Temple Judaism
501:Kingdom of Judah
472:Modern historiography
3000:] (in Spanish).
2343:World Agudath Israel
1484:United Arab Emirates
571:Second Temple period
561:Babylonian captivity
3002:University of Valle
2659:The history of the
2635:Miguel Ángel Osorio
2624:Cartagena de Indias
2584:democratic security
636:Hellenistic Judaism
214:Land of Israel
173:Principles of faith
45:
2710:and the island of
2197:Jewish Koine Greek
1739:Dominican Republic
1020:Judaism by country
699:Jews and Christmas
554:Assyrian captivity
37:Judíos colombianos
3236:
3235:
3208:other territories
3011:978-958-670-856-2
2857:The Kosher Portal
2817:978-0-74253-741-5
2790:978-0-71464-450-9
2568:Eliezer Roitblatt
2517:James Martin Eder
2459:
2458:
2408:
2407:
2156:
2155:
1903:Reconstructionist
1847:
1846:
999:
998:
806:
805:
643:Jewish–Roman wars
591:Hasmonean dynasty
507:Kingdom of Israel
411:
410:
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3261:
3228:
3216:Falkland Islands
3130:Sovereign states
3117:
3110:
3103:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2900:(5): 1062–1066.
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2774:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2679:Modern community
2451:
2444:
2437:
2300:
2181:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1941:
1888:
1835:New Zealand
1787:
1750:El Salvador
1740:
1672:Northern America
1664:
1258:
1014:
925:Crimean Karaites
821:
799:
797:
718:
716:
708:
702:
693:
681:Rabbinic Judaism
662:
656:
650:
638:
626:
592:
585:Maccabean Revolt
562:
555:
549:
541:
534:
528:
520:
502:
426:
400:
295:
227:
215:
114:
49:Total population
46:
43:
39:
21:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3209:
3207:
3197:
3124:
3121:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2969:
2967:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2840:. 14 July 2020.
2830:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:Colombia portal
2734:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2681:
2593:
2482:
2463:History of the
2455:
2410:
2409:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2277:Judeo-Malayalam
2257:Judaeo-Georgian
2177:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2058:Yiddish theatre
2000:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1886:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1785:
1738:
1662:
1256:
1040:Genetic studies
1011:
1001:
1000:
818:
808:
807:
795:
794:
714:
713:
706:
696:
691:
673:and Middle Ages
671:Rabbinic period
658:
652:
645:
633:
604:
590:
560:
553:
544:
536:
532:
523:
518:in Judaism
515:
500:
423:
413:
412:
292:
282:
281:
225:
213:
158:
40:
35:
34:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3089:External links
3087:
3084:
3083:
3062:
3038:
3017:
3010:
2982:
2950:
2929:
2880:
2862:
2843:
2823:
2816:
2796:
2789:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:Judaism portal
2739:
2723:
2720:
2680:
2677:
2592:
2589:
2573:David Sharbani
2563:Laureano Gómez
2521:Latvian Jewish
2481:
2478:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2428:
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2426:
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2378:
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2368:
2363:
2355:
2354:
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2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:Territorialism
2335:
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2320:
2315:
2307:
2306:
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2288:
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2279:
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2269:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2222:Judaeo-Spanish
2219:
2217:Judaeo-Iranian
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2169:
2164:
2163:
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2159:
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2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:United Kingdom
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Bilad-el-Sudan
1093:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1049:Land of Israel
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
909:
908:
907:Related groups
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
840:
839:
834:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
764:Jewish atheism
761:
756:
751:
743:
742:
738:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:Islamic–Jewish
710:
703:
688:
683:
675:
674:
667:
666:
665:
664:
640:
627:
599:
594:
587:
582:
580:Yehud Medinata
574:
573:
567:
566:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
529:
521:
509:
504:
497:
489:
488:
486:Ancient Israel
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Land of Israel
439:
431:
430:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
408:
407:
406:
401:
397:Shulchan Aruch
392:
387:
382:
377:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
353:
352:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
330:
329:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
302:
301:
293:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
222:
217:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
175:
170:
163:God in Judaism
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
134:
133:
123:
122:
110:
109:
99:
98:
94:
93:
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
42:יהדות קולומביה
33:Colombian Jews
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3221:French Guiana
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2983:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:New Christian
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Judeo-Aramaic
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Judeo-Italian
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Ghardaïa Sign
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:Denominations
1853:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:United States
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Guinea-Bissau
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:Lists of Jews
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
811:
800:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:The Holocaust
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
744:
739:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
711:
709:
704:
700:
694:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
676:
672:
668:
661:
655:
649:
644:
641:
637:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
572:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
547:
543:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
519:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
490:
487:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
416:
405:
402:
399:
398:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:Mishneh Torah
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
331:
328:
324:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
296:
291:
286:
285:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
223:
221:
218:
216:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
146:
145:Who is a Jew?
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
38:
27:
19:
3204:Dependencies
3157:
3075:
3065:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3030:
3020:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2968:. Retrieved
2966:(in Spanish)
2963:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2932:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2846:
2835:
2826:
2806:
2799:
2779:
2772:
2716:
2705:
2693:Barranquilla
2682:
2673:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2631:Jorge Isaacs
2621:
2608:
2601:Paisa region
2594:
2577:
2560:
2548:
2532:Cauca Valley
2513:Jorge Isaacs
2509:
2494:
2483:
2462:
2460:
2401:Post-Zionism
2272:Judeo-Berber
2267:Judeo-Arabic
2227:Judeo-Gascon
1974:Pidyon haben
1893:Conservative
1727:
1439:Saudi Arabia
1257:South Africa
1246:Sierra Leone
1068:Israeli Jews
982:Mosaic Arabs
935:Kaifeng Jews
796:Arab–Israeli
769:Emancipation
648:Great Revolt
457:Anti-Judaism
452:Antisemitism
447:Name "Judea"
242:Baal teshuva
107:Christianity
54:
36:
29:Ethnic group
26:
2665:New Granada
2627:Inquisition
2490:New Granada
2396:Revisionist
2386:Neo-Zionism
1993:Zeved habat
1786:Puerto Rico
1612:Netherlands
1444:South Korea
1429:Philippines
1309:Afghanistan
1176:Ivory Coast
950:Crypto-Jews
915:Bnei Anusim
894:Bene Israel
859:Beta Israel
816:Communities
723:Middle Ages
462:Persecution
237:Bereavement
3243:Categories
3056:2019-04-22
3047:"Colombia"
2944:2009-10-16
2764:References
2712:San Andres
2611:, where a
2499:came from
2381:Maximalism
2333:Secularism
2313:Autonomism
2130:Literature
1923:Humanistic
1527:Azerbaijan
1489:Uzbekistan
1464:Tajikistan
1384:Kyrgyzstan
1369:Kazakhstan
1216:Mozambique
1191:Madagascar
1111:Cape Verde
1063:New Yishuv
1058:Old Yishuv
1009:Population
987:Subbotniks
945:Samaritans
884:Romanyotim
827:Ashkenazim
774:Old Yishuv
754:Sabbateans
741:Modern era
733:Golden Age
660:Bar Kokhba
380:Beit Yosef
247:Philosophy
3193:Venezuela
3138:Argentina
2708:Cartagena
2661:conversos
2642:conversos
2617:Christmas
2609:marranada
2597:Antioquia
2558:Germany.
2555:Ashkenazi
2528:Sephardim
2525:Antillean
2391:Religious
2247:Zarphatic
2237:Bukharian
2207:Judeo-Tat
2192:Yeshivish
2166:Languages
2121:Sephardic
2111:Israelite
2101:Ethiopian
2091:Ashkenazi
2030:Religious
1820:Australia
1802:Venezuela
1708:Argentina
1690:Greenland
1602:Lithuania
1454:Sri Lanka
1449:Singapore
1374:Kurdistan
1339:Indonesia
1329:Hong Kong
1282:Abayudaya
1206:Mauritius
940:Igbo Jews
930:Krymchaks
849:Sephardim
717:relations
611:Sadducees
607:Pharisees
597:Sanhedrin
512:Jerusalem
272:Synagogue
140:Etymology
73:Languages
3183:Suriname
3173:Paraguay
3158:Colombia
2924:11032790
2722:See also
2701:Orthodox
2697:Medellín
2646:Espinosa
2605:Medellín
2486:Marranos
2469:Colombia
2418:Category
2376:Kahanism
2323:Feminism
2295:Politics
2179:Biblical
2149:American
2096:Bukharan
2086:American
1986:Shidduch
1962:Clothing
1918:Haymanot
1864:Orthodox
1792:Suriname
1775:Paraguay
1728:Colombia
1627:Portugal
1537:Bulgaria
1474:Thailand
1424:Pakistan
1404:Mongolia
1399:Malaysia
1319:Cambodia
1293:Zimbabwe
1268:Tanzania
1146:Eswatini
1136:Ethiopia
1126:Djibouti
1106:Cameroon
1101:Botswana
1030:Diaspora
992:Noahides
965:Marranos
889:Cochinim
874:Bukharim
864:Gruzinim
854:Teimanim
844:Mizrahim
832:Galician
798:conflict
759:Hasidism
749:Haskalah
654:Diaspora
525:timeline
437:Timeline
350:Rabbinic
257:Kabbalah
232:Marriage
208:Tzedakah
198:Holidays
156:Religion
119:a series
117:Part of
97:Religion
3188:Uruguay
3163:Ecuador
3143:Bolivia
2970:6 April
2915:1288568
2875:El País
2837:YouTube
2663:in the
2540:Palmira
2505:Curaçao
2501:Jamaica
2480:History
2361:General
2352:Zionism
2328:Leftism
2318:Bundism
2242:Knaanic
2202:Yevanic
2187:Yiddish
2144:Yiddish
2139:Israeli
2116:Mizrahi
2106:Israeli
2077:Cuisine
2053:Ancient
2035:Secular
1981:Kashrut
1957:Wedding
1944:Customs
1936:Culture
1913:Science
1908:Renewal
1898:Karaite
1879:Hasidic
1811:Oceania
1797:Uruguay
1765:Jamaica
1745:Ecuador
1713:Bolivia
1657:Ukraine
1632:Romania
1607:Moldova
1587:Hungary
1577:Germany
1572:Georgia
1562:Finland
1557:Estonia
1552:Denmark
1547:Czechia
1532:Belarus
1522:Austria
1517:Armenia
1494:Vietnam
1409:Myanmar
1394:Lebanon
1314:Bahrain
1273:Tunisia
1251:Somalia
1226:Nigeria
1221:Namibia
1211:Morocco
1141:Eritrea
1086:Algeria
970:Neofiti
879:Italkim
869:Juhurim
779:Zionism
728:Khazars
623:Sicarii
619:Zealots
615:Essenes
602:Schisms
467:Leaders
429:General
421:History
364:Tosefta
359:Midrash
336:Mishnah
318:Ketuvim
313:Nevi'im
262:Customs
193:Shabbat
188:Halakha
180: (
178:Mitzvot
165: (
131:Judaism
103:Judaism
87:Yiddish
79:Spanish
44:
3168:Guyana
3148:Brazil
3008:
2922:
2912:
2814:
2787:
2685:Bogotá
2423:Portal
2282:Domari
2212:Shassi
2173:Hebrew
2068:Humour
2012:Hiloni
2007:Aliyah
1967:Niddah
1952:Minyan
1887:Reform
1874:Haredi
1869:Modern
1770:Mexico
1755:Guyana
1718:Brazil
1680:Canada
1652:Sweden
1642:Serbia
1637:Russia
1622:Poland
1617:Norway
1597:Latvia
1582:Greece
1567:France
1542:Cyprus
1508:Europe
1479:Turkey
1469:Taiwan
1379:Kuwait
1364:Jordan
1354:Israel
1288:Zambia
1278:Uganda
1196:Malawi
1166:Guinea
1156:Gambia
1091:Angola
1077:Africa
960:Dönmeh
955:Anusim
899:Berber
837:Litvak
789:Israel
695:
632:
546:Second
514:
375:Targum
341:Gemara
327:Talmud
299:Tanakh
252:Ethics
203:Prayer
91:Ladino
83:Hebrew
67:Bogotá
3153:Chile
2996:[
2650:Pérez
2580:Miami
2551:Syria
2544:Tulua
2371:Labor
2366:Green
2063:Dance
2021:Music
1840:Palau
1760:Haiti
1723:Chile
1647:Spain
1592:Italy
1499:Yemen
1459:Syria
1434:Qatar
1414:Nepal
1359:Japan
1334:India
1324:China
1263:Sudan
1186:Libya
1181:Kenya
1161:Ghana
1151:Gabon
1131:Egypt
1116:Benin
975:Xueta
920:Lemba
539:First
404:Zohar
308:Torah
290:Texts
277:Rabbi
267:Rites
167:names
55:5,000
3178:Peru
3006:ISBN
2972:2009
2920:PMID
2812:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2695:and
2689:Cali
2633:and
2542:and
2536:Cali
2503:and
2465:Jews
2461:The
1830:Guam
1825:Fiji
1780:Peru
1733:Cuba
1419:Oman
1389:Laos
1349:Iraq
1344:Iran
1301:Asia
1230:Igbo
1201:Mali
220:Brit
129:and
127:Jews
105:and
3206:and
3077:JTA
2910:PMC
2902:doi
2613:pig
2467:in
2044:Art
390:Tur
182:613
3245::
3074:.
3049:.
3004:.
2974:.
2918:.
2908:.
2898:67
2896:.
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2873:.
2855:.
2834:.
2648:,
2538:,
2476:.
657:,
651:,
621:,
617:,
613:,
609:,
121:on
89:,
85:,
81:,
3116:e
3109:t
3102:v
3080:.
3059:.
3014:.
2980:)
2947:.
2926:.
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2820:.
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