1026:
develop patient specific training programs to optimize postural control, in order to increase balance and safety. To protect against postural asymmetries the use of supportive and protective devices may be necessary. Physical therapists might use neuromuscular/sensory stimulation techniques such as quick stretch, resistance, joint approximation, and tapping to increase tone by facilitating or enhancing muscle contraction in patients with hypotonia. For patients who demonstrate muscle weakness in addition to hypotonia strengthening exercises that do not overload the muscles are indicated.
1030:, also known as Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) can also be used to "activate hypotonic muscles, improve strength, and generate movement in paralyzed limbs while preventing disuse atrophy". When using NMES it is important to have the patient focus on attempting to contract the muscle(s) being stimulated. Without such concentration on movement attempts, carryover to volitional movement is not feasible. NMES should ideally be combined with functional training activities to improve outcomes.
151:, drooling and speech difficulties, poor reflexes, decreased strength, decreased activity tolerance, rounded shoulder posture, with leaning onto supports, and poor attention. The extent and occurrence of specific objective manifestations depends upon the age of the patient, the severity of the hypotonia, the specific muscles affected, and sometimes the underlying cause. For instance, some people with hypotonia may experience constipation, while others have no bowel problems.
194:, both of which are affected. Hypotonic infants are late in lifting their heads while lying on their stomachs, rolling over, lifting themselves into a sitting position, remaining seated without falling over, balancing, crawling, and sometimes walking. Fine motor skills delays occur in grasping a toy or finger, transferring a small object from hand to hand, pointing out objects, following movement with the eyes, and self-feeding.
249:, contract very slowly in response to a stimulus, and cannot maintain a contraction for as long as his 'normal' peers. Because these low-toned muscles do not fully contract before they again relax (muscle accommodates to the stimulus and so shuts down again), they remain loose and very stretchy, never realizing their full potential of maintaining a muscle contraction over time. "
904:
996:
1014:
therapy to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain joint mobility, and measures to try to prevent opportunistic infections such as pneumonia. Treatments to improve neurological status might involve such things as medication for a seizure disorder, medicines or supplements to stabilize a metabolic disorder, or surgery to help relieve the pressure from
883:
recognizable coping mechanisms, such as locking the knees while attempting to walk. A common sign of low-tone infants is a tendency to observe the physical activity of those around them for a long time before attempting to imitate, due to frustration over early failures. Developmental delay can indicate hypotonia.
159:
The term "floppy infant syndrome" is used to describe abnormal limpness when an infant is born, affecting limbs, trunk, and head. Such condition may appear immediately after birth or during early life as inability to maintain proper posture during movement and rest. In severe cases, hypotonic infants
1025:
states that physical therapy can improve motor control and overall body strength in individuals with hypotonia. This is crucial to maintaining both static and dynamic postural stability, which is important since postural instability is a common problem in people with hypotonia. A physiotherapist can
1013:
If the underlying cause is known, treatment is tailored to the specific disease, followed by symptomatic and supportive therapy for the hypotonia. In very severe cases, treatment may be primarily supportive, such as mechanical assistance with basic life functions like breathing and feeding, physical
1009:
Along with normal pediatric care, specialists who may be involved in the care of a child with hypotonia include developmental pediatricians (specialize in child development), neurologists, neonatologists (specialize in the care of newborns), geneticists, occupational therapists, physical therapists,
839:
The approach to diagnosing the cause of hypotonia (as with all syndromes in neurology) is first localization. The physician must first determine if the hypotonia is due to muscle, neuromuscular junction, nerve, or central cause. This will narrow the possible causes. If the cause of the hypotonia is
197:
Speech difficulties can result from hypotonia. Low-tone children learn to speak later than their peers, even if they appear to understand a large vocabulary, or can obey simple commands. Difficulties with muscles in the mouth and jaw can inhibit proper pronunciation, and discourage experimentation
98:
the underlying cause can be difficult and often unsuccessful. The long-term effects of hypotonia on a child's development and later life depend primarily on the severity of the muscle weakness and the nature of the cause. Some disorders have a specific treatment but the principal treatment for most
1037:
can help with any breathing, speech, and/or swallowing difficulties the patient may be having. Therapy for infants and young children may also include sensory stimulation programs. A physical therapist may recommend an ankle/foot orthosis to help the patient compensate for weak lower leg muscles.
840:
found to lie in the brain, then it can be classified as a cerebral palsy. If the cause is localized to the muscles, it can be classified as a muscular dystrophy. If the cause is thought to be in the nerves, it is called hypotonia due to polyneuropathy. Many cases cannot be definitively diagnosed.
882:
Mild or benign hypotonia is often diagnosed by physical and occupational therapists through a series of exercises designed to assess developmental progress, or observation of physical interactions. Since a hypotonic child has difficulty deciphering their spatial location, they may have some
1005:
The outcome in any particular case of hypotonia depends largely on the nature of the underlying disease. In some cases, the underlying cause is treatable. But in general, treatment comprises providing supportive care with rehabilitation services, nutritional and respiratory support.
134:
sensitivity. On examination a diminished resistance to passive movement will be noted and muscles may feel abnormally soft and limp on palpation. Diminished deep tendon reflexes also may be noted. Hypotonia is a condition that can be helped with early intervention.
85:
results in impaired active movement. Central hypotonia originates from the central nervous system, while peripheral hypotonia is related to problems within the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and/or skeletal muscles. Severe hypotonia in infancy is commonly known as
2369:
206:, that may be associated with the cause of hypotonia. Additionally, lower muscle tone can be caused by Mikhail-Mikhail syndrome, which is characterized by muscular atrophy and cerebellar ataxia which is due to abnormalities in the ATXN1 gene.
1660:
1645:
73:(the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. Hypotonia is not a specific medical disorder, but a potential manifestation of many different diseases and disorders that affect
239:
to contract in response (automatic protection against possible injury). When the perceived danger has passed, (which the brain figures out once the stimulus is removed), the muscle relaxes and returns to its normal resting
2362:
1753:
2355:
222:
muscle tone is a manifestation of periodic action potentials from motor neurons. As it is an intrinsic property of the nervous system, it cannot be changed through voluntary control, exercise, or diet.
1350:
2226:
1568:
Martin K, Inman J, Kirschner A, Deming K, Gumbel R, Voelker L (2005). "Characteristics of hypotonia in children: a consensus opinion of pediatric occupational and physical therapists".
198:
with word combination and sentence-forming. Since the hypotonic condition is actually an objective manifestation of some underlying disorder, it can be difficult to determine whether
1746:
1617:
1022:
1209:
O'Sullivan S. B. (2007). Strategies to
Improve Motor Function. In S. B. O’Sullivan, & T. J. Schmitz (Eds.), Physical Rehabilitation (5th Ed.) Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
143:
Central hypotonia accounts for 60 to 80% of all hypotonia in infants. Hypotonic patients may display a variety of objective manifestations that indicate decreased muscle tone.
914:
2197:
1739:
262:. Brain malformations and inborn errors of metabolism account for 13% and 3% respectively. Causes that affects the central nervous systems are: chromosomal disorders,
1033:
Occupational therapy can assist the patient with increasing independence with daily tasks through improvement of motor skills, strength, and functional endurance.
547:
178:
Children with normal muscle tone are expected to achieve certain physical abilities within an average timeframe after birth. Most low-tone infants have delayed
2743:
2221:
3060:
2758:
2748:
329:
2251:
1362:
1340:
Xue Ming, et al. Prevalence of motor impairment in autism spectrum disorders. Brain and
Development. Volume 29, Issue 9, October 2007, Pages 565–570.
887:
2738:
1910:
1867:
1959:
1803:
1915:
1839:
429:
2641:
1010:
speech therapists, orthopedists, pathologists (conduct and interpret biochemical tests and tissue analysis), and specialized nursing care.
287:
283:
598:
2646:
2008:
1862:
1393:
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Diagnosing a patient includes obtaining family medical history and a physical examination, and may include such additional tests as
271:
2967:
2942:
2733:
267:
3034:
2984:
2552:
2124:
433:
259:
214:
The low muscle tone associated with hypotonia must not be confused with low muscle strength or the definition commonly used in
679:
564:
2192:
2112:
1900:
1857:
1815:
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1779:
1947:
1034:
558:
3055:
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2304:
2117:
1905:
1027:
535:
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2703:
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2000:
1994:
1731:
975:
652:
1920:
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1952:
947:
593:
263:
2675:
1507:
397:
2799:
2789:
2680:
848:
478:
2216:
933:
918:
519:
235:. For example, quickly straightening the flexed elbow of an unsuspecting child with normal tone, will cause their
2829:
2538:
2534:
2494:
2347:
1877:
954:
787:
782:
508:
349:
473:
448:
2895:
2816:
2187:
1679:
1319:
582:
173:
1472:
McElhatton PR. (November–December 1994). "The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation".
561:– Spinal muscular atrophy with congenital degeneration of anterior horns of spinal cord. Autosomal recessive
2991:
2957:
2562:
2482:
2472:
2419:
2299:
844:
662:
541:
323:
203:
179:
961:
2872:
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2599:
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2202:
2095:
2014:
1767:
1436:
797:
773:
482:
463:
359:
148:
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have difficulty feeding, as their mouth muscles cannot maintain a proper suck-swallow pattern, or a good
2806:
2514:
2327:
1771:
529:
402:
275:
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746:
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423:
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53:
1424:
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2780:
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2256:
2237:
2028:
1798:
1719:
1690:
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1541:
1489:
1454:
1389:
1293:
1249:
1150:
815:
730:
716:
569:
493:
380:
313:– i.e. disease a person is born with (including genetic disorders presenting within 6 months)
191:
186:
are particularly susceptible to the low-tone disability. They can be divided into two areas,
127:
95:
41:
3022:
2849:
2509:
2450:
2414:
2286:
1986:
1980:
1577:
1481:
1446:
1285:
1239:
886:
MRI Brain is used to rule out structural malformations in the brain or metabolic disorders.
872:
751:
418:
344:
317:
104:
290:. Metabolic disorders in infants are usually presented with various other features such as
266:, cerebral dysgenesis, and trauma to the brain and spinal cord. Metabolic causes includes:
2979:
2765:
2657:
2577:
2088:
2071:
868:
860:
684:
619:
488:
458:
370:
354:
82:
58:
1409:
2604:
2462:
2211:
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2076:
1581:
1244:
1227:
968:
825:
810:
805:
739:
610:
603:
498:
438:
375:
334:
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131:
1673:
1289:
3049:
2543:
2383:
2083:
2045:
1895:
1808:
1485:
1228:"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain in Evaluation of Floppy Children: A Case Series"
1055:
1039:
1015:
694:
657:
615:
524:
514:
391:
339:
161:
1669:
1597:
17:
2663:
2504:
2263:
2022:
1305:
768:
724:
674:
299:
215:
199:
183:
81:
or muscle strength. Hypotonia is a lack of resistance to passive movement, whereas
1684:
3007:
2909:
2775:
2477:
2245:
1714:
756:
408:
228:
202:
are a result of poor muscle tone, or some other neurological condition, such as
144:
74:
70:
1695:
1533:
3017:
2974:
2915:
2753:
2033:
1941:
1792:
1654:
1130:
856:
801:
689:
309:
232:
119:
100:
46:
2379:
1450:
1038:
Toddlers and children with speech difficulties may benefit greatly by using
864:
712:
669:
219:
1589:
1545:
1458:
1297:
1253:
1511:
1493:
2713:
2059:
1825:
1351:"Holocarboxylase Synthetase Deficiency / Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency"
1637:
1226:
Sanyal, Shantiranjan; Duraisamy, Sharmila; Chandra Garga, Umesh (2015).
2436:
1410:"Motor Neuron Disease (MND): 7 Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment"
932:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
761:
91:
2440:
2168:
1763:
1649:
1358:
876:
706:
699:
587:
236:
1274:"The floppy infant: contribution of genetic and metabolic disorders"
245:"...The child with low tone has muscles that are slow to initiate a
2824:
2571:
78:
1320:"3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (3-MCC deficiency)"
2351:
1735:
1425:"Range of neurologic disorders in patients with celiac disease"
1093:, 'to stretch'. Other terms for the condition include:
897:
126:
influence on the fusimotor system, the system that innervates
114:
Hypotonia is thought to be associated with the disruption of
1088:
1076:
1064:
824:
in children born to mothers treated in late pregnancy with
258:
The most common cause of central hypotonia in newborns is
1023:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
929:
231:
is the inherent ability of the muscle to respond to a
1627:
3000:
2935:
2894:
2871:
2843:
2815:
2712:
2689:
2627:
2620:
2561:
2527:
2491:
2459:
2433:
2401:
2390:
2320:
2236:
2177:
2153:
2133:
2103:
2058:
2044:
1972:
1931:
1886:
1848:
1833:
1824:
1778:
1705:
1631:
1082:
1070:
1058:
52:
40:
35:
1423:Zelnik N, Pacht A, Obeid R, Lerner A (June 2004).
305:Some conditions known to cause hypotonia include:
1272:Prasad, Asuri N.; Prasad, Chitra (October 2003).
118:input from stretch receptors and/or lack of the
1540:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
928:Please review the contents of the section and
548:Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
2363:
1747:
1532:Madhok, Sehajvir S.; Shabbir, Nadeem (2022),
1267:
1265:
1263:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
94:, is usually relatively straightforward, but
8:
867:and tests for specific gene abnormalities),
182:, but the length of delay can vary widely.
330:3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency
2624:
2398:
2370:
2356:
2348:
2055:
1845:
1830:
1754:
1740:
1732:
1628:
32:
1440:
1243:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
888:Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
1142:
890:is used to detect metabolic disorders.
776:, such as the damage that is caused by
1508:"The Benign Congenital Hypotonia Site"
430:Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency
90:Recognizing hypotonia, even in early
7:
2642:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
288:congenital disorder of glycosylation
147:delay is often observed, along with
599:Developmental coordination disorder
149:hypermobile or hyperflexible joints
3061:Symptoms and signs: Nervous system
2647:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2015:BIN1-linked centronuclear myopathy
1582:10.1097/01.pep.0000186506.48500.7c
1384:Kliegman, Robert (22 April 2015).
875:muscle tests, or muscle and nerve
822:benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
577:a.k.a. cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
25:
2425:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2296:Testosterone deficiency myopathy
1804:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
272:pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
2943:Vertically transmitted infection
2252:Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome
1901:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2
1858:Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1
1155:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1018:(increased fluid in the brain).
994:
902:
635:– i.e. onset occurs after birth
268:glycogen storage disease type II
3035:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
2985:Group B streptococcal infection
2553:Intrauterine growth restriction
1232:Iran Journal of Child Neurology
434:Multiple carboxylase deficiency
394:a.k.a. trisomy 21 — most common
362:(including myotubular myopathy)
326:a.k.a. Phelan–McDermid syndrome
260:hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
210:Muscle tone vs. muscle strength
2378:Conditions originating in the
2193:Fatty-acid metabolism disorder
1816:Congenital myasthenic syndrome
930:add the appropriate references
302:profile apart from hypotonia.
1:
2727:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2305:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
1386:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
1290:10.1016/S0387-7604(03)00066-4
1028:Electrical Muscle Stimulation
2886:Periventricular leukomalacia
2704:Persistent fetal circulation
2652:Meconium aspiration syndrome
1486:10.1016/0890-6238(94)90029-9
1388:(20 ed.). p. 747.
1089:
1077:
1065:
653:Metachromatic leukodystrophy
2795:Intraventricular hemorrhage
1107:Congenital muscle hypotonia
1101:Benign congenital hypotonia
915:reliable medical references
594:Sensory processing disorder
426:Type 1 (Elejalde syndrome)
264:inborn errors of metabolism
130:fibers thereby controlling
3087:
2800:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
2790:Velamentous cord insertion
2681:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
1570:Pediatric Physical Therapy
1110:Congenital muscle weakness
1083:
1071:
1059:
849:magnetic resonance imaging
788:Upper motor neuron lesions
783:Lower motor neuron lesions
618:from in utero exposure to
565:Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome
479:Nonketotic hyperglycinemia
320:are the most common cause
284:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
171:
2830:Necrotizing enterocolitis
2539:Large for gestational age
2535:Small for gestational age
2282:Hyperparathyroid myopathy
1322:. Genetics Home Reference
921:or relies too heavily on
736:Abnormal vaccine reaction
559:Werdnig–Hoffmann syndrome
509:growth hormone deficiency
419:GLUT1 deficiency syndrome
350:Autism spectrum disorders
2277:Hypoparathyroid myopathy
2188:Glycogen storage disease
1623:Hypotonia – Medline Plus
583:Developmental disability
536:Snyder–Robinson syndrome
180:developmental milestones
174:Developmental disability
27:State of low muscle tone
2992:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2483:Single umbilical artery
2473:Umbilical cord prolapse
2420:Placental insufficiency
2393:complicating pregnancy,
2300:Late-onset hypogonadism
2291:Corticosteroid myopathy
2009:adaptor protein disease
1451:10.1542/peds.113.6.1672
1035:Speech-language therapy
845:computerized tomography
800:dysfunction, including
680:Guillain–Barré syndrome
663:Spinal muscular atrophy
542:Spinal muscular atrophy
386:Dejerine–Sottas disease
324:22q13 deletion syndrome
204:intellectual disability
103:or neurologic cause is
2968:ureaplasma urealyticum
2676:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2600:Brachial plexus injury
2203:Mitochondrial myopathy
2096:Paramyotonia congenita
1768:neuromuscular junction
1069:, 'under' and
798:Central nervous system
774:Traumatic brain injury
483:Glycine encephalopathy
464:Methylmalonic acidemia
398:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
360:Centronuclear myopathy
2916:Congenital hypertonia
2807:Anemia of prematurity
2515:Shoulder presentation
2328:Inflammatory myopathy
1772:neuromuscular disease
1278:Brain and Development
532:(de Morsier syndrome)
530:Septo-optic dysplasia
520:Prader–Willi syndrome
403:Familial dysautonomia
276:mitochondrial disease
88:floppy baby syndrome.
3056:Cerebral palsy types
2921:Congenital hypotonia
2835:Meconium peritonitis
2637:Intrauterine hypoxia
2593:Subgaleal hemorrhage
2141:Central core disease
2023:cytoskeleton disease
1365:on 21 September 2019
1355:HLCS Gene Sequencing
1168:Sarah Bager (2009).
1116:Floppy baby syndrome
1104:Congenital hypotonia
863:(such as chromosome
853:electroencephalogram
778:shaken baby syndrome
474:Niemann–Pick disease
449:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
405:(Riley–Day syndrome)
366:Central core disease
155:Floppy baby syndrome
109:occupational therapy
18:Congenital hypotonia
3030:Neonatal withdrawal
3013:Perinatal mortality
2863:Sclerema neonatorum
2719:hematologic disease
2333:Congenital myopathy
2310:Androgen deficiency
2270:Thyrotoxic myopathy
1868:Facioscapulohumeral
1119:Infantile hypotonia
1113:Amyotonia congenita
168:Developmental delay
2963:mycoplasma hominis
2948:Neonatal infection
2904:Gray baby syndrome
2881:Perinatal asphyxia
2771:Hyperbilirubinemia
2548:Postterm pregnancy
2395:labour or delivery
2179:Metabolic myopathy
2105:Periodic paralysis
2067:Myotonia congenita
1835:Muscular dystrophy
1706:External resources
1170:"Central Hyptonia"
802:cerebellar lesions
747:Metabolic disorder
647:myotonic dystrophy
643:Muscular dystrophy
575:Zellweger syndrome
505:Pituitary dwarfism
469:Myotonic dystrophy
424:Griscelli syndrome
414:Fragile X syndrome
292:dysmorphic feature
280:Zellweger syndrome
247:muscle contraction
188:gross motor skills
139:Signs and symptoms
69:is a state of low
3043:
3042:
2931:
2930:
2781:Neonatal jaundice
2699:Pneumopericardium
2669:Pneumomediastinum
2610:Klumpke paralysis
2588:Caput succedaneum
2523:
2522:
2391:Maternal factors
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2257:Hoffmann syndrome
2149:
2148:
2029:Nemaline myopathy
1968:
1967:
1799:Myasthenia gravis
1729:
1728:
1003:
1002:
979:
816:Sandifer syndrome
731:Myasthenia gravis
717:mercury poisoning
588:Cerebellar ataxia
570:Williams syndrome
554:Tay–Sachs disease
501:a.k.a. trisomy 13
494:Neurofibromatosis
454:Marfan's syndrome
381:Costello syndrome
318:Genetic disorders
192:fine motor skills
128:intrafusal muscle
111:for remediation.
64:
63:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3078:
3023:Infant mortality
2858:Erythema toxicum
2850:thermoregulation
2817:Gastrointestinal
2625:
2621:Affected systems
2498:
2466:
2451:Chorioamnionitis
2444:
2415:Placenta praevia
2408:
2399:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2287:Hypercortisolism
2198:AMPD1 deficiency
2154:ATPase disorder
2056:
1987:Bethlem myopathy
1981:collagen disease
1973:Other structural
1846:
1831:
1784:junction disease
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1629:
1601:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1269:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1223:
1210:
1207:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
998:
997:
989:
986:
980:
978:
937:
906:
905:
898:
873:electromyography
752:Hypervitaminosis
345:Aicardi syndrome
122:’s facilitatory
105:physical therapy
33:
21:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
2996:
2980:Neonatal sepsis
2927:
2896:Musculoskeletal
2890:
2867:
2848:
2839:
2811:
2766:Hydrops fetalis
2717:
2708:
2685:
2658:Pleural disease
2616:
2578:Cephalohematoma
2557:
2519:
2492:
2487:
2460:
2455:
2434:
2429:
2402:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2346:
2337:
2316:
2232:
2173:
2145:
2129:
2099:
2089:Isaacs syndrome
2072:Thomsen disease
2040:
1964:
1927:
1882:
1863:Oculopharyngeal
1837:
1820:
1782:
1774:
1760:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1701:
1700:
1640:
1608:
1567:
1564:
1562:Further reading
1559:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1474:Reprod. Toxicol
1471:
1470:
1466:
1442:10.1.1.545.9692
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1208:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1127:
1122:
1098:Low muscle tone
1054:comes from the
1048:
999:
995:
990:
984:
981:
938:
927:
923:primary sources
907:
903:
896:
861:genetic testing
837:
685:Infant botulism
649:) – most common
630:
620:benzodiazepines
489:Noonan syndrome
459:Menkes syndrome
444:Leigh's disease
388:(HMSN Type III)
371:CHARGE syndrome
355:Canavan disease
256:
212:
176:
170:
157:
141:
83:muscle weakness
77:control by the
59:Muscle weakness
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:herpes simplex
2955:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2873:Nervous system
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2691:Cardiovascular
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:umbilical cord
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2242:
2240:
2238:Endocrinopathy
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2077:Becker disease
2074:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1960:Emery–Dreifuss
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:Walker–Warburg
1918:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1788:
1786:
1780:Neuromuscular-
1776:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1676:
1657:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:Classification
1626:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1603:
1602:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1524:
1499:
1464:
1415:
1401:
1395:978-1455775668
1394:
1376:
1342:
1333:
1311:
1284:(7): 457–476.
1259:
1211:
1185:
1160:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1047:
1044:
1001:
1000:
993:
991:
910:
908:
901:
895:
892:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:
829:
826:benzodiazepine
818:
813:
811:Hypothyroidism
808:
806:cerebral palsy
794:Miscellaneous
792:
791:
790:
785:
780:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
744:
743:
742:
740:Celiac disease
737:
734:
722:
721:
720:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
667:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
629:
626:
625:
624:
623:
622:
613:
611:cerebral palsy
607:
604:Hypothyroidism
601:
596:
591:
580:
579:
578:
572:
567:
562:
556:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
522:
517:
512:
502:
499:Patau syndrome
496:
491:
486:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Krabbe disease
436:
427:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
395:
389:
383:
378:
376:Cohen syndrome
373:
368:
363:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Achondroplasia
332:
327:
296:encephalopathy
255:
252:
251:
250:
242:
241:
211:
208:
169:
166:
156:
153:
140:
137:
132:muscle spindle
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3083:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2544:Preterm birth
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2384:fetal disease
2381:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:Brody disease
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:Neuromyotonia
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:(ion channel)
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:Channelopathy
2043:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Calpainopathy
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1878:Distal (most)
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:Neuromyotonia
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:(4): 275–82.
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1514:on 2012-03-05
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:(6): 461–75.
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1435:(6): 1672–6.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1057:
1056:Ancient Greek
1053:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1040:sign language
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:hydrocephalus
1011:
1007:
992:
988:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946: –
945:
941:
940:Find sources:
935:
931:
925:
924:
920:
916:
911:This section
909:
900:
899:
893:
891:
889:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(MRI) scans,
850:
846:
841:
834:
827:
823:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
796:
795:
793:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
733:– most common
732:
729:
728:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
709:
708:
705:
701:
698:
696:
695:Poliomyelitis
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
664:
661:
659:
658:Rett syndrome
656:
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
640:
638:
637:
636:
634:
627:
621:
617:
616:Teratogenesis
614:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
526:
525:Rett syndrome
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:PURA syndrome
513:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
431:
428:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
404:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:Down syndrome
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:ADNP syndrome
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
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200:speech delays
195:
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162:breastfeeding
154:
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99:hypotonia of
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51:
48:
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43:
39:
34:
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2920:
2908:
2664:Pneumothorax
2656:
2570:
2563:Birth trauma
2505:Breech birth
2495:presentation
2493:
2461:
2435:
2403:
2264:Hyperthyroid
2125:Hyperkalemic
2021:
2007:
2001:X-linked MTM
1993:
1979:
1940:
1791:
1762:Diseases of
1713:
1689:
1678:
1659:
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1573:
1569:
1549:, retrieved
1537:
1527:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1502:
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1467:
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1428:
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1363:the original
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1324:. Retrieved
1314:
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1277:
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1176:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
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1051:
1049:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
982:
972:
965:
958:
951:
939:
919:verification
912:
885:
881:
847:(CT) scans,
842:
838:
769:Neurological
725:Autoimmunity
675:Encephalitis
632:
631:
606:(congenital)
590:(congenital)
308:
307:
304:
300:biochemistry
294:, seizures,
257:
216:bodybuilding
213:
196:
184:Motor skills
177:
158:
145:Motor skills
142:
113:
87:
66:
65:
3008:Miscarriage
2910:muscle tone
2776:Kernicterus
2629:Respiratory
2605:Erb's palsy
2510:Asynclitism
2478:Nuchal cord
2246:Hypothyroid
2113:Hypokalemic
1995:PTP disease
1715:MedlinePlus
1534:"Hypotonia"
1369:28 November
1326:28 November
1151:"Hypotonia"
1046:Terminology
944:"Hypotonia"
913:needs more
869:spinal taps
865:karyotyping
857:blood tests
828:medications
757:Kernicterus
715:(childhood
645:(including
511:(in adults)
409:FG syndrome
229:muscle tone
75:motor nerve
71:muscle tone
3066:Pediatrics
3050:Categories
3018:Stillbirth
2975:Omphalitis
2936:Infections
2845:Integument
2157:(ion pump)
2118:Thyrotoxic
2034:Zaspopathy
1942:dystrophin
1906:Congenital
1793:autoimmune
1691:DiseasesDB
1551:2022-02-06
1538:StatPearls
1518:2007-06-07
1429:Pediatrics
1137:References
1131:Hypertonia
985:April 2016
955:newspapers
727:disorders
711:Infantile
690:Meningitis
670:Infections
609:Hypotonic
310:Congenital
220:Neurologic
172:See also:
120:cerebellum
101:idiopathic
96:diagnosing
47:Pediatrics
3071:Syndromes
2744:Anti-Kell
2382:period /
2380:perinatal
2266:myopathy
2248:myopathy
1613:hypotonia
1437:CiteSeerX
1052:hypotonia
1050:The term
894:Treatment
835:Diagnosis
820:Neonatal
713:acrodynia
481:(NKH) or
67:Hypotonia
42:Specialty
36:Hypotonia
2714:Bleeding
2405:placenta
2060:Myotonia
1953:Duchenne
1948:Becker's
1911:Fukuyama
1873:Myotonic
1826:Myopathy
1598:24077081
1590:16357683
1546:32965880
1459:15173490
1298:13129589
1254:26664445
1178:22 April
1125:See also
639:Genetic
633:Acquired
628:Acquired
124:efferent
116:afferent
54:Symptoms
2953:rubella
2583:Chignon
2437:chorion
2321:General
2186:Muscle
1916:Ullrich
1685:D009123
1494:7881198
1306:8546619
1245:4670981
1081:, from
969:scholar
934:removed
855:(EEG),
762:Rickets
550:(SSADH)
240:state."
233:stretch
164:latch.
107:and/or
92:infancy
2528:Growth
2441:amnion
2169:ATP2A1
1770:, and
1764:muscle
1720:003298
1596:
1588:
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1492:
1457:
1439:
1392:
1359:GeneDx
1304:
1296:
1252:
1242:
971:
964:
957:
950:
942:
877:biopsy
707:Toxins
700:Sepsis
286:, and
237:biceps
227:"True
190:, and
3001:Other
2825:Ileus
2572:scalp
2227:MNGIE
2212:MERRF
2207:MELAS
2134:Other
1696:21417
1674:781.3
1655:P94.2
1618:NINDS
1594:S2CID
1302:S2CID
1173:(PDF)
1090:teinĹŤ
1084:τείνω
1078:tĂłnos
1072:τόνος
1066:hypo-
976:JSTOR
962:books
544:(SMA)
538:(SRS)
485:(GCE)
254:Cause
79:brain
2759:Rh E
2754:Rh D
2749:Rh c
1840:DAPC
1680:MeSH
1665:9-CM
1586:PMID
1542:PMID
1490:PMID
1455:PMID
1390:ISBN
1371:2013
1328:2013
1294:PMID
1250:PMID
1180:2017
1060:ὑπο-
1021:The
948:news
917:for
804:and
2847:and
2739:ABO
2734:HDN
2716:and
2222:PEO
2217:KSS
1670:358
1661:ICD
1646:ICD
1616:at
1578:doi
1482:doi
1447:doi
1433:113
1286:doi
1240:PMC
218:.
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1933:XR
1888:AR
1850:AD
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