3007:. With the settlement of Jews there, the place became a lively commercial center. The Jews built houses, grew cattle, erected a fortress, and built a synagogue. They began to purchase cocoa beans and tobacco from the interior of Venezuela, and mule trains carrying cocoa from New Granada and Quito would arrive in Tucacas, sell their produce to the Jews, and purchase textiles and other European goods in return. The attempts by Spanish forces to attack the settlement failed, owing to the protection of Dutch naval units, the local Venezuelan population, and the defense by the Jews themselves. This Dutch enclave was under the command of Jorge Christian, Marquis of Tucacas, and Samuel Gradis Gabai, under the title Señor de Las Tucacas. Samuel was also president of the Hebrew congregation called "Santa Irmandad" (the Holy Brotherhood).
3169:
3153:
expelled by govern back to
Curacao. As they claimed Dutch citizenship, the consul-general for the Netherlands, Van Lansberge, informed the home government in Amsterdam, and three war ships were sent to La Guaira, the principal seaport of Venezuela, and the redress demanded was at once granted. The Venezuelan government agreed to salute the Dutch flag; to restore to the Jews their property in Coro; and to pay an indemnity of 200,000 pesos ($ 160,000), the last clause being carried into effect in 1859, after lengthy diplomatic negotiations with the ambassador of the Netherlands, Jhr. O. van Rees.
3406:
3082:
Venezuela became part of the viceroyalty of Nueva
Granada which also included actual Colombia and Ecuador. The Viceroy Jorge de Villalonga, because of complaints from the Catholic clergy of Inquisition and from Spain Crown, decided to eliminate Tucacas. Pedro Jose de Olivarriaga was nominated commissioner against the so-called Jewish "contraband trade." With special army units and 40 ships he attacked and captured the town in 1720. According to eyewitnesses the synagogue was destroyed, the Jews burned their own houses, and left for Curaçao.
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finding great fortunes of El Dorado made the men endure all the hardships, the infinity of the plains ended up discouraging them. Fatigue also affected the temperament of
Malaver de Silva, who instead of encouraging his soldiers became increasingly distant and intractable. But the man did not give up and from Barquisimeto he left for Peru. On the way he climbed the Andes mountain range, passed through Santa Fe de Bogotá. Later he went to Chachapoyas in Peru, sold his lands and returned to Spain to request a new capitulation.
3344:, emigration saw Venezuela's 20,000 Jewish population drop by 20% to 45%. For instance The Latin American Jewish Congress estimated that in 2007, only between 12,000 and 13,000 Jews still resided in Venezuela. By November 2010, more than 50% of Jewish Venezuelans had left the country since Chavez came to power, with some of those remaining behind complaining of "official antisemitism". By early 2013, only 9,000 Jews lived in Venezuela and in 2020, it was reported that under 6,000 lived in the country.
30:
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3233:. By 1917, the number of Jewish citizens rose to 475, and to 882 in 1926. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Jewish community began to develop with the arrival of North African and eastern European Jews. Jewish immigration from Eastern and Central Europe increased after 1934 but, by then, Venezuela had imposed specific restrictions on Jewish immigration, which remained in effect until after the 1950s.
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3252:, "Imagine our joy at being free and far from a land in which everything threatened us with death. It is such a holy occurrence given that we were expelled from Germany and you have embraced us." By 1950, in spite of immigration restrictions, there were around 6,000 Jewish people in Venezuela. The biggest waves of immigration occurred after World War II and the 1967
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as "perhaps the most serious incident ever to have taken place in the history of the Jewish community." The
Institute also stated that pro-Chavez supporters were responsible for frequent antisemitic incidents such as desecrations of and attacks on synagogues and graffitied slogans such as "Jews go
3429:
in reference to opposition leaders. The
Venezuelan Confederation of Israelite Associations also raised concerns that Chavez's rhetoric, which had "once clearly differentiated criticism of Israel from that of the Venezuelan Jewish community," had merged his anti-Zionist views with anti-Semitic ones
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in 1824. Other Jewish communities began springing up in
Caracas and Puerto Cabello in the 1840s. In 1844, groups of Jews from Morocco came to the town of Barcelona. Unfortunately, years later in 1854, a violent act of anti-Semitism meant that the entire Coro Jewish population of 168 individuals was
3293:
What is equally striking in talking with
Venezuela's Jews, to the extent that generalizations are ever possible, is an obvious pride in being Venezuelan. Not only do they continue to appreciate the refuge the country provided—the Jews having come in search of safety and opportunity — but they also
3264:
representative moved to the country, in order to service the many Jews who had made
Venezuela their home. The Jewish population in Venezuela peaked at 45,000, largely centered in Caracas, but with smaller concentrations in Maracaibo. Most of Venezuela's Jews are either first or second generation.
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at that time a
British colony. Jews such as Mordejai Ricardo and brothers Ricardo and Abraham Meza offered hospitality to an exiliated Bolivar as he fought against the Spanish, thus establishing brotherly relations between Jews and the newly independent Venezuelan republic. Several Jews of Curazao
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signed an association agreement last year, fifteen synagogues (all but one
Orthodox), and, perhaps most striking of all, a Jewish all-in-one campus, Hebraica. Combining Jewish nursery and day schools, a country club, cultural center, a verdant setting, and wide-ranging sports activities, Hebraica
3081:
The Spanish provincial authorities collaborated with the Jews of Tucacas, since they saw them as an outlet for export and the suppliers of much-needed European goods, since the over-extended Spanish fleet could not meet the demands of all its American colonies. At the end of 1717, the province of
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who with 40 more veterans left Don Pedro in the lurch and departed to the eastern of Venezuela. With only 130 men Malaver advances along the mountain range towards the plains. Soon the expedition began to feel the hardships of that inhospitable and unpopulated area. Although initially the hope of
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The results of these communal efforts speak for themselves. The community is close-knit, an overwhelming majority of Jewish children attend Jewish schools, the level of participation is high, identification with Israel is intense, and intermarriage rates are low compared to the United States or
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recruited about 600 men, many of them with wives and children, who were mostly Jewish converts (being suspected of continuing with their religious practices, they were called Marranos) expelled from various European cities under Spanish rule. Once the levy was concluded, the preparations were
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on the mainland. Malaver de Silva began his itinerary with the ascent of the coastal mountain range, camping in the Venezuelan city of Valencia del Rey. Malaver suffered a serious illness that kept him bedridden for a long period, in addition to the rainy season. His nephew
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Venezuela was hospitable to Jewish life, and Jews "developed deep ties to the country and a strong sense of patriotism", acculturating and settling into a "comfortable 'live-and-let-live' rapport with the government". According to David Harris, Executive Director of the
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The ties between Jews in the Dutch island colonies and Venezuela increased more dramatically between 1819-1821 after its new constitution called for religious freedom. In 1820, the Curiel was the first Jewish family settled in the town of Santa Ana de Coro. The
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completed, two ships were supplied and the people were reunited with their respective families in Seville. On March 19, 1569, they set out to sea in SanlĂşcar de Barrameda and sailed to Venezuela. After stopping in the Canary Archipelago they arrived in the
3401:
Antisemitism has occurred periodically throughout the history of Venezuela, including instances of anti-Jewish rioting in the 19th century and immigration restrictions in the early 20th, leading to a difficult assimilation for Jews in the country.
3205:
Immigration restrictions were placed on Jews in the early 20th century and were abolished in the late 1950s. By 1950 there were around 6,000 Jewish people in Venezuela and the biggest waves of immigration occurred after World War II and the 1967
3332:
stated that this emigration from Venezuela occurred due to "the country’s economic crisis ... as well as the anti-Semitic rhetoric that has marked the left-wing regime’s support for Iran, Syria, and Palestinian Islamist organizations like
3386:
of the 2010s, Jewish emigration rapidly increased. This time they primarily moved to Israel, as the devaluation of their property and other assets effectively closed off other possibilities such as the United States and Panama.
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commandant of the Cayes naval expedition, David Haim de Moshe Lopez Penha, who served as a colonel of infantry; Benjamin Henriques, who became a captain in the cavalry; and Juan de Sola, who commanded the cavalry at the
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in 1919, was created as an organization to bring the Jews who were scattered throughout the country together. Jewish prayer and holiday services took place in small houses in Caracas and towns like
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According to the Latin American Jewish Congress, Venezuela's Jewish community had an estimated 22,000 people when Chávez took office in 1999. In the early 2000s, emigration of Venezuelan Jews to
1051:
3202:. Prior to their arrival, the Venezuelan Navy had repeatedly checked Dutch and Antillean merchant ships and the presence of the Dutch warships acted as a deterrent against further actions.
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recognize the country's postwar record of tolerance and relative absence of anti-Semitism, as well as its support of the 1947 UN resolution calling for the establishment of a Jewish state.
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Public instances of antisemitism have occurred as well. An armed raid carried out by security forces in November on the Jewish elementary and high school in Caracas was described by the
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They have developed an impressive communal infrastructure built around a central umbrella organization, La ConfederaciĂłn de Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela (CAIV), with which the
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took power in 1999, tension has existed between the government and Jewish population, which has seen large numbers emigrating. Today, the majority of
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Since Hugo Chávez took power in 1999, there have been frequent accusations of antisemitism directed at the government. Members of the
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Assimilation of Jews in Venezuela was difficult, but in the last decade of the 19th century though small communities could be found in
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Perelman, Marc. "Venezuela's Jews Defend Leftist President in Flap Over Remarks". Forward.com, January 13, 2006. Available from the
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have portrayed comments from Chávez as antisemitic, including comparing other politicians to Hitler and the use of the phrase
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At the turn of the 19th century, Venezuela were fighting against their Spanish colonizers in wars of independence. In 1812
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On 2 April 1902, in response to rising political tension between the Netherlands and Venezuela to evacuate the Jews of
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arrived and settled mostly in the capital of Caracas. Coinciding with that very influx, in the mid-60’s the first
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41:. (Land controlled by Venezuela shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled land shown in light green.)
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Report: Anti-Semitism on Rise in Venezuela; Chavez Government 'Fosters Hate' Toward Jews and Israel.
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3589: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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3337:" and that "first Chavez and now Maduro have found political uses for anti-Jewish rhetoric".
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Among destinations for the 15–16,000 Jews leaving Venezuela, the prime destination was The
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In 1693 a large group of granas Jews originally from Leghorn left the Dutch colony of
2800:(Spanish and Portuguese descendants of baptized Jews suspected of secret adherence to
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and docked in Venezuela. One Jewish refugee commented in the Venezuelan newspaper,
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1998:
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809:
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387:
229:
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3318:"JudĂos (Jews) Go Home" graffiti on the wall of the Israeli Embassy in Caracas.
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dates to the middle of the 17th century, when records suggest that groups of
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3949:
The Chavez Regime: Fostering Anti-Semitism and Supporting Radical Islam.
4334:
4319:
3997:"In Venezuela, remarks like 'Hitler didn't finish the job' are routine"
3858:"ADL Denounces Anti-Semitic Graffiti Sprayed on Synagogue in Venezuela"
3730:
American Jewish Committee, 20 October 2005. Accessed on April 3, 2008.
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Venezuela: El primer cementario judĂo de SudamĂ©rica es reacondicionado
3434:
stated that Chavez's criticism of Israeli military actions during the
4329:
4284:
3810:"Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela"
3705:, 15 January 2003. Accessed from JewishJournal.com on April 3, 2008.
3368:
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even fought in the ranks of Bolivar’s army during the war as admiral
1942:
1937:
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885:
305:
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3651:. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Accessed 13 August 2006.
3218:. Most of Venezuela's Jews are either first or second generation.
4359:
4079:"Venezuelan Jews are moving to Israel to escape deepening poverty"
3569:
3352:
3334:
3313:
3167:
3089:
905:
334:
238:
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28:
3677:, 14 July 2003. Accessed from Luxner News, Inc. on April 3, 2008.
3665:
A precarious democracy threatens Venezuelans — Jews and non-Jews.
2786:
57:
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4226:
2816:. The Jewish community, however, did not become established in
3210:, The Jewish population in Venezuela was largely centered in
3014:
2932:
2835:
4183:"As Chavez cozies up to Iran, Venezuelan community shudders"
3453:
regime has continued to engage in antisemitic rhetoric. The
3221:
In 1907, the Israelite Beneficial Society, which became the
4203:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Venezuela"
4147:
U.S. Department of State (2005). Accessed 13 August 2006.
3785:
18:
ConfederaciĂłn de las Asociaciones Israelitas de Venezuela
4145:
Venezuela: International Religious Freedom Report 2005.
4109:"A Former Guerrilla Reinvents Himself as a Candidate".
3132:
is the oldest Jewish cemetery in continuous use in the
3620:"scheepvaartmuseum.nl :: Maritieme kalender 1902"
3136:. Its origin can be located in the 19th century, when
4159:"WikiLeaks sheds light on plight of Venezuela's Jews"
3172:
Holocaust Memorial at the Jewish Cemetery in Caracas
1921:
1902:
325:
4862:
4789:
4720:
4694:
4537:
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3507:; mainly about Polish Jews immigrating to Venezuela
2906:in the Eastern Venezuela during 1568 the conqueror
4065:Post-Chavez, Venezuelan Jews plant roots elsewhere
3911:S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism.
4041:"Community in Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)"
3340:By 2007, amid concerns of rising allegations of
4016:"Jewish community in Venezuela shrinks by half"
3449:Members of the Jewish community claim that the
3282:serves as the focus for much of the community.
4769:
4238:
2764:
2373:
8:
4888:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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2820:until the middle of the 19th century. Since
3954:, November 6, 2006. Accessed April 3, 2008.
3939:, November 6, 2006. Accessed April 3, 2008.
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3736:
3715:
3713:
3711:
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3685:
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3646:The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Venezuela.
3438:was "fanning the flames of anti-Semitism."
3148:began to migrate to the Venezuelan city of
3049:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2967:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2870:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
617:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
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3693:Jews in Venezuela: A Vanishing Community?
3069:Learn how and when to remove this message
2987:Learn how and when to remove this message
2890:Learn how and when to remove this message
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3123:fight for independence of Latin America
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4115:, 1 July 2006. Accessed April 3, 2008.
3995:Shlomo Papirblat (November 20, 2010).
3883:
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2725:Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez
7:
4784:History of the Jews in South America
3047:adding citations to reliable sources
2965:adding citations to reliable sources
2868:adding citations to reliable sources
2516:American Confederation of Venezuela
3547:(Winter 2011/2012). Archived from
3541:"Venezuela: Another Jewish Exodus"
3223:Israelite Association of Venezuela
3214:, with smaller concentrations in
3198:arrived in the Venezuelan port of
25:
4207:United States Department of State
4014:Gil Shefler (September 1, 2010).
3966:"Venezuelan Jews fear for future"
3598:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
408:Historical population comparisons
3808:Rueda, Jorge (4 December 2007).
3608:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3584:
3489:
3475:
3413:in Caracas was attacked in 2009.
3019:
2937:
2840:
2740:
2416:
1052:Democratic Republic of the Congo
966:Historical population by country
3964:Hal Weitzman (March 26, 2007).
3888:Annual Report 2004: Venezuela.
3786:"Jabad Lubavitch de Venezuela"
3521:History of the Jews in Curaçao
2826:Venezuelan Jews live in Israel
2607:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1:
3432:The Jewish Telegraphic Agency
623:Christianity and Judaism
3844:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4077:Eglash, Ruth (2017-01-01).
3900:. Accessed August 11, 2006.
1922:
1903:
1630:Latin America and Caribbean
326:
4926:
4157:Gil Shefler (2010-12-02).
4126:U.S. Embassy in Venezuela.
3516:Israel–Venezuela relations
3394:
3384:Venezuelan economic crisis
3307:
2683:November 1992 coup attempt
2678:February 1992 coup attempt
2503:Viceroyalty of New Granada
2235:Jewish political movements
1932:Conversion to Judaism
4910:Jewish Venezuelan history
3430:beginning in 2004, while
3397:Antisemitism in Venezuela
3310:Venezuelan refugee crisis
3279:American Jewish Committee
3271:American Jewish Committee
3256:, when a large influx of
2556:Revolution of the Reforms
638:Hinduism and Judaism
3411:Tiféret Israel Synagogue
2586:Revindicating Revolution
464:Temple in Jerusalem
157:Bar and bat mitzvah
4135:Accessed April 3, 2008.
3746:Thor Halvorssen Mendoza
3605:The Jewish Encyclopedia
3511:List of Venezuelan Jews
3423:Simon Wiesenthal Center
3236:In 1939 the steamboats
3130:Jewish Cemetery of Coro
3096:Jewish Cemetery of Coro
2922:Garci González de Silva
426:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4067:- The Times of Israel.
3952:Anti-Defamation League
3937:Anti-Defamation League
3898:Stephen Roth Institute
3649:Jewish Virtual Library
3455:US Department of State
3443:Stephen Roth Institute
3414:
3319:
3173:
3099:
2908:Pedro Malaver de Silva
2715:2004 recall referendum
2710:2002–03 general strike
42:
4045:World Jewish Congress
3419:World Jewish Congress
3408:
3317:
3308:Further information:
3171:
3093:
2692:Bolivarian Revolution
2612:Liberating Revolution
2498:Province of Venezuela
1172:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1167:Republic of the Congo
561:Second Temple Judaism
432:Kingdom of Judah
403:Modern historiography
32:
4192:JTA, 20 August 2006.
3976:on November 24, 2007
3762:(44). Archived from
3721:Letter from Caracas.
3545:World Policy Journal
3121:in 1821 to join his
3043:improve this section
2961:improve this section
2864:improve this section
2747:Venezuela portal
2627:Oil industry history
2433:Pre-Columbian period
2274:World Agudath Israel
1415:United Arab Emirates
502:Second Temple period
492:Babylonian captivity
4181:Sreeharsha, Vinod.
3755:The Weekly Standard
3551:on 5 September 2017
3326:grew steadily. The
2730:Crisis in Venezuela
2591:Legalist Revolution
2561:1848–1849 civil war
2523:War of Independence
567:Hellenistic Judaism
145:Land of Israel
104:Principles of faith
4188:2006-09-29 at the
4163:The Jerusalem Post
4131:2015-01-15 at the
4112:The New York Times
4020:The Jerusalem Post
3923:, August 10, 2006.
3916:2008-03-06 at the
3893:2006-10-23 at the
3862:Algemeiner Journal
3748:(August 8, 2005).
3726:2015-01-18 at the
3719:Harris, David A.
3698:2006-03-21 at the
3670:2011-09-28 at the
3415:
3329:Algemeiner Journal
3320:
3174:
3119:Battle of Carabobo
3100:
2720:2007 RCTV protests
2632:Generation of 1928
2128:Jewish Koine Greek
1670:Dominican Republic
951:Judaism by country
630:Jews and Christmas
485:Assyrian captivity
43:
4897:
4896:
4869:other territories
4751:
4750:
4254:Venezuelan people
3691:Drucker, Julie.
3505:Polish Venezuelan
3459:Esteban Trapiello
3355:. Others went to
3188:Koningin Regentes
3150:Santa Ana de Coro
3079:
3078:
3071:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2781:
2780:
2705:2002 coup attempt
2645:Democratic period
2508:Captaincy General
2390:
2389:
2339:
2338:
2087:
2086:
1834:Reconstructionist
1778:
1777:
930:
929:
737:
736:
574:Jewish–Roman wars
522:Hasmonean dynasty
438:Kingdom of Israel
342:
341:
16:(Redirected from
4917:
4889:
4877:Falkland Islands
4791:Sovereign states
4778:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4660:
4653:
4599:
4585:
4498:
4491:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4122:
4116:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3930:
3924:
3909:Berrios, Jerry.
3907:
3901:
3885:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3864:. 2 January 2015
3854:
3848:
3847:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3816:. Archived from
3805:
3794:
3793:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3750:"Hurricane Hugo"
3742:
3731:
3717:
3706:
3689:
3678:
3663:Luxner, Larry.
3661:
3652:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3536:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3483:Venezuela portal
3480:
3479:
3478:
3463:Holocaust denial
3436:2006 Lebanon War
3359:, as well as to
3160:
3126:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3054:
3023:
3015:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2941:
2933:
2913:Margarita Island
2895:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2844:
2836:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2637:El Trienio Adeco
2617:1902–03 blockade
2581:April Revolution
2566:March Revolution
2475:
2461:
2420:
2410:
2392:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2231:
2112:
1933:
1927:
1908:
1872:
1819:
1766:New Zealand
1718:
1681:El Salvador
1671:
1603:Northern America
1595:
1189:
945:
856:Crimean Karaites
752:
730:
728:
649:
647:
639:
633:
624:
612:Rabbinic Judaism
593:
587:
581:
569:
557:
523:
516:Maccabean Revolt
493:
486:
480:
472:
465:
459:
451:
433:
357:
331:
226:
158:
146:
45:
33:The location of
21:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4785:
4782:
4752:
4747:
4716:
4690:
4656:
4649:
4595:
4581:
4533:
4494:
4487:
4471:
4440:
4419:
4256:
4251:
4221:
4212:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4190:Wayback Machine
4180:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4133:Wayback Machine
4123:
4119:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4083:Washington Post
4076:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3947:
3943:
3935:Press release,
3931:
3927:
3918:Wayback Machine
3908:
3904:
3895:Wayback Machine
3886:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3820:on 8 April 2015
3807:
3806:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3766:on May 20, 2011
3744:
3743:
3734:
3728:Wayback Machine
3718:
3709:
3700:Wayback Machine
3690:
3681:
3672:Wayback Machine
3662:
3655:
3644:Krusch, David.
3643:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3596:Singer, Isidore
3594:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3572:. eSefarad.com
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3539:Candia, Carla.
3538:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3399:
3393:
3351:, particularly
3312:
3306:
3301:
3166:
3154:
3102:
3088:
3075:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3040:
3024:
3013:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2958:
2942:
2931:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2861:
2845:
2834:
2785:history of the
2777:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2688:
2687:
2658:Punto Fijo Pact
2641:
2600:Andean Hegemony
2596:
2595:
2576:Blue Revolution
2544:
2533:Second Republic
2512:
2473:
2457:
2408:
2401:
2386:
2341:
2340:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2208:Judeo-Malayalam
2188:Judaeo-Georgian
2108:
2099:
2089:
2088:
1989:Yiddish theatre
1931:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1817:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1716:
1669:
1593:
1187:
971:Genetic studies
942:
932:
931:
749:
739:
738:
726:
725:
645:
644:
637:
627:
622:
604:and Middle Ages
602:Rabbinic period
589:
583:
576:
564:
535:
521:
491:
484:
475:
467:
463:
454:
449:in Judaism
446:
431:
354:
344:
343:
223:
213:
212:
156:
144:
89:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4743:Refugee crisis
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4721:Related topics
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:Indo-Caribbean
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4194:
4174:
4149:
4137:
4117:
4102:
4069:
4057:
4032:
3987:
3956:
3941:
3925:
3902:
3875:
3849:
3831:
3795:
3777:
3732:
3707:
3679:
3653:
3632:
3611:
3577:
3562:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3497:Judaism portal
3486:
3470:
3467:
3427:wandering Jews
3395:Main article:
3392:
3389:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3165:
3162:
3157:Puerto Cabello
3138:Sephardic Jews
3087:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3012:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2898:
2897:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Vargas tragedy
2696:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:Third Republic
2535:
2530:
2528:First Republic
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2269:Territorialism
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Judaeo-Spanish
2150:
2148:Judaeo-Iranian
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:United Kingdom
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:Bilad-el-Sudan
1024:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
983:
982:
980:Land of Israel
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
943:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
840:
839:
838:Related groups
835:
834:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
771:
770:
765:
750:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
734:
733:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
695:Jewish atheism
692:
687:
682:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:Islamic–Jewish
641:
634:
619:
614:
606:
605:
598:
597:
596:
595:
571:
558:
530:
525:
518:
513:
511:Yehud Medinata
505:
504:
498:
497:
496:
495:
488:
481:
473:
460:
452:
440:
435:
428:
420:
419:
417:Ancient Israel
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Land of Israel
370:
362:
361:
355:
350:
349:
346:
345:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
328:Shulchan Aruch
323:
318:
313:
308:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
261:
260:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
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233:
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224:
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218:
215:
214:
211:
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205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
153:
148:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
106:
101:
94:God in Judaism
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4922:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4882:French Guiana
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
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4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
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4779:
4774:
4772:
4767:
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4759:
4756:
4744:
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4736:
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4708:
4705:
4703:
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4699:
4697:
4693:
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4682:
4679:
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4659:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
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4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:North African
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
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4225:
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4092:
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3876:
3863:
3859:
3853:
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3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3819:
3815:
3814:U-T San Diego
3811:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3791:
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3697:
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3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3591:public domain
3581:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3519:
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3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:United States
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:Sephardi Jews
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3105:Simon Bolivar
3097:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3062:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3028:This section
3026:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2946:This section
2944:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2902:In search of
2894:
2891:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2849:This section
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Judeo-Aramaic
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Judeo-Italian
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:Denominations
1784:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:United States
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Guinea-Bissau
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Lists of Jews
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
935:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
742:
731:
723:
721:
718:
716:
715:The Holocaust
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
642:
640:
635:
631:
625:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
607:
603:
599:
592:
586:
580:
575:
572:
568:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
503:
499:
494:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
471:
466:
461:
457:
453:
450:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
414:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
347:
336:
333:
330:
329:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Mishneh Torah
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
282:
278:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
259:
255:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
231:
227:
222:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
154:
152:
149:
147:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
83:
82:
77:
76:Who is a Jew?
74:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:South America
36:
31:
27:
19:
4865:Dependencies
4853:
4728:Colonization
4701:
4380:Timoto–Cuica
4211:. Retrieved
4209:. 2023-12-07
4206:
4197:
4177:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:
4152:
4140:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4094:. Retrieved
4082:
4072:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:November 20,
4023:. Retrieved
4019:
4006:November 20,
4004:. Retrieved
4000:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3969:
3959:
3944:
3928:
3921:Miami Herald
3920:
3905:
3866:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3834:
3822:. Retrieved
3818:the original
3789:
3780:
3770:November 20,
3768:. Retrieved
3764:the original
3759:
3753:
3702:
3674:
3624:. Retrieved
3614:
3603:
3580:
3574:(in Spanish)
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:the original
3544:
3534:
3448:
3440:
3416:
3400:
3391:Antisemitism
3381:
3346:
3342:antisemitism
3339:
3327:
3321:
3299:21st century
3267:
3249:
3246:Nazi Germany
3241:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3204:
3194:
3187:
3175:
3164:20th century
3101:
3086:19th century
3080:
3065:
3059:January 2024
3056:
3041:Please help
3029:
3011:18th century
2998:
2983:
2977:January 2024
2974:
2959:Please help
2947:
2929:17th century
2901:
2886:
2880:January 2024
2877:
2862:Please help
2850:
2832:16th century
2795:
2784:
2782:
2690:
2689:
2643:
2642:
2598:
2597:
2546:
2545:
2514:
2513:
2489:
2488:
2332:Post-Zionism
2203:Judeo-Berber
2198:Judeo-Arabic
2158:Judeo-Gascon
1905:Pidyon haben
1824:Conservative
1732:
1370:Saudi Arabia
1188:South Africa
1177:Sierra Leone
999:Israeli Jews
913:Mosaic Arabs
866:Kaifeng Jews
727:Arab–Israeli
700:Emancipation
579:Great Revolt
388:Anti-Judaism
383:Antisemitism
378:Name "Judea"
173:Baal teshuva
26:
4733:Immigration
4666:Scandinavia
3840:"Venezuela"
3790:jabadve.com
3254:Six-Day War
3238:Koenigstein
3208:Six-Day War
3193:HNLMS
3186:HNLMS
2822:Hugo Chávez
2804:) lived in
2571:Federal War
2548:Caudillismo
2407:History of
2327:Revisionist
2317:Neo-Zionism
1924:Zeved habat
1717:Puerto Rico
1543:Netherlands
1375:South Korea
1360:Philippines
1240:Afghanistan
1107:Ivory Coast
881:Crypto-Jews
846:Bnei Anusim
825:Bene Israel
790:Beta Israel
747:Communities
654:Middle Ages
393:Persecution
168:Bereavement
4630:Portuguese
4620:Lithuanian
4467:Uruguayans
4452:Argentines
4305:Cumanagoto
4262:Indigenous
4213:2024-07-28
4168:2011-01-13
4096:2020-11-18
3626:2012-12-24
3622:(in Dutch)
3527:References
3461:promoting
3373:Costa Rica
3304:Emigration
3227:Los Teques
3144:colony of
3114:Luis Brion
2663:Carupanazo
2425:Chronology
2312:Maximalism
2264:Secularism
2244:Autonomism
2061:Literature
1854:Humanistic
1458:Azerbaijan
1420:Uzbekistan
1395:Tajikistan
1315:Kyrgyzstan
1300:Kazakhstan
1147:Mozambique
1122:Madagascar
1042:Cape Verde
994:New Yishuv
989:Old Yishuv
940:Population
918:Subbotniks
876:Samaritans
815:Romanyotim
758:Ashkenazim
705:Old Yishuv
685:Sabbateans
672:Modern era
664:Golden Age
591:Bar Kokhba
311:Beit Yosef
178:Philosophy
4854:Venezuela
4799:Argentina
4686:Ukrainian
4610:Hungarian
4597:Coloniero
4300:Chitarero
4091:0190-8286
4012:See also
3868:4 January
3382:With the
3377:Guatemala
3250:La Esfera
3231:La Guaira
3216:Maracaibo
3200:La Guaira
3140:from the
3030:does not
2948:does not
2917:Borburata
2904:El Dorado
2851:does not
2818:Venezuela
2814:Maracaibo
2791:Venezuela
2668:Porteñazo
2653:1958 coup
2622:1908 coup
2491:New Spain
2448:1830–1908
2438:1522–1821
2409:Venezuela
2322:Religious
2178:Zarphatic
2168:Bukharian
2138:Judeo-Tat
2123:Yeshivish
2097:Languages
2052:Sephardic
2042:Israelite
2032:Ethiopian
2022:Ashkenazi
1961:Religious
1751:Australia
1733:Venezuela
1639:Argentina
1621:Greenland
1533:Lithuania
1385:Sri Lanka
1380:Singapore
1305:Kurdistan
1270:Indonesia
1260:Hong Kong
1213:Abayudaya
1137:Mauritius
871:Igbo Jews
861:Krymchaks
780:Sephardim
648:relations
542:Sadducees
538:Pharisees
528:Sanhedrin
443:Jerusalem
203:Synagogue
71:Etymology
35:Venezuela
4904:Category
4844:Suriname
4834:Paraguay
4819:Colombia
4738:Diaspora
4707:Mestizos
4635:Romanian
4583:Corsican
4567:Croatian
4547:Austrian
4519:Japanese
4504:Armenian
4489:Lebanese
4457:Chileans
4445:Americas
4410:Ye'kuana
4400:Yanomami
4370:Saladoid
4295:Caquetio
4186:Archived
4129:Archived
4050:4 August
4001:Ha'aretz
3980:April 3,
3914:Archived
3891:Archived
3724:Archived
3696:Archived
3668:Archived
3469:See also
3365:Colombia
3288:Britain.
3191:and the
3134:Americas
2797:marranos
2673:Caracazo
2398:a series
2396:Part of
2349:Category
2307:Kahanism
2254:Feminism
2226:Politics
2110:Biblical
2080:American
2027:Bukharan
2017:American
1917:Shidduch
1893:Clothing
1849:Haymanot
1795:Orthodox
1723:Suriname
1706:Paraguay
1659:Colombia
1558:Portugal
1468:Bulgaria
1405:Thailand
1355:Pakistan
1335:Mongolia
1330:Malaysia
1250:Cambodia
1224:Zimbabwe
1199:Tanzania
1077:Eswatini
1067:Ethiopia
1057:Djibouti
1037:Cameroon
1032:Botswana
961:Diaspora
923:Noahides
896:Marranos
820:Cochinim
805:Bukharim
795:Gruzinim
785:Teimanim
775:Mizrahim
763:Galician
729:conflict
690:Hasidism
680:Haskalah
585:Diaspora
456:timeline
368:Timeline
281:Rabbinic
188:Kabbalah
163:Marriage
139:Tzedakah
129:Holidays
87:Religion
50:a series
48:Part of
4849:Uruguay
4824:Ecuador
4804:Bolivia
4676:Slovene
4671:Serbian
4645:Spanish
4640:Russian
4615:Italian
4557:British
4552:Belgian
4529:Turkish
4509:Chinese
4385:WaikerĂ
4345:Marueta
4340:Mariche
4335:Macushi
4310:Guahibo
4275:Akawaio
4270:Achagua
3824:8 April
3593::
3446:home."
3242:Caribia
3212:Caracas
3195:Utrecht
3182:Curaçao
3146:Curaçao
3109:Curaçao
3051:removed
3036:sources
3005:Tucacas
3001:Curaçao
2969:removed
2954:sources
2872:removed
2857:sources
2810:Caracas
2806:Tucacas
2802:Judaism
2474:present
2467:1953–99
2459:1948–58
2453:1908–58
2443:1821–30
2292:General
2283:Zionism
2259:Leftism
2249:Bundism
2173:Knaanic
2133:Yevanic
2118:Yiddish
2075:Yiddish
2070:Israeli
2047:Mizrahi
2037:Israeli
2008:Cuisine
1984:Ancient
1966:Secular
1912:Kashrut
1888:Wedding
1875:Customs
1867:Culture
1844:Science
1839:Renewal
1829:Karaite
1810:Hasidic
1742:Oceania
1728:Uruguay
1696:Jamaica
1676:Ecuador
1644:Bolivia
1588:Ukraine
1563:Romania
1538:Moldova
1518:Hungary
1508:Germany
1503:Georgia
1493:Finland
1488:Estonia
1483:Denmark
1478:Czechia
1463:Belarus
1453:Austria
1448:Armenia
1425:Vietnam
1340:Myanmar
1325:Lebanon
1245:Bahrain
1204:Tunisia
1182:Somalia
1157:Nigeria
1152:Namibia
1142:Morocco
1072:Eritrea
1017:Algeria
901:Neofiti
810:Italkim
800:Juhurim
710:Zionism
659:Khazars
554:Sicarii
550:Zealots
546:Essenes
533:Schisms
398:Leaders
360:General
352:History
295:Tosefta
290:Midrash
267:Mishnah
249:Ketuvim
244:Nevi'im
193:Customs
124:Shabbat
119:Halakha
111: (
109:Mitzvot
96: (
62:Judaism
4829:Guyana
4809:Brazil
4695:Others
4658:Isleño
4651:Basque
4625:Polish
4591:German
4577:French
4539:Europe
4524:Korean
4514:Indian
4496:Syrian
4424:Africa
4405:Yaruro
4375:Sanumá
4365:Piaroa
4355:Panare
4330:Lokono
4325:Kalina
4285:Baniwa
4089:
3600:"Coro"
3555:31 May
3451:Maduro
3375:, and
3369:Mexico
3361:Panama
3357:Israel
3324:Israel
3262:Chabad
3184:, the
2483:Topics
2400:on the
2354:Portal
2213:Domari
2143:Shassi
2104:Hebrew
1999:Humour
1943:Hiloni
1938:Aliyah
1898:Niddah
1883:Minyan
1818:Reform
1805:Haredi
1800:Modern
1701:Mexico
1686:Guyana
1649:Brazil
1611:Canada
1583:Sweden
1573:Serbia
1568:Russia
1553:Poland
1548:Norway
1528:Latvia
1513:Greece
1498:France
1473:Cyprus
1439:Europe
1410:Turkey
1400:Taiwan
1310:Kuwait
1295:Jordan
1285:Israel
1219:Zambia
1209:Uganda
1127:Malawi
1097:Guinea
1087:Gambia
1022:Angola
1008:Africa
891:Dönmeh
886:Anusim
830:Berber
768:Litvak
720:Israel
626:
563:
477:Second
445:
306:Targum
272:Gemara
258:Talmud
230:Tanakh
183:Ethics
134:Prayer
4814:Chile
4681:Swiss
4605:Greek
4572:Dutch
4562:Czech
4436:Black
4415:Yukpa
4395:Wayuu
4390:Warao
4360:Pemon
4280:Auaké
3353:Miami
3335:Hamas
3244:left
3142:Dutch
2472:1999–
2302:Labor
2297:Green
1994:Dance
1952:Music
1771:Palau
1691:Haiti
1654:Chile
1578:Spain
1523:Italy
1430:Yemen
1390:Syria
1365:Qatar
1345:Nepal
1290:Japan
1265:India
1255:China
1194:Sudan
1117:Libya
1112:Kenya
1092:Ghana
1082:Gabon
1062:Egypt
1047:Benin
906:Xueta
851:Lemba
470:First
335:Zohar
239:Torah
221:Texts
208:Rabbi
198:Rites
98:names
4839:Peru
4712:Roma
4702:Jews
4483:Arab
4476:Asia
4350:BarĂ
4320:HodĂŻ
4315:Hiwi
4290:Baré
4087:ISSN
4052:2024
4027:2010
4008:2010
3982:2008
3870:2015
3826:2015
3772:2010
3557:2012
3421:and
3409:The
3240:and
3229:and
3178:Coro
3094:The
3034:any
3032:cite
3003:for
2952:any
2950:cite
2855:any
2853:cite
2812:and
2787:Jews
2783:The
1761:Guam
1756:Fiji
1711:Peru
1664:Cuba
1350:Oman
1320:Laos
1280:Iraq
1275:Iran
1232:Asia
1161:Igbo
1132:Mali
151:Brit
60:and
58:Jews
4867:and
3970:JTA
3703:JTA
3675:JTA
3273::
3180:to
3045:by
2963:by
2866:by
2789:in
1975:Art
321:Tur
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